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Volcano Monitoring
Nov. 1st, 2018 JPTM2018
Location : Sakurajima Date : Jan. 2, 2013 Camera : Canon EOS 60D F number : 5.6 Shutter speed : 30 seconds ISO : 800 Photographer : JMA expert
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Today’s topics
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HOW CAN WE USE ALOS-2 DATA FOR MONITORING VOLCANOES?
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Active Volcanoes in Japan
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• 111 active volcanoes (Active volcanoes: it erupted within 10,000 years)
• 5 volcanoes erupted this year
• 50 volcanoes are continuously monitored.
circle: active volcanoes, red-triangle: erupted this year
(Kusatsu-Shiranesan, Kirishimayama (Shinmoedake, Iwo-yama crater), Nishinoshima, Sakurajima, Suwanosejima)
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Volcanic Observation and Warning Center
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・Local Governments ・Mass media ・Public
Schema of volcanic process Volcanic Observation and Information System(VOIS)
Camera Seismometer Tiltmeter GNSS
Multi M
onitoring and Analysis
Past events DB
Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic Observation and Warning Center
×
× ×
×
× ×
×
× ×
Volcanic activity Unrest/anomaly
reference
Quick Evaluation
Continuous Observation stations
Web Site Collaborative Work
Local Governments
Mobile PC
JMA Experts
Explanation
Warning/
Information
Remote sensing data offline
online
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Advantages of ALOS-2(PALSAR-2) data
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~In Emergency situation~ Detect volcanic unrest/anomalies
JMA orders JAXA an emergency observation
JAXA judges schedules of ALOS-2 observation
take an emergency observation data (originally planned observation cancelled)
GNSS ALOS-2 data
Observed data Coordinate of point Land-covering
deformation
Equipment on land
Need to built observation stations
NOT need to built observation stations
In spite of isolated islands or activated volcanoes where we can’t access, volcanic activities are monitored.
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Kusatsu-Shiranesan volcano
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GSI report of 140th Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions (CCPVE)
Location of monitoring instrument/observation stations
around Kusatsu-Shiranesan. Red-square indicates SAR image area.
Erupted on Jan. 23th, 2018 • Kusatsu-Shiranesan is an active volcanone which has 3 pyroclastic cones. • Yugama is the most active crater of Kusatsu-Shiranesan. • Most observation was targeted Yugama. • However, eruption occurred at about 2km south of it.
SAR intensity images of ALOS-2 (PALSAR-2)
Yugama
new crater
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Why the crater location is important
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hypothesized crater
ash fall (>5cm)
ash fall (>2cm)
ballistic ejecta (size~1m)
mud flow
hazard map of Kusatsu-Shiranesan volcano
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Kirishimayama volcano(Shinmoedake crater)
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Erupted on Mar., 2018
Camera
Location of observation stations
lava Fine weather
Shinmoedake
Cloudy weather
• Kirishimayama is a large volcanic complex of more than 20 Quaternary volcanoes. • Shinmoedake and Iwo-yama are the one of the most active craters of Kirishimayama. • Shinmoedake and Iwo-yama erupted this year, and Shinmoedake erupted in 2011, too. • There are many observation stations around
Kirishimayama.
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Kirishimayama volcano (Shinmoedake crater)
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NIED report of 141th CCPVE Temporal variation of Shinmoedake crater
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Kirishimayama volcano (Shinmoedake crater)
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NIED report of 141th CCPVE
Area
(105 m
2 )
Volu
me(
106 m
3 )
date
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Kirishimayama volcano (Iwo-yama crater)
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GSI report of 141th CCPVE
Erupted on Apr. 19th and 26th, 2018
A B
A
B
Near Far
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Nishinoshima volcano
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Japan Coast Guard Japan Coast Guard GSI
2013 2014 2018
Nishinoshima
• Nishinoshima is located about 1,000km south of Tokyo. • Nobody lives in the island. • In 2013, a small island was created near the former island. • The new island joined up with original island due to its
volcanic activity. • After the eruption in 2013, the volcano erupts intermittently.
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Nishinoshima volcano
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• In Nishinoshima volcano, monitoring methods are limited (eg. airplane or ship observation).
• InSAR analysis shows volcanic activities such as lava flow.
Technical Reports of the Meteorological Research Institute, 2017; MRI report of 141th and 142th CCPVE
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FEATURES of ALOS-2(PALSAR-2) data
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GNSS ALOS-2 data
Observed data Coordinate of point Land-covering
deformation
Equipment on land
Need to built observation stations
NOT need to built observation stations
Temporal frequency
・Continuous observation ・Independent of
other observations
・Every 2 weeks (earliest) ・Conflict other observations
It is difficult to monitor volcanic activities constantly.
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Expectation for remote sensing data
Some volcanic observation was cancelled due to other disasters (and vice versa).
Cancelled observation was recovered by cooperation of JAXA.
If observation range was wider, it would be NOT cancelled…
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Summary
• ALOS-2(PALSAR-2) data is quite effective for monitoring of volcanic activity (crustal deformation, changes of volcanic surface).
• Remote sensing data is becoming more and more important for volcanic monitoring.
• Observation opportunities sometimes conflict with other hazard monitoring(earthquake, flood and etc.).
• We hope that wide range, high temporal frequency and high spatial resolution observation will be available in future.
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Thank you for your attention! Japan Meteorological Agency
Seismology and Volcanology Department Volcanology Division, Isao Kageyama