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Water and WeedsWater and Weeds
Streamkeepers Noxious Weed Training 2006
Cathy Lucero-Clallam County Noxious Weed Control Program
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Who are we?Who are we?“The Weed Police”
Federal Noxious Weed Law• Aimed at preventing invasive exotic
introductions• Meet or match local programsState Noxious Weed Law
• Kill ‘em when they’re young!
• Prioritized weed list-revised annually
County Weed Boards
• Local control
• Broad enforcement powers
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What’s wrong with weeds?What’s wrong with weeds?WEED
Compete for light,
= Plant out of Place water , nutrients,
Noxious Weeds are Masters of Competition• Non-native• Aggressive • Difficult to Control Once Established• Cause Economic or Environmental Damage• Problem that won’t go away
space
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What’s wrong What’s wrong with noxious weeds?with noxious weeds?
Numerous Impacts• Destroy wildlife habitat • Pose hazard to humans and animals • Lower land values• Reduce crop value or production• Cause flooding • Reduce recreational uses • Diminish aesthetics
They’re MONSTERS!
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What’s the big deal?What’s the big deal?• US Forest Service calls noxious weeds second
leading cause of species endangerment • The BLM estimates 4,600 acres of wildlife habitat
taken over every day by non-native plants• Creates the perfect environment for additional non-
native speciesPlain EconomicsPlain Economics•Controlling Eurasian Watermilfoil cost Washington state about $1million annually.•Knapweed infestations in Montana rangeland and wildland cost about $42 million annually. •Leafy spurge in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota & Wyoming costs $129.5 million annually and represents a loss of 1,433 jobs
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Goal of Streamkeeper Training:Goal of Streamkeeper Training:
• To train volunteers to help detect and monitor infestations, thus preventing or slowing the establishment of noxious weeds in sensitive areas such as riparian and aquatic environments.
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Plants and StreamsPlants and Streams
• Shade water
• Add nutrients
• Filter pollutants
• Influence structure
• Deflect energy
• Bank stabilization
• Habitat diversity
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Water WeedsWater Weeds
• Typically submergent vegetation, except during reproduction
• Live in shallow streams, slow moving water, ponds and lakes,
• Some tolerate salinity• Most aquarium escapees
Impacts • Rapid growth,
monocultures• Alter water quality• Degrade habitat• Clog waterways and pipe
intakes• Siltation and flooding• Affect water storage
capacity• Recreation-boating,
fishing, swimming• $$$$$$$
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Brazilian ElodeaBrazilian Elodea(Egeria densa)(Egeria densa)
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Eurasian WatermilfoilEurasian Watermilfoil ((Myriophyllum spicatumMyriophyllum spicatum))
Native-Northern milfoil (Myriophyllum sibericum) on Rt.
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Parrot FeatherParrot Feather(Myriophyllum aquaticum)(Myriophyllum aquaticum)
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WatercressWatercress(Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum)(Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum)
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Fragrant Waterlily(Nymphaea odorata)
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Land WeedsLand Weeds
• Land weeds• 1/2 ornamental
introductions, others contaminants
• Aggressive and competitive
• Most thrive in moist environment
• Some are poisonous• Most unpalatable
• Impacts • Rapid growth,
monocultures• Prevent establishment of
beneficial plants• Degrade or threaten
habitat• Clog waterways and pipe
intakes• Siltation and flooding• Decrease pasture or
meadow productivity• $$$$$$$
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Butterfly BushButterfly Bush((Buddleia davidii)Buddleia davidii)
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Giant HogweedGiant Hogweed
• Large, umbrella-shaped flower head
• 10-15 ft. tall.• Deeply lobed leaves, smooth• Purple splotched or purple stem
TOXIC! Causes severe burns and blistering
((Heracleum Heracleum mantegazzianum)mantegazzianum)
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Look-a-Likes
Colt’s foot Cow parsnip
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Herb Robert aka Herb Robert aka “Stinky Bob”“Stinky Bob”
(Geranium (Geranium robertianum)robertianum)
•5 petaled pink flower
•Hairy stem
•Leaves smell
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Peabody CreekPeabody Creek
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English ivyEnglish ivy(Hedera helix, several varieties)(Hedera helix, several varieties)
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KnotweedsKnotweeds ( (Polygonum.spp)Polygonum.spp)
• Bamboo-like stems
• Spikes of white flowers
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4/9
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4/29
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5/21
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8/5
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9/10
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10/10
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KnotweedKnotweed
Root mass 12 days later
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KnapweedsKnapweeds ( (Centaurea spp.)Centaurea spp.)
• Purple, white flowers
• Related to Bachelor’s button
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Spotted KnapweedSpotted Knapweed(Centaurea biebersteinii)(Centaurea biebersteinii)
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Orange hawkweedOrange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum)(Hieracium aurantiacum)
• Bright orange flowers
• Milky sap• Stolons
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Purple LoosestrifePurple Loosestrife(Lythrum salicaria)(Lythrum salicaria)
•5-7 petals
•Opposite, entire leaves
•Square stem
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Poison hemlockPoison hemlock (Conium maculatum)(Conium maculatum)
• Smooth, purple splotched stem
• VERY VERY POISONOUSPOISONOUS
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Hemlock Look-a-LikesHemlock Look-a-Likes
Western Water hemlock
Wild carrot
Water parsley
Bur chervil
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Reed CanarygrassReed Canarygrass(Phalaris arundinacea)(Phalaris arundinacea)
Matriotti Creek
AFTERBEFORE
•Large cellophane ligule
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Scotch BroomScotch Broom ( (Cytisus scopariusCytisus scoparius))
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Smooth CordgrassSmooth Cordgrass(Spartina alternaflora)(Spartina alternaflora)
•No native grass on mudflats
•Fringe of hairs in axil
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Smooth CordgrassSmooth Cordgrass(Spartina alternaflora)(Spartina alternaflora)
Hydrology impacts
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Tansy RagwortTansy Ragwort ((Senecio jacobaea)Senecio jacobaea)
• 13 yellow petals• Ruffly leaf• TOXIC
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Tansy Look-a-LikesTansy Look-a-Likes
St. Johnswort
Groundsels
Common tansy
Dusty Miller
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Yellow Flag IrisYellow Flag Iris(Iris pseudocornus)(Iris pseudocornus)
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Data SheetsData Sheets
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Impact SummaryImpact Summary
• Eliminates estuaries, destroys shell-fish, bird, and invertebrate habitat, increases flooding, encourages other exotic species
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Impact SummaryImpact Summary
• Crowds out native vegetation, reduces wildlife habitat, reduces natural inputs to stream structure
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Impact SummaryImpact Summary
Destroys fish and invertebrate habitat, impacts water quality, impedes restoration efforts
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Impact SummaryImpact Summary
• Reduces land values and recreational use
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Impact SummaryImpact Summary
• Reduces forage, threat to human or animal health
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Impact SummaryImpact Summary
Wipes out valuable forest understory habitat, reduces biodiversity
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Ultimate Goal:Ultimate Goal:Protect Natural ResourcesProtect Natural Resources