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War Without Mercy:
The Pacific Theater Mr. JohnsonU.S. History & World History
Created by Prof. John Tucker
(ECU) & John Johnson (HCHS)
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ObjectivesN.C. Standard Course of Study
World History
• Objective 5.03 – Analyze the causes and course of World War II and evaluate it as the end of one era and the beginning of another
U.S. History
• Objective 10.02 - Identify military, political, and diplomatic turning points of the war and determine their significance to the outcome and aftermath of the conflict.
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The War in ChinaSino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
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“Rape of Nanjing”
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Mao Zedong & Chiang Kai-Shek
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US Aid
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December 7, 1941:“A Date Which Will Live in Infamy”
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FDR’s Pearl Harbor Address
Click here for text and audio of the address
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U.S. Enters the War
Allied strategy: “Germany first”
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War in the Pacific:Island Hopping
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American CommandersGen. Douglas
MacArthur
U.S. Army
Adm. Chester Nimitz
U.S. Navy
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Farthest Japanese Advance
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Important Battles• Invasion of Philippines, 1941 – Japanese seize
control; Bataan death march
• Coral Sea, 1942 – Stopped Japanese expansion in South Pacific
• Midway, 1942 – Stopped Japanese expansion in mid-Pacific
• Guadalcanal, 1943 – First major landing of U.S. troops… island hopping
• Leyte Gulf, 1944 – Major defeat for Japanese navy, U.S. liberation of Philippines
• Iwo Jima & Okinawa, 1944-1945 – Small islands close to Japan, kamikaze attacks, bomber bases!!!
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Desperation:
Kamikaze & Kaiten
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Kaiten – “Shaking of the Heavens”
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Kamikaze – “Divine Wind”
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The Manhattan Project:
Developing the Atomic Bomb
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Incendiary Bombing – 1945• 66 Japanese cities
were devastated by fire-bombing raids
• Incendiary bombs: meant to demoralize and cause mass destruction – “total war”
• Total casualties from incendiary bombings:−241,000 killed−313,000 wounded
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Incendiary Bombing – 1945Tokyo 51%
Tokohama 58%
Toyama 99%
Nagoya 40%
Osaka 35%
Kure 42%
Kobe 56%
Omuta 36%
Wakayama 50%
Okayama 69%
Nishinomiya 12%
Shimonoseki 38%
Kawasaki 35%
Yawata 21%
Kagoshima 63%
Amagasaki 19%
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F.D.R.• approved the
development of the atomic bomb – “Manhattan Project”
• died April 12, 1945
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Harry S. Truman• VP for less than 3
months
• Knew nothing about the development of the atomic bomb
• Saw the atomic bomb as a way to save American lives
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Atomic Politics• Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
−Japan was clearly defeated, but would not surrender
−U.S., U.K. and K.M.T. China call for unconditional Japanese surrender
−Japanese military refused to surrender, hoping that U.S.S.R. would help with a diplomatic settlement
• The Manhattan Project−Robert Oppenheimer and Los Alamos−Trinity test explosion
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Oppenheimer & Los Alamos
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July 16, 1945, 5:29:45 am First man-made atomic explosion “Trinity”
“I am become Death, destroyer of worlds.”
-Oppenheimer
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General Leslie Groves• “The Atomic
General”
• saw use of atomic bomb as a preferable to Soviet entry into the Pacific war
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Bomb Directive• Selected targets:
−Hiroshima−Kokura−Niigata−Nagasaki
• Cities relatively undamaged by previous bombing raids were selected
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Tongues of Fire:Hiroshima & Nagasaki
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The Two Atomic Bombs• August 6, 1945, 8:15 am
Hiroshima – “Little Boy” bomb−one bomb:
• 100,000 dead immediately• 100,000 more dead in five
years
• August 9, 1945, 11:02 am Nagasaki – “Fat Man” bomb−one bomb:
• 70,000 dead immediately• 70,000 more dead in five
years
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Hiroshima
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Nagasaki
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Effects of the Atomic Bomb• temperature at hypocenter: 5,400° F
• “a silent flash” to close observers, resulting in death or severe burns
• black rain
• massive fire
• long term effects – “radiation sickness,” blood and bone cancers, miscarriages, birth defects, lesions, etc.
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V-J Day:
Surrender & Occupation
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V-J Day – Times Square, NY
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U.S. Occupation of Japan