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Prepared by Anna Danczowska-Burdon
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Water hardness is caused by the presence of salts dissolved in water, primarily calcium and magnesium.It causes the formation of boiler scale during water boiling and bad soap foaming.
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carbonate hardness – also called temporary water hardness is caused by the presence of carbonates, hydrocarbonates and hydroxides of calcium and magnesium.
Noncarbonate hardness – caused by the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+ of other cations and anions like: Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Cl-, SO4
2-, NO3
-, which do not decompose and do not precipitate during boiling water.
General water hardness – is the summary content of calcium, magnesium and other ions
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Caused by the presence of hydrocarbonates, carbonates and hydroxides of calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by water boiling.
Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Mg(HCO3)2 → MgCO3 + H2O + CO2
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Clark’s Method, Blacher’s Method, Warta-Pfeifer Method, method using EDTA
(versenate) separate
determination of calcium and magnesium ions
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