Download - Water Vulnerability Assessment
Water Vulnerability Assessment
Col Lisa “SWAT” Snyder
Credit to Ms. Martina Schmidt
Overview Water Vulnerability Assessment (WVA)
Process
OEHSA Overview
Water Vulnerability Assessment
Dilution is the Solution? CALCULATE the amount of water contaminated to a lethal concentration (based CALCULATE the amount of water contaminated to a lethal concentration (based
on 1 L consumption) by 110 lb of Sodium Cyanide. on 1 L consumption) by 110 lb of Sodium Cyanide.
EPA online Water Contaminant Information Tool EPA online Water Contaminant Information Tool (access restricted)(access restricted)
Maybe dilution is not always the solution!
Answer
Don’t forget the other route of exposure
Inhalation!
Inherent Water System Design Characteristics─ Size (large geographic area and miles of pipeline)─ Accessibility (numerous access points, and access
points often in areas that are remote or accessible to the public)
Dependencies On Non-AF Water Suppliers/Privatization
On-line Contaminant Monitoring & Alarm Systems Not Yet Reliable or Practical
Lack Of Resources and/or Local Initiatives Dedicated To
─ Water System Security Measures─ Water System Maintenance, Upkeep, & Modernization─ Water Contingency Response Planning, Training, &
Equipment
6
Why Vulnerabilities Exist
Drivers
Safe Drinking Water Act – 2002 Bioterrorism Response Amendment
AFI 10-246, Food and Water Protection Program AFI 48-144, Safe Drinking Water Surveillance Program DoDD 5160.54, Critical Asset Assurance Program AFPD 10-24, AF Critical Infrastructure Protection Chemical and Water Security Act of 2009
WVA Objectives
• Reduce Unnecessary Risks to Personnel and Mission-Critical Operations─ Identifying Observations (Vulnerabilities & Concerns)─ Characterizing & Estimating Associated Risks─ Recommending Credible Control Options
Observations
Identified through the use of checklists that include detailed water-specific criteria that were established to ensure the security and survivability of potable water supplies.
A criterion that is not met is considered a “deficiency,” and one or more deficiencies result in an observation for the respective program area or asset/access point being assessed.
Water-specific criteria consist of basic administrative and physical control requirements derived from various DoD and AF directives.
In the absence of specific requirements, best management practices derived from DoD and AF guidance documents, or identified by EPA’s Water Security Division and AF functional experts are applied.
Additional or more restrictive criteria derived from MAJCOM, Primacy Agency, or installation regulations or policies may also apply locally
Observations
WVA Observations fall into the following four general areas:─ Water Security─ System Design & Integrity─ Operations and Maintenance─ Water Contingency Response
Common Water Security Issues • Water asset and access point entryways found
unlocked/unsecured• Absence of AT provisions in contracts (water utility
privatization, construction, bottled/bulk water) and insufficient control of contractors connecting to system
• Off-base above ground water supply connections with no additional security connections.
• Easily accessible off-base well facilities • Damaged fencing around water storage tanks and
well houses
System Design & Integrity No redundant water source or supply connections• Deteriorating infrastructure and lack of Capital
Improvements Plan (CIP) Inadequate looping of mains Inadequate system pressure for fire-fighting purposes
Operations and Maintenance (O&M)
• No valve exercising• No storage tank inspections & lack of preventive
paintenance (PM) (deteriorated vents, unsealed openings, excessive corrosion, deteriorated coatings, accumulated sediment/debris)
• Improper tank operation (inadequate turnover, no chlorine residual/stagnant water, improper water levels
Contingency Response Capability Installation Water Contingency Response Plan (WCRP)
insufficient/incomplete/not executable WCRP not reviewed/updated annually Inadequate Contingency Monitoring Plans, Equip,Tng No water-related scenarios in base disaster exercises
(per AFI 10-246)
Core Vulnerability Assessment Management Program (CVAMP) A secure, Web-based data management program
accessible via SIPRNet by authorized administrators and a few other designated personnel (not BE)
CVAMP enables all base AT observations to be prioritized, tracked, and reported by DoD installations, Major/Unified Commands, and Joint Staff (J3 Deputy Director for AT/Homeland Defense).
CVAMP can provide an important mechanism to elevate visibility and support needed for water capital improvements, equipment and process upgrades, and other measures that improve the overall security, safety, and reliability of the potable water system.
WVA Process Overview
Coordinate With
Stakeholder
Assess Security & Survivability Programs
Plan Approach
Coordinate With Stakeholders
Assess Water Assets and Access
PointsDocument Review
Delineate Observations
Analyze Risk
Identify Control Options
Develop Report
Phase 1Pre-
Assessment
Phase 2 Information Gathering
Phase 3 Information Processing
Phase 1 - Pre-Assessment Plan the Approach
Threat Level and Force Protection Condition Deployment vs. Fixed Installations Baseline Assessment and Assessment Updates
Coordinate with Stakeholders Document and Key Reference Review
Phase 1 - Stakeholders Primary Stakeholders
CE Water Utilities Contractor Privatized Water System CE Programs CE Asset Manager Anti Terrorism Officer (ATO)
Secondary Stakeholder Private/Municipal Purveyor Contractor Privatized Housing CE Emergency Management CE Hearing, Ventilation & Air Conditioning CE Power Production CE Exterior Electric Fleet Services Base Contracting
Consolidated Interview
Primary May Refer You To Secondary Stakeholder
Phase 1 – Key Documents Key Documents
─ WVA ─ Sanitary Survey ─ WCRP
Primary References ─ AFI 10-245, Antiterrorism (AT)─ AFI 10-246, Food and Water Protection Program
Secondary References ─ 32-1066, Backflow Prevention Program ─ 32-1067, Water Systems
Phase 2 - Information Gathering
Assess Water Security and Survivability Programs
─ Interview SMEs ─ Review Program Documentation─ Checklists 1-3 Questionnaires ─ Checklists 4-8 Program Review
Assess Water Assets and Access Points ─ Checklists 9-15 Physical Assessment
Checklists
Physical Security Observations Examples
Secluded area along
fence line
Ladder is ea
sily
accessible
Corroded Lock
Physical Security Observations
• Contractors, Base Construction, Grounds Maintenance, Pest Management, etc. who need to draw water should be directed to a non-potable water filling point if possible.
• If the Potable Water System is used, then filling points must be protected against temporary Cross-Connections by use of BPDs.
• Filling points should be located where activities can be observed, and preferably on a dead-end or otherwise in an area without high-value targets or with minimal consume
• Absence of protected fill point(s) is a “concern” (for both intentional and accidental incidents).
Physical Security Observations
UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Options: Remove exposed valve handles or at least chain them, and/or enclose valves within a locked barrier (e.g., fence or “tough cage”). Secure critical valve vaults/pits under hardened, locked covers. Use high security locks (shrouded shackle type).
Example
BenchmarkBenchmark(Lock and IDS)(Lock and IDS)
ExamplesExamples ExamplesExamples
System Integrity Observations
Phase 3 - Information Processing
Delineate Observations ─ Vulnerability – A situation or circumstance that, if
left unchanged, may result in the loss of life or damage to mission-essential resources.
─ Concern – An existing condition that is exploitable and can indirectly lead to the death of DoD personnel and/or damage resources.
─ Neutral – An existing condition that is neither exploitable nor can be reasonably assessed as leading to the death of DoD personnel and/or damage to resources, but is being identified to suggest consideration of modification and/or continuance.
Observation Table/CVAMP Inputs
OBSERVATION DISCUSSION (Deficiencies) RECOMMENDATIONS
Designation: ConcernClassification: FOUODescription: The potable water source lacks sufficient redundancies. The base does not have an alternative source of water in the event of a supply interruption, and only one supply connection to the off-base water supplier. AT Benchmark Code: IE-PLN-17DoD AT Standards: 21; AFI 10-246, UFC 3-600-01 Repeat Observation? No
Classification: FOUO1.Although the City of XXX water supply has been historically reliable, the AF has no control over the continued reliability of this source. To avoid potential interruptions of the water supply and of the critical operations that depend on water, the base should have an alternative water source IAW AFI 10-246. 2.Also, because the base water supply is provided exclusively by an off-base purveyor, there should be two or more supply connections to provide adequate looping and back-feed capability.
Classification: FOUO Recommendation/Mitigation Type: ProgrammaticATWG, consider the following actions:1.Initiate a feasibility study to assess viable options for an alternative source of water that can provide sufficient quantities of potable water to meet demands during all mission modes in the event the primary source of water is interrupted. Options include, but are not limited to, installing a connection to the county water system, and installing one or more wells on base. 2.Install one or more additional connections between the City of XXX water system and the base distribution system to provide adequate looping and back-feed capability on base.
CVAMP DESCRIPTOR INPUTSInstallation Access
Controls Symbolic Value Population Centers Mitigate Vulnerability With Security Equip./Construction
Uncontrolled/Open Activity/Off Installation
High Visibility/Large News Coverage
301 Personnel and Over
Equipment None
Observation Risk Analysis The WVA risk analysis methodology incorporates
principles, concepts, and techniques derived from ORM as well as the DoD AT tools MSHARPP and CARVER.
ORM risk estimate categories of Extremely High, High, Medium, and Low provide a common frame of reference across DoD for relative risk ranking purposes (these designations are not associated with an absolute risk scale; there is no absolute scale for risk).
Risk levels of Extremely High or High, however, generally indicate conditions of unacceptable risk to personnel and/or the mission due to the probability and severity of a water degradation and/or disruption incident, and warrant corrective actions on a priority basis.
Observation Risk Analysis Probability
─ Incident History ─ Confidence in Existing Controls ─ Recovery Difficulty ─ Importance ─ Psychological Impact ─ Accessibility
Severity ─ Health and Safety ─ Mission-Essential Systems and Services
WVA Report
• Section 1 – Introduction • Section 2 – Overview of Potable Water
System • Section 3 – Observations • Appendix A – References, Acronyms • Appendix B – Risk Analysis • Appendix C – Water Security Operational
Measures • Appendix D – Representative Photographs
Note: Use the example report from USAFSAM
Classification Instructions
Definitions─ Secret: Unauthorized disclosure could be
expected to cause serious damage to national security that the original classification authority is able to identify or describe
─ Confidential: Unauthorized disclosure could be expected to cause damage to national security that the original classification authority is able to identify or describe
─ For Official Use Only: (FOUO) is a designation (not a classification) that is applied to controlled unclassified information that is exempt from mandatory release to the public under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Question Have you been involved with a
water vulnerability assessment?
Food handling and storage Temperature control Handling Storage Problematic public health concerns
in a deployed location
The End That was a brief overview…
Questions (your BEO can help you!)
Classification Instructions Key References
─ AFI 10-245─ DoDI 2000.16, DOD Antiterrorism (AT) Standards─ DTRA, Security Classification Guide for Vulnerability
Assessments Decision to Classify
─ The unauthorized disclosure of the information could reasonably be expected to cause damage to national security, and that the damage can be identified or described
─ Determine the probable operational, technological, and resource impact of classification
Classification Instructions According to DTRA SCG, vulnerabilities are
always classified. Concerns may or may not be classified, and neutral observations are typically not classified
When in doubt check with your
ATO
What’s Next? Provide Observations to CVAMP administrator
within 90 days All observations must be in CVAMP within 120
days Coordinate and brief results with MRC, FPWG,
EMWG, or ATWG Review and validate annually Use WVA to improve upon emergency
response procedures Do not submit the report to non-AF water
suppliers or agencies, or base contractors (the commander and ATO should make that decision).
Questions?
TIC/TIM Vulnerability Assessment
Background Bhopal, India Disaster Fatal Ammonia incident in Swansea, SC Texas City refinery accident Train Collision in Graniteville, SC Minot Train Derailment
Why TIC/TIM VA? Provide valuable information to various
installation personnel (e.g., emergency management, fire, medical, and antiterrorism personnel)
Provides identity, quantity, and location of local TIC/TIM
Identifies potential risk levels associated with local TIC/TIM
Enables personnel to better plan/train for possible releases
Drivers AFI 41-106, Unit Level Management of
Medical Readiness Programs, 14 Apr 08 (Updated 28 Jul 09).
AFI 10-2501, Air Force Emergency Management (EM) Program Planning and Operations, 24 Jan 07 (Updated 6 Apr 09).
BE Capability 1 (Execute SG related VA): To identify potential TIC/TIM concerns and assess the probability or potential consequences of an accidental/intentional release
Key Terms Toxic Industrial Material (TIM) – All toxic industrial
materials manufactured, stored, transported, used in industrial or commercial processes. It includes toxic industrial chemicals, toxic industrial radiologicals, and toxic industrial biologicals. TIMs produce toxic impacts to personnel, materials, and infrastructure.
Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TIC) – Chemical compounds used or produced in industrial processes that are toxic to humans and animals.
Toxic Industrial Biologicals (TIB) – Biological materials found in medical research, pharmaceutical, or other manufacturing processes that are toxic to humans and animals.
Toxic Industrial Radiologicals (TIR) – Radiation-emitting materials used in research, power generation, medical treatment, and other non-weapon developmental activities that are harmful to humans and animals if released outside their controlled environment.
TIC/TIM Overview Planning & Coordination Data Collection Data Analysis Report
TIC/TIM Process
Planning & Coordination Identify Lead Assessor
─ Manages assessment team; performs overall coordination; assigns tasks; ensures VA completion according to schedule
Identify Team─ Multi-disciplinary team with strong technical
background─ Familiarity with overall assessment methodology,
base operations/infrastructure, off-base industries, TIC/TIM characteristics & health effects, transport of contaminants
Develop List of Stakeholders─ On-base stakeholders─ Off-base stakeholders
Stakeholders Bioenvironmental Engineering (BE) Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) Civil Engineering (CE):
Emergency Management Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)
representative Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know
Act (EPCRA) POC Fire Department Pest Management Hazardous Waste Program Manager
Antiterrorism Officer (ATO) Office of Special Investigations (OSI)/Intel Security Forces Base Contracting Hazardous Material Pharmacy Manager Weather Office
Data Collection Off-Base TIC/TIM Data (20 mile radius) Transportation TIC/TIM Data On-Base TIC/TIM Data Verify Data Compile Comprehensive TIC/TIM Inventory Obtain Base Map Collect Meteorological and Terrain Data Collect Natural Disaster and Accident Data Collect Data on TIC/TIM Characteristics
Data Collection TIC of Concern includes toxic substances
regulated under the EPA RMP and toxic chemicals that have an established NIOSH IDLH concentration value.
─ List of substances regulated under the EPA RMPhttp://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/get-cfr.cgi?TITLE=40&PART=68&SECTION=130&TYPE=TEXT
─ List of NIOSH IDLH chemicals http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html
─ Toxic no-volatile liquids are inventoried but not evaluated
Primary Focus─ Chemicals or materials with acute toxicity─ Primary route of concern: Inhalation
Tier 2 Data Example ID Facility Name Location City SIC Chemical CAS Amount, lb1 Site 1 A & A Engraving, Inc 2301 East St Charles Street San Antonio 7 6 6 9 Used Motor Oil 0 6 4 7 4 2 - 6 5 - 0 5002 Site 2 A & B Welding Supply 914 East Chicago Street San Antonio 0 9 0 4 Portland Cement 0 6 5 9 9 7 - 1 5 - 1 4003 Site 3 Hubbard Feeds Inc. 426 Omaha Street San Antonio 2 0 4 1 Sulfur Dioxide 0 0 7446-09-5 100004 Site 4 Merillat Industries, Inc 4300 South Highway 79 San Antonio 2 4 9 2 Diesel Fuel 0 6 8 3 3 4 - 3 0 - 5 8000000
5 Site 5Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of the Black Hills 2150 Coca-Cola Lane San Antonio 2 0 8 6 Anhydrous Ammonia 0 0 7 6 6 4 - 4 1 - 7 200000
6 Stie 6 Browning Resources U.S. 3290 Lien Street San Antonio 3 3 4 1 Soda ash 0 0 0 4 9 7 - 1 9 - 8 200
7Site 7
Black Hills Corporation - Ben French Plant & Service Center 409 Deadwood Avenue San Antonio 4 9 1 1 Chlorine 0 0 7 7 8 2 - 5 0 - 5 300
8 Site 8Rapid City Regional Hospital-Main 353 Fairmont Boulevard San Antonio 8 0 6 0 Diesel Fuel 0 6 8 3 3 4 - 3 0 - 5 75000000
9 Site 9 Gillette Dairy of the Black Hills 1699 Sedivy Lane San Antonio 2 0 2 6 Chlorine 0 0 7 7 8 2 - 5 0 - 5 100000
10 PE 0078 Dakota Masonry Supply 1543 Deadwood Avenue San Antonio 5 2 1 1 Calcium Hydroxide 0 0 1 3 0 5 - 6 2 - 0 500
11 PE 0084Hills Materials Company--Emulsion 3730 Sturgis Road San Antonio 1 4 4 2 Acetylene 0 0 0 0 7 4 - 8 6 - 2 300
12 PE 0085Hills Materials Company--N Shop 702 Spruce San Antonio 1 4 4 2 Acetylene 100
13 PE 0087Hills Materials Company--Red-E-Mix 225 East Main Street North San Antonio 1 4 4 2 Acetylene 100
14 PE 0091E Horace Mann Pool 818 Anamosa Street San Antonio Sodium Hypochlorite 0 0 7 7 8 2 - 5 0 - 5 10015 PE 0092 Hubbard Feeds Inc. 426 Omaha Street San Antonio 2 0 4 1 Bentonite Clay 0 0 1 3 0 2 - 7 8 - 9 50016 PE 0100 Landstrom's 405 Canal Street San Antonio 3 9 1 1 Acetone 0 0 0 0 6 7 - 6 4 - 1 1017 PE 0101 Merillat Industries, Inc 4300 South Highway 79 San Antonio 2 4 9 2 Diesel Fuel 0 6 8 3 3 4 - 3 0 - 5 500000018 PE 0114 Nash Finch Company 1313 East St Patrick San Antonio 5 1 4 1 Ammonia 0 0 7 6 6 4 - 4 1 - 7 410
19 PE 0133Rapid City Regional Hospital-Main 353 Fairmont Boulevard San Antonio 8 0 6 0 Diesel Fuel 0 6 8 3 3 4 - 3 0 – 5 500000000
20 PE 0151 The Icehouse Inc. 1703 East St Patrick Street San Antonio Anhydrous Ammonia 0 0 7 6 6 4 - 4 1 – 7 20021 PE 0153 Riddle's Group 2707 Mount Rushmore Road San Antonio 3 9 1 1 Sulfuric Acid 98% 0 0 7 6 6 4 - 9 3 – 9 250
22 PE 0161 Suds and Duds, Inc 410 4th Street San Antonio 7 2 1 8Nonylphenol Ethoxylates 0 0 9 0 1 6 - 4 5 - 9 350
23 PE 0168Stamper Black Hills Gold Jewelry 7201 South Highway 16 San Antonio 3 9 1 1 Ammonia 0 0 7 6 6 4 - 4 1 - 7 410
24 PE 0180Warne Chemical & Equipment Company 2680 Commerce Road 3 5 2 3 Aluminum Phosphide 0 2 0 8 5 9 - 7 3 - 8 200
Tier 2 Data Example
Data Collection TIB of Concern should include, at a
minimum, those substances regulated by the Department of Health and Human Services as “HHS Select Agents and Toxins” and “Overlap Select Agents and Toxins” HHS Select Agents and Toxins are listed in 42 CFR
73.3 and can be found at the following website:http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/get-cfr.cgi?TITLE=42&PART=73&SECTION=3&TYPE=TEXT
Data Collection TIR of Concern should include radiological
materials that are regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as “Nationally Tracked Sources” that equal or exceed Category 2 quantity thresholds. The list of nationally tracked sources is provided in
Appendix E of 10 CFR 20, and can be found at the NRC website listed below:http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-appe.html
Contact the LEPC or state radiation safety officer
Transportation TIC/TIM Data Highways
─ Contact the Department of Transportation (National HM Route Registry)
Railways─ CSX/Norfolk Southern/Union Pacific/Burlington Northern─ Use Google Earth/Google Maps to locate rail roads in your
area ─ Contact the Federal Railroad Administration (Regional POCs)
http://www.fra.dot.gov/
Waterways─ Contact the local port authority
http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/toolbox/contacts/ports/
Example Rail Density Study
On-Base TIC/TIM Data HAZMART Pharmacy Hazardous Waste Program Manager Central Hazardous Waste Storage Facility
Manager Base Supply CE Storage Tank Manager Fire Department and/or Emergency
Management Installation Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)
TIC/TIM Inventory Once the data is collected and verified, all
TIC/TIM should be compiled into a combined inventory. TIC/TIM Name Facility/Location EmergencyConta
ct Lat./Long. Max. Quantity (lbs)
Dist. (mi)/ Dir. from Base
Notes:
1 CHLORINEAIRGAS SOUTH INC. MERIDIAN #202136 BONITA ROADMERIDIAN, MS 39301LAUDERDALE
TIM TRAMMEL601-483-4846
32º 21.9788º 40.18 2400
4.47 mi.70.04º448 ft.
Worst-Case scenario plume impacts the base alternative scenario does not
2 SULFURIC ACIDAT&T INTERSTATE DIVISION4600 SKYLAND DRIVEMERIDIAN, MS 30094LAUDERDALE
LESTER CAGLE6622569347
32º 19.3288º 41.09 1,163
3.63 mi.116.98º394 ft
Worst-Case scenario plume impacts the base; alternative scenario does not .
3 SULFURIC ACID, Batteries AVERY DENNISON4100 HWY 45 N.MERIDIAN, MS 39301
KEVIN STEIFEL601-481-6903
32º 23.7288º 39.82 99,999
5.67 mi.50.86º376
Chemical does not meet the definition of volatile toxic liquid. Plume model not required.
4 SULFURIC ACIDBatteries
BELLSOUTH – 741808789 OLD MERIDIAN DEKALBMERIDIAN, MS 32063LAUDERDALE
EH&S HOTLINE1-800-566-9347
32º 28.6188º 41.10 606
9.22 mi.19.14º461 ft
Chemical does not meet the definition of volatile toxic liquid. Plume model not required.
5 CHLORINECITY OF MERIDIAN2304 HWY 11 SOUTHMERIDIAN, MS 39307LAUDERDALE
YOLANDA BROWN601-485-1815
32º 19.1688º 45.13 24001.8 mi.199.07º292 ft
Worst-Case scenario plume impacts the base;
6 SULFUR DIOXIDECITY OF MERIDIAN2304 HWY 11 SOUTHMERIDIAN, MS 39307LAUDERDALE
YOLANDA BROWN601-485-1815
32º 19.1688º 45.13 9,999.8 mi.199.07º292 ft
Worst-Case scenario plume impacts the base;
Base Map The assessment team should obtain a base
map that includes a 20-mile radius around the base.
TIC/TIM # 4 Burns Chemical CoTIC/TIM # 1-6 ESCO Plant TIC/TIM # 8-12 City of XYZ Water Treatment Plant TIC/TIM # 15-21 Petro Chemical
SME Interviews Antiterrorism Officer (ATO)
Provide overall threat briefing LEPC Representative
Tier 2 reports Validate chemical inventory Provide insight to past accidents incidents within
county Emergency Management
Assist with plume modeling Response capabilities
Fire Department/ HazMat Response Response capabilities
Also a great forum to assess the bases overall response capability and
establish rapport with local LEPC
Plume Modeling Modeling and/or Calculations Are Used to
Determine the Hazard Zones Associated With a TIC/TIM Release Scenario The following options are currently available for
chemical release scenarios Area Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) model
Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) model
Joint Effects Model (JEM) Spreadsheet Calculation Method
For radiological release scenarios, a manual calculation or HPAC can be used
Worst Case and Alternative Scenarios Worst Case Release Scenario
Based on maximum quantity released and worst-case meteorological conditions
Used to determine which sources listed in the comprehensive inventory have the potential to impact the base; and to determine the highest level of risk associated with those sources
Alternative Release Scenario Performed only on those sources identified by the
worst-case release scenario as potentially impacting the base
Based on average/typical quantity released and average/predominant meteorological conditions
Used to determine a more realistic/typical risk level
Plume Modeling
Number ofContainers
Worst-CaseRelease Quantity
Alternative Release Quantity
Multiple(two or more)
Full contents of all containers
Full contents of one container
One Full contents of one container
Two-thirds contents of one container
Unknown Total quantity listed for the source
Two-thirds the quantity listed for the
source
Release Quantities used for Worst-Case and Alternative Scenarios
Scenario Examples• Railcar/Chlorine:
Density Study: 780 total railcars carried chlorine through the location per year.Tech Guide: Assume 365 as the estimated number of days a railcar can be expected to travel through the area.
780 loads/365 times per year a rail car travel by the area =2.14
Tech Guide: Average railcar capacity 180,000 lbs.
Worst Case Plume Modeling: 180,000 lbs x 2.14=385,200 lbs Alternative Case Plume Modeling: 180,000 lbs
• Truck/Chlorine: Tech Guide: 34,000lbs truck capacity
Worst Case Plume Modeling: 34, 000 lbs Alternative Case Plume Modeling: 34,000 lbs x 0.67 = 22,780 lbs (2/3 of truck capacity)
• Fixed Facility RMP inventory: 99,999lbs listed on report
Worst Case Plume Modeling: 99,999 lbs Alternative Case Plume Modeling: 50,000 lbs
Meteorological Conditions
Wind Speed Daytime Solar Radiation Nighttime Cloud Cover
meters/second
miles/hour
Strong Moderate
Slight >50% <50%
< 2 < 5 A A – B B E F
2 – 3 5 – 7 A – B B C E F
3 – 5 7 – 11 B B – C C D E
5 – 6 11 – 13 C C – D D D D
> 6 > 13 C D D D D
Obtain meteorological conditions from the Air Force Climatology
Center Website
https://notus2.afccc.af.mil/SCISPublic/
Example Weather Data
Predominant Wind from 310o
Plume Modeling
65
SITE DATA: Location: Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.38 (unsheltered single storied) Time: May 14, 2012 0929 hours CDT (using computer's clock) CHEMICAL DATA: Chemical Name: CHLORINE Molecular Weight: 70.91 g/mol AEGL-1 (60 min): 0.5 ppm AEGL-2 (60 min): 2 ppm AEGL-3 (60 min): 20 ppm IDLH: 10 ppm Ambient Boiling Point: -30.4° F Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: greater than 1 atm Ambient Saturation Concentration: 1,000,000 ppm or 100.0% ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA) Wind: 3.35 miles/hour from 307.08° true at 3 meters Ground Roughness: open country Cloud Cover: 5 tenths Air Temperature: 77° F Stability Class: F (user override) No Inversion Height Relative Humidity: 50% SOURCE STRENGTH: Direct Source: 36,000 pounds/min Source Height: 0 Release Duration: 10 minutes Release Rate: 36,000 pounds/min Total Amount Released: 360,000 pounds Note: This chemical may flash boil and/or result in two phase flow. THREAT ZONE: Model Run: Heavy Gas Red : greater than 6 miles --- (20 ppm = AEGL-3 [60 min]) Orange: greater than 6 miles --- (2 ppm = AEGL-2 [60 min]) Yellow: greater than 6 miles --- (0.5 ppm = AEGL-1 [60 min])
Hazard Zone Effects
Zone 1 Life Threatening Effects (AEGL 3, ERPG 3, &TEEL 3)
Zone 2 Serious Long-Lasting Effects (AEGL 2, ERPG 2, & TEEL 2)
Zone 3 Notable Discomfort (AEGL 1, ERPG 1, & TEEL 1)
Form 1 – 5: TIC/TIM Inventory Hazard Zones
Example calculation
Worst Case: 60*2.5/3.35= 44.77
TIC/TIMNO.
Chemical
Scenario Type
Quantit
y(lbs)
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
Distance to Base (mi)
Time to Impact Base5 (min)
Furthest
Extent3 (mi)
Time to
Extent4
(min)
Furthest
Extent3 (mi)
Time to
Extent4 (min)
Furthest
Extent3 (mi)
Time to Extent4 (min)
1 Chlorine
Worst-Case 2,400 2.5 44.7 3.5 5.5 4.5
Alternative 1,200 1.5 2.2 4.2 4.5
9 Ammonia
Worst-Case 2,400 0.28 0.88 2.1 2
Alternative 1,200 0.5 1 2.1 2Equation: t=60*d/v
Where: .t= time to impact d= distance from point of release to closest point on base perimeter (mi)v= scenario wind speed
Remember the wind speed for an alternative scenario are the prevailing winds
Severity Severity of a TIC/TIM release scenario is based
on hazard zones. Either modeling or calculations are performed to identify up to three hazard zones for each release scenario
─ Zone 1: It’s the area that is closest to the source; where death may result (i.e., area where levels are greater than the LOC-3 value)
─ Zone 2: It’s the area where severe injuries/illnesses may result (i.e., area where levels are greater than the LOC-2 value)
─ Zone 3: It’s the area further from the source; where minor injuries/illnesses may result (i.e., area where levels are greater than the LOC-1 value)
Hazard Zone Impacting the Base
Severity Level
Zone 1 Catastrophic
Zone 2 Critical
Zone 3 Moderate
No Zone Negligible
Probability Probability of a TIC/TIM release scenario is
based on the following definitions and on accident/natural disaster data Frequent and/or Likely: May occur immediately,
with in a short time, or repeats every other year Occasional: More than likely will occur in time Seldom: May happen, if given enough time. Unlikely: May never happenNatural Disasters:
In U.S. - National Climactic Data Center (NCDC) Storm Event DatabaseOutside U.S. – Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters’ (CRED’s) Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)
Accidents:On-base and off-base emergency response personnelNational Response Center (NRC) Database
Risk LevelSeverity + Probability = Risk Level
ORM Risk Assignment Matrix
SeverityProbability
Frequent Likely Occasional Seldom Unlikely
Catastrophic Extremely High
Extremely High High High Moderate
Critical Extremely High High High Moderate Low
Moderate High Moderate Moderate Low Low
Negligible Moderate Low Low Low Low
Form 1 – 6: Risk TableTIC/TIM No.
Facility Chemical Scenario Type
Severity Probability
Risk Level
1
Bowater Pulp &
Paper 27 S. Highway 161Perryton, TX
79021
Anhydrous
Ammonia
Worst-Case
Catastrophic Seldom High
Alternative Moderate Seldom Low
Worst-Case
Alternative
TIC/TIM Assessment ReportThe report should include the following:
Executive Summary Introduction Methodology Scope & Limitations TIC/TIM Assessment & Inventory Risk Assessment Conclusion References Appendices (forms, maps/plots, weather
data, comprehensive inventory)
What’s next? Coordinate and brief results with MRC, FPWG, EMWG, or ATWG
Identify equipment shortfalls and order critical items
Incorporate TIC/TIM scenarios into base exercises
Update emergency response checklists Build relationship with local LEPC or equivalent
Verify actual quantity on-siteUpdate annually
Questions?