Download - Weed management in organic agriculture
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Weed management in Organic Agriculture
Manjunatha, G.A
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Tools for prevention
Avoid the entry of weed seeds onto the farm through
• Manures
• Mulching material
• Intercultivation equipments
• Animals
• Water etc.
Instead of using manure - Use compost.
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Different practices to control
• Cultural
• Mechanical
• Biological
• Chemical (organically approved)
Liebman and Gallandt, 1997
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Cultural Practices
Improve crop competitiveness
• Increase crop density through narrow row
spacing and increased seeding rate .
• Use transplants, rather than seed.
• Choose competitive crop cultivars.
• Manage fertility according to crop needs; avoid
excess application.
• Spot application of fertilizers.
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Intercropping
• Having different plant types growing together enhances weed
control by increasing shade and increasing crop competition
with weeds through closer crop spacing.
Ex:
• soybean +wheat
• Sugarcane + finger millet
• Sunflower + groundnut
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Sugarcane+finger millet
Sunflower+groundnut
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Crop Rotations
• Weeds tend to infest crops with similar life cycles
• Crop rotations limit the buildup of weed populations and
prevent major weed species.
• Altering, narrowly spaced crops with closely spaced crops,
shallow rooted with deep rooted crops, cold with warm season
crops.
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Allelopathy
• Allelopathy crops are especially useful because they have the ability
to suppress other plants that attempt to grow around them.
• Rye is one of the most useful allelopathic cover crops which kills
weeds like ragweed (by 43%), pigweed (95%), and common
purslane (100%).
• North Carolina researchers investigated combinations of herbicide
use and cover crop plantings on weed control and reported Rye and
clover showed the highest weed control without herbicides.
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Smother Crops
• Prevent seeds from germinating by blocking light, can smother
out some weeds.
• In northern states, oats are commonly planted as a “nurse
crop” for alfalfa, clover. The oats grow between in the place of
weeds and avoid weed emergence.
• Ex: Mustard as cover crop in Ragi.
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mustard as cover crop in ragi
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Weeding manually
• Hand weeding
• Removing of weeds manually before the flowering of weeds to
avoid weed establishment.
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Diff hand Tools
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Irrigation
• Drip irrigation is more water efficient .
• Also by directing water to the crop it minimizes weed
germination and reduces need to cultivate.
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Mulching
• Covering the surface of soil to avoid the entry of sunlight by
using locally available materials like straw, plastic, papers,
wood pieces, dry leaves etc.
• Prevent seeds from germinating by blocking light, can smother
out some weeds.
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Wood chips Dry Leaves
Biodegradable paper piecesStraw
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Straw as mulching material in onion crop
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Mechanical methods
• Cultivation of the soil with a variety of different tools can
control emerged weeds and disrupt weed reproduction cycles.
• Cost effective
• Time consuming
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High-tech tools
Field cultivator High residue cultivator
High-residue cultivator Flex-tine weeder
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Flexible spider weeder Badger weeder
Torsion weederRolling weeder
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Basket Weeder
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Flame weeding
• Burning of weeds by flame.
• Intense heat causing the cell sap to expand and disrupt cell
walls.
• Pre-emergent, and post-emergent flame weeding has been
successful in a number of crops.
• Flaming has generally proved most successful on young
broadleaf weeds.
• It is reportedly less successful on grasses.
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Flame weeder
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Solarizing the soil
Steps:
• Cultivate soil properly
• Irrigate soil completely
• Put plastic over the soil
– Weed get cooked
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Breeding for Crop Competitiveness and Weed
Suppression
• Plant breeding is one way to improve weed management in
organic systems.
• Development of crops with increased competitive ability and
enhanced weed suppressive qualities .
• Crop qualities that promote crop competitiveness include early,
rapid establishment in less favorable conditions, crop structures
that limit weed access to light and nutrients ,increased plant
hardiness etc.
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Bio Herbicide
Corn gluten meal (WeedBan and Corn Weed Blocker)
• It has been used successfully on lawns and high-value crops.
• pre-emergent herbicide.
Commonly based vinegar or lemon juice or clove oil ingredients
• Burnout : 23% acetic acid.
• Bioganic: 10% acetic acid plus clove oil and thyme oil.
• MATRAN & Weed Bye Bye etc
• post-emergent herbicides.
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Weeder Geese(ducks)
They are particularly used as grass weeders
in a variety of crops.
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Crops: cotton, strawberries, tree nurseries,
corn , fruit orchards, tobacco, potatoes,
onions, sugar beets etc.
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Thank you….