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Warm Up 9/23 & 9/24
1. What is one thing you learned from unit 1?2.List as many organelles as you can think of.3.What kinds of organisms are prokaryotic?
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Objectives• Understand prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells• Understand the difference between plant
and animal cells• Understand the structure and function of
different organelles in living cells
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Homework• Study for Quiz 1 – cell parts
– Be able to label organelles– Match each organelle to its function
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Discovery of the Cell • Robert Hooke (1635-1703) – invented the
term cell; studied dead plant cells such as cork.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - 1st to observe living cells.
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Discovery of the Cell • Matthias Schleidan (1804-1881) – concluded
that all plants are composed of cells. • Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) - concluded all
animals were composed of cells. • Rudolf Virchow (1821 – 1902) - reasoned that
cell come only from other cells.
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Protocells:One theory of the origins of cells states
that the first life on earth consisted of several types of tiny protocells, cell-like organisms. These organisms were able to survive and reproduce in a very limited environment because of their simplicity. Over time, some of these protocells came together and shared their specialization in a symbiotic relationship. These colonies of protocells eventually became the cells we know today.
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Introduction to Cell Introduction to Cell TheoryTheory
1. Cells are the basic units of organisms2. Cells come only from other cells3. All living things are made of cellsBasic types of cells:
Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial
Cell
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Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Ex: bacteria
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)
Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
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ProkaryotesNucleoid region contains the DNA
•Cell membrane & cell wall
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm
•Evolved 3.5 billion years ago
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Basic StructureCell wall – protects the cell & gives it shape.
Outer membrane – protects the cell against some antibiotics (only
present in gram-negative)
Cell membrane – regulates movement of materials into & out of
the cell; contains enzymes important to cellular respiration.
Ribosome
Cell MembraneCell Wall
Pilli
Flagella
DNA (circular = plasmid)
Peptidoglycan
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Plasmid – circular piece of DNA that contains some genes obtained through genetic
recombination.
Capsule & Slime layer – protect the cell & assist in attaching the
cell to other surfaces.
DNA (circular = plasmid)
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Viruses
I. Virus - a tiny, parasitic particle that consists of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They fall somewhere between living cells and non-living things.
HeadDNA
Collar
Neck
Tail FiberBase Plate
Sheath
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Viruses: Structure
NOT CELLS!!NOT CELLS!!Viruses contain1.Nucleic Acids (DNA/
RNA)2.A Protein Coat
(CAPSID)Some have structures
designed to attach to host cells (tail fibers; envelope proteins, spikes, etc)
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All viruses are made of 2 things:1. DNA/ RNA
2. Protein Coat (capsid)
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Comparing the size of a virus, a bacterium, and an animal cell
0.25 m
Virus
Animalcell
Bacterium
Animal cell nucleus
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Why non-living:1. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own
((Must have a living host-cellMust have a living host-cell))2. Viruses cannot metabolize (obtain and use
energy)3. Viruses are not made of cells4. Viruses do not grow/ develop5. Viruses do not respond to stimulus6. But Viruses DO have genetic material
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Sizes of Viruses
Extremely small; largest virus is 1/10 size of smallest bacteria. Range in size from 20 - 200 nm (nanometer); 1 nanometer = 1 millionth of a meter
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Shapes of Viruses1. Helical - rod-like appearance. Ex: Tobacco mosaic virus 2. Isometrical - spherical or polyhedral shaped;
some appear to have spikes for cellular recognition and attachment
Ex: Polio or HIV
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Shapes (cont.)3. Geometric - usually a geometric pattern;
Ex: bacteriophage4. Filovirus - filamentous strands Ex: Ebola
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Characteristics of Viruses• non-cellular; do not respire, grow/
develop, respond to stimuli• Parasitic on living cells - nucleic material in
viruses give information for production of new viruses
• viruses are spread from infected cells by direct contact or indirectly through air, water, food, fecal material
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
• Nucleus• Cell Membrane• Cytoplasm with
organelles• Evolved 1.5 billion
years ago
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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OrganelleOrganelless
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (rough & smooth) – canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins
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Golgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened
sacssacs• Have a shipping side Have a shipping side
& a receiving side& a receiving side• Receive & Receive & modify modify
proteinsproteins made by ER made by ER• Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles
with modified with modified proteins pinch off proteins pinch off the endsthe ends
Transport
vesicle
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Lysosome• Contain digestive Contain digestive
enzymesenzymes• Break down food and Break down food and
worn out cell parts worn out cell parts for cells for cells
• Programmed for cell Programmed for cell death (lyse & release death (lyse & release enzymes to break enzymes to break down & recycle cell down & recycle cell parts)parts)
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Nucleolus• Cell may have Cell may have 1 1
to 3to 3 nucleoli nucleoli• Inside nucleusInside nucleus• DisappearsDisappears when when
cell dividescell divides• Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes
that make that make proteinsproteins
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell
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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration
Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP
In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria
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Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
“Selectively permeable”
Cell (Plasma) membrane
Surrounding the Surrounding the CellCell
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Living layerControls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane
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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell
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Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
More on More on CytoplasmCytoplasm
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Controls the normal activities of the cell
Bounded by a nuclear membrane (envelope)
Contains chromosomes
Control Organelle
Nucleus
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Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics
Nucleus
More on the More on the NucleusNucleus
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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Chloroplast
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Dead layerLarge empty spaces present between cellulose fibers
Freely permeable
Cell wall
Plant CellPlant Cell
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Plant CellPlant Cell
Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigidFound in plant cells
Cell wall
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Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess water into the cell
Give shape to the cell
Cell wall
Plant CellPlant Cell
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Have a large central vacuole
Contains cell sapSugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, & pigments
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
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Different kinds of Different kinds of plant cellsplant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell
No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
vacuole
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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles
•Near the nucleus•Paired structures•Help cell divide
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Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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Similarities between Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsAnimal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in
sizeIrregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular shapeCell wall present
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells
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Microscope Lab• Materials are on the back tables
– Back left table – cheek cell and frog blood– Back right table – cork and elodea– Back counter – onion– Overhead screen – bamboo
• When you are done with a slide– Rinse and dry and place back where you got it– Safety precautions
• Methyl blue – will stain, we have aprons
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Compound MicroscopeCompound Microscope
• Instrument for observing small objects
•Magnify images up to 2000X their size
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Different parts of Different parts of a microscopea microscope
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Eyepiece
Fine adjustmentArm
Stage
Condenser control knob
Base
Body tubeCoarse adjustment
Iris diaphragm
Revolving nosepiece
Objective
ClipCondenser
Mirror
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Observing an Object:
Because the light rays from an object cross before reaching your eye, the image you see through most microscopes will be inverted and upside down.
Magnification: the increase of an object's apparent size.
Resolution: the power to show details clearly. Resolution allows the viewer to see two objects that
are very close together as two objects rather than as one. Resolution is controlled by the quality of the lenses being used - the better the lenses, the better the resolution.
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Care and handling:
A microscope is a delicate piece of equipment and should be treated gently. Always use two hands when moving the microscope. Place one hand around the arm of the microscope and the other under the base for support. Always carry the microscope upright and close to the body when moving any distance. Place the microscope flat on the table, but not too near the edge where it might be knocked off.
If it becomes necessary to clean the lenses on the microscope, ask your facilitator for a piece of "lens paper". Other materials, such as paper towel, can scratch the surface of the lens.
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Preparing Specimens for Viewing:
• In most instances, light must pass through any object to be viewed with a light microscope. For this reason, the object must be fairly thin. Thick objects must be sliced into thin sections for viewing.
• Many objects do not have distinct, contrasting colors. This makes it difficult to see details. To improve the viewing of these objects, they are stained. Staining is the use of a biological to make the details visible.
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Making a Slide: • Place a clean slide on the table.
• For liquid samples, place one or two drops in the center of the slide. For solid samples, place the sample in the center of the slide and add one drop of water or staining solution.
• Hold the plastic cover slip by the edges. Do not get fingerprints on the cover slip. Set one edge against the slide and lower it until it contacts the liquid. The liquid should spread across the whole area of the cover slip.
• Never use a slide under the microscope without a cover slip. Its major purpose is to protect the objective lens for the liquid on the slide.
• Unless otherwise instructed, wipe the sample and cover slip off the slide with a paper towel when finished. Throw the paper towel and its contents away. Return the microscope slide to its container.
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The cell is the Basic The cell is the Basic Unit of LifeUnit of Life
• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms
• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only
• The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions
– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption
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Levels of organizationLevels of organization
• Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
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TissueTissue
•A group of similar cells to perform a particular function–Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
–Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
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OrganOrgan
• Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
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Stoma
Air Space
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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SystemSystem• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory and reproductive systems– Plant : root and shoot systems
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Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)ORGANISM (human)
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It’s You!