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Contribution to the algal biodiversity study in the Moroccan Atlantic coast
HANIF noura1, CHAIR mohammed1, CHBANI IDRISSI mostapha2, NAOKI tojo2’,
PhD Student, Department of Biology, Chouaib Doukkali University, Faculty of Science, El-Jadida, Morocco1 Professor, Department of Biology, Chouaib Doukkali University, Faculty of Science, El-Jadida, Morocco1
Prospecting Laboratory of Marine Resources, APP project / INRH, National Institute of Fisheries Research, Casablanca, Morocco2
Project Coordinator JICA / INRH, National Institute of Fisheries Research, Sidi Abd Errahmane, Casablanca, Morocco2’
Abstract: At the end of this study we have shown that the study of oualidia to azemmour zone contains a very large algal diversity. However, species of economic interest such as Gelidium Sesquipedale (Clemente) Thuret were about to be degraded unconsciously and replaced by other harmful species such as Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt. An important part of this degradation is from direct discharges into the sea (Domestic and Industrial), without any pretreatment and also the intensive grubbing species on the Atlantic coast. These direct or indirect impacts are not without effect on populations of algae; their effects on our resources are very strong and broad. Keywords: algae, Atlantic coast, degradation, diversity.
I. INTRODUCTION The importance of Moroccan marine algae resulting from abundances and their diversity along the Moroccan coast of the Atlantic Ocean; is a coastal area of over 3000 km where there are essentially: Gelidium sesquipedale (Clemente) Thuret, Laminaria ochroleuca (Bachelot de la Pylaie), Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stackhouse, Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey. Gelidium exploitation began in Morocco in 1949. It is oriented towards the exploitation of the agar. Agar is a product extracted from Gelidium sesquipedale (Clemente) Thuret and Gelidium spinulosum (C.Agardh) J.Agardh species which represent 95% of marine algae collection (Gelidium sesquipedale alone represents 90%). Also, at the area constantly submerged, the algae collection is done by divers using the alguiers. Area swaying tide is operated by a heterogeneous workforce (small fishermen, farmers, women and children). They collect by grubbing algae attached to the substrate and pick up those that are rejected grounding. The red alga Gelidium develops relatively significant fields along the Moroccan Atlantic coast. The majority of algae collected is supplied to the processing industry comes from El-Jadida and Jorf Lasfar maritime area. We noticed in recent years that there is an overexploitation of this species by poaching and intensive collection. And is usually replaced by Halopithys incurvus (Hudson) Batters and other harmful algal species as Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt found in different parts of the coast [1]. Moroccan coasts contain significant economic and ecological interest species richness. However, several fringes of it are about to be degraded unconsciously and consequently incompatible with preservation of marine ecosystems actions. 612 taxa and stadiums (102 Chlorophyceae, 131 Fucophyceae and 379 Rhodophyceae) are determined for the Moroccan marine flora [2]. In the study area comprised between Oualidia and Azemmour Moroccan Atlantic coast, algal diversity found is very rich. The objective of this part of research is the realization of investigations in both intertidal and subtidal zones along the Moroccan Atlantic coast (between Oualidia and Azemmour) to determine the composition and structure of algal species in all sites included in the study area. The qualitative study focused on the identification of different species collected, taking into account their spatial and temporal distribution. For the quantitative study, we limited our study to the cover index of this collection that each group of algae compared to the considered quadrate.
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II. METHODOLOGY
II.1. Location of sites For the characterization of seaweed fields, the selected sites were identified between Oualidia and Azemmour, six sites were selected: Oualidia, Sidi Abed, Mly Abdellah, Sidi Bouzid, El Jadida and Azemmour, which geographical coordinates are 33° 00’ - 33° 16’ 09" N, 8° 30’ - 8° 45’ w (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Location of sampled sites on the foreshore.
These sites are defined in beaten middle by taking account the following factors: -A tides balancing area is important with a wide rocky portion to allow colonization of the substrate by algae. -A breakdown of the different sites on the entire coast between Oualidia and Azemmour. -Coverage of polluted sites (Jorf Lasfar and Sidi Bouzid in the phosphate complex) and (El Jadida by wastewater effluent houses). - The Azemmour site (Lahdida) has been integrated into the study because it’s too near to the sandy areas and that the algal population could be biased by inputs of sediment and water influence of Oum Er Rabie. Rock slabs, strata and screes are the main facies present on t he sites (Fig. 2).
Lahdida
Sidi Daoui
Sidi Bouzid Mly Abdellah
Sidi Abed
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Mly Abdellah Site Sidi Bouzid Site
Sidi Daoui site Sidi Abed site
Fig. 2: Configuration example of some sampled sites. II.2. Intervention schedule The field surveys for both intertidal and subtidal parts colonized by algae are performed from November 2012 to November 2013. Appointments are fixed around 9 hr depending on the status of sea bass. To the extent possible, surveys are conducted with less than 1 m to 1.5 m waves to allow the tide to withdraw enough for proper sampling subtidal. For surveys in the subtidal zone will be to depths of 20m. The outputs will be on the day, with the possibility of ten dives per site. II.3. Work done at each site II.3.1. Implementation A team of two puts a thirty meters end on the foreshore to materialize the work area and identify the coordinates with a GPS type Garmin ® 78. For each bathymetric level, quadrates (1 m2) are positioned in separated points by 6 meters to perform the countings. They are positioned on a relatively homogeneous zones view terrain. The number of quadrate carried in each site varies depending on the length of the foreshore. A minimum of 6 quadrates is provided for each bathymetric level. In the absence of available data, bathymetric levels are defined visually. In the subtidal zone, a boat will be reserved for the realization of investigations. The board equipment also consists of a Garmin GPS 78 ® types which allows locating from the surface. Sounder precises configuration and depth of the site. Two immersed scientific divers realize surveys on quadrates and a third ensures the safety of the surface and piloting the boat. Thus, the achievement of quadrates at different depths preferably is preceded by a phase of identifying to define the presence and abundance of core species (to apply the appropriate number of quadrates). II.3.2. Criteria retained Parameters taken into account are the global recovery index. There was a recovery index of algae present in each quadrate (Table 1). Counting the number of feet is carried for well differentiated algae.
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Table I: Classification grid of recovery index of algae present in the quadrates. Cover index
percentage index 0-5% 1
5-25% 2
25-50% 3
50-75% 4
75-100% 5
The difficult algae to identify on site are harvested. They are examined in the laboratory under a binocular microscope, to establish the closest possible exhaustive list of species present in each quadrate. At the coast wide of the study area, it is considered "the most representative algae" those present at least 4 of the 6 selected sites. The Jaccard index J presented by equation (1) was used to determine the level of difference and similarity between sites selected according to the species richness of sites [3]. When the index becomes close to 0, it indicates no similarity between two sites. When it’s close to 1, the similarity is high.
j (1) J =
(a + b - j) With: - J: is the species common number to two sites; - a: the species number present on the station A; - b: the species number present on the station B. Biological diversity is characterized for each site from a grouping of algae into three categories: green (Chlorophyceae), brown (Pheophyceae) and red (Rhodophyceae). These groupings are described by quadrate and site.
III. RESULTS On all sites, several species of algae are identified (Appendix 1). The quadrate number site varies depending on the size of each site but also on the heterogeneity of the highly variable background depending on sites, it fluctuates from 6 to 30 quadrates. The sites with the most important algal biodiversity are those of Mly Abdellah and Oualidia. Conversely, the less diverse is Lahdida site. A freshwater input (Oum Er Rabie River) and a significant sand encroachment explain this low diversity. III.1. Spatio-temporal variation in algal cover
III.1.1.Spatio-temporal distribution The spatial distribution of marine algae identified varies from geographical station to another and it differs monthly (Fig. 3).
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Fig. 3: Spatio-temporal distribution of the algae number in different stations.
The maximum number of algae was observed in April and May 2013. Then gradually decreases to a minimum in November and December. From January, the algae richness increases to its maximum in spring. A station that has a very important algal diversity is Mly Abdellah followed by Oualidia. However, this diversity is minimal in Azemmour.
III.1.2. Algea cover We determined the covering index for three algae groups (Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae). The results obtained show that this index is variable, on the one hand, in a same station, and the other, from one station to another for the same group of algae (Fig. 4).
Figure 4: Spatial variation of the covering index for three classes of algae.
According to the results, we note that the Rhodophyceae are the most dominant compared to other algae groups in all of the stations concerned by the study.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Spec
ies
num
ber
Oualidia Sidi Abed Mly Abdellah Sidi Bouzid El-Jadida Azemmour
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Oualidia Sidi Abed Mly Abdellah
Sidi Bouzid El-Jadida Azemmour
1217
2027
24 2420
2619
28 2632
6256
59
4549
43
Rec
ovrin
g in
dex
(%)
Chlorophycées Phéophycées Rhodophycées
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III.2. Sites comparison The sites comparison shows that algal diversity in Azemmour differs significantly from other selected sites. The similarity index (Jaccard index) calculated is significantly lower than all other sites (table 2). For the other five assemblages of species are also different from one site to another. Tableau II: Comparison of retained sites from Jaccard Index.
Oualidia
Sidi Bouzid 0,28 Sidi Bouzid
Mly Abdellah 0,38 0,41 Mly Abdellah
Sidi Abed 0,35 0,33 0,29 Sidi Abed
El-Jadida 0,28 0,38 0,24 0,24 El-Jadida
Azemmour 0,21 0,27 0,2* 0,27 0,29
* There is a big viewpoint difference of seaweed species richness between two sites Azemmour and Mly Abdellah. The latter site is characterized by a very large and rich algal diversity; essentially red algae.
IV. DISCUSSION
The study of algal diversity has been used to characterize algal cover on the foreshore as well as different characteristic species of each study site. The results showed that the sites are relatively heterogeneous in terms of their species composition. However, the Lahdida site is distinguished from others by a particularly poor algal assemblage. This character is explained, in part, by the specific characters related to the configuration of site: -Sand encroachment widespread throughout the site; -Contributions of Oued Oum Er'Rabie freshwater. Using macroalgae intertidal and subtidal parameter, the overall diversity varies from one station to another, this variation can be explained by the fact that the coastal water mass is subject. In the North (Azemmour), a regular freshening related to the presence of a dense hydrographic network and high rainfall. The principal freshwater and turbid sea vector is Oued Oum Er Rabie in the north of water mass; it drains polluted water at sea. This river is considered one of largest watersheds of the Kingdom, extends over an area of 35,000 km ² with an extension of 550 km. It takes its origin in the Middle Atlas 1800 m, crosses the chain of the Middle Atlas, the Tadla plain and coastal Meseta, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean about 16 km in the El Jadida north (Azemmour), [4]. Its effluents are considered as a source of marine pollution because it brings back with him intakes pollutants and reject it at sea. The water mass in the study area is subjected to high anthropogenic pressure by discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater in many parts of the coast. However, there is a mobilization for improving water quality with the establishment of major remediation work to optimize the treatment of wastewater. The overall physicochemical modifications of coastal waters influence on algal communities that develop. The results show a significant inter-site variability; the sites geomorphology and exposure to prevailing swells could affect the density and distribution of structuring algae and thus limit reflects an ecological site conditions. The investigations carried out in the framework of this study do not allow separating the anthropogenic or natural origin of the observed fluctuations. The discovery of the species Sargassum muticum by B. Sabour & al. [1] in the coast between Oualidia and Casablanca for the first time in Africa shows that it has found favorable conditions to grow and reproduce quickly. According to the same author, this species creates competition up to the elimination of competing species. Competition for the occupation of space, to capture light, the use of nutrient salts is manifested first with respect to other algae located on the bottom. In planktonic algae Sargassum captures nitrogen and phosphorus, elements necessary for the development of phytoplankton. Therefore, the presence of this species causes an imbalance in the marine ecosystem; living environment of other species of marine flora and fauna of the sites studied.
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The presence of Ulva (Ulva rigida (C.Agardh)) and Enteromorpha (Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees) recognized as nitrophilous and indicator species of habitats rich in organic material gives a pollution vision of the marine environment of the site in which they arise. When pollutants are introduced into marine waters, the first reaction of vegetation is the perennial canoppeae degradation, those of C. baccata seems to be more sensitive to pollution compared to G. sesquipedale. The development of some of the most pollution-tolerant species such P. complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg or Codium decorticatum (Woodward) M.A.Howe is encouraged by the absence of canoppeae, and they become the dominant species of the community [5]. The algal abundance and diversity decrease if pollution increases; the perennial algae decline under the pollution effect is the first sign of the deterioration in living environment of these algae ([6]; [7]; [8]; [9]; [10]). In the study area, perennial algae Cystoseira baccata (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva and Gelidium sesquipedale are partially replaced by species Halopithys incurvus and Codium adhaerens (C.Agardh). This fact has been reported by several authors in the Basque coast west to Northern Spain ([11]; [10]) who emphasized the replacement of Cystoseira spp. by species of Codium in polluted areas, which development is encouraged by the water enrichment by nutrients. The phytobenthic communities in the study area which are moderately affected by pollution are less diversified and show an algal cover reduction. Raw wastewater from the El Jadida city are characterized by an average concentration of suspended material from 767.2 mg / L with a maximum concentration of 937.43 mg / L and a concentration of 542.8 mg / L. These contents registered of suspended matter are above the concentration limit of direct discharges (50 mg / L) and to concentration of indirect discharge (600 mg / L), [12]. The same applies to other physicochemical parameters (COD/BOD5) they presents major pollution values that exceed relatively general limits of direct and indirect discharges. This causes direct and indirect effects on the macroalgae growth by increasing turbidity in marine waters where they can influence the development cycle and reproduction of algae species present in the study area. The study conducted by Makroum K. [13] showed that the site near the solid-liquid collector of the phosphate complex is characterized by a sharp disturbance of the water quality, with an increase in temperature throughout the year compared to other sites, The pH is also very acidic, with low levels of dissolved oxygen and high concentrations in orthophsphates. For the site located in El Jadida, which is characterized by the presence of the domestic collector and industrial wastewater, it is characterized by low salinity and high turbidity with very high pollutants levels. The same author also showed that pollution indices by heavy metals are very high on the El Jadida coast, which causes actual danger to the species diversity in macroalgae present in this area. Pollution infects the macroalgae photosynthetic activity; the intensity of this activity may decrease in case of increase in the degree of pollutant parameters in the study sites. The marine environment of the study area is characterized by a very advanced pollution with unfavorable parameters that do not allow normal development of macrophytes (very acidic pH, low oxygen and especially very high orthophosphate concentrations) [14], [15]. These characteristics explain macrophytes poverty in some parts of the study area. The relatively very high acidity and high temperature and significant levels of fluoride, orthophosphates, cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc are the causes of macrophytes poverty in Sidi Abed Site compared to sites Sidi Bouzid and Mly Abdellah remains relatively far from the source of this pollution rejection of Morocco Phosphorus [16]. Therefore, an urban or industrial discharge type is usually long-term biodegradable. Which could negatively affects the macroalgae survival in the studied sites. However, given the quantities discharged into the areas of habitats and the time required for the natural biodegradation, a treatment is necessary to accelerate the process.
V. CONCLUSION Finally, algal diversity identified in intertidal and subtidal zones does not reflect all the algae species present along the coast between Oualidia and North of Azemmour. Geographical structure and anthropogenic changes at some sites prevented us to apply the sampling protocol correctly in all sites. All these difficulties minimize the surface of the sample (limited quadrate number). To determine the actual distribution of live algae in the study area, it is necessary that the sample surface is larger and quadrates distributed over the entire sampled surface. This experimental phase has not been carried out in this study because of geomorphological and environmental difficulties (exposure to prevailing swells ...); also insufficient time to materialize this survey limited sampling. Species richness and diversity origins of marine life make the study area coast a reservoir of species plant of which economic potential and interest are considerable. Finally, we see that pollution and grubbing pose a serious threat to our marine resources. Without making rapid awareness of policy makers, the majority of algae resources would be in
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jeopardy. In this context, it becomes necessary to establish a management of biological resources with, as a first step, the development of appropriate legislation, in connection with the pollutants discharged into the sea, uncontrolled algae exploitation and occupation of the coastal area.
THANKFUL This work was carried out under the cooperation of APP / INRH and JICA / INRH projects. Many thanks to all those who contributed to the study completion.
REFERENCES [1] Sabour B., Reani A., EL Magouri H. and Haroun R., (2013). Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt (Fucales, Phaeophyta) in Morocco, an invasive marine species new to the Atlantic coast of Africa. Aquatic Invasions.Volume 8, Issue 1: 97 102, p 99-101. [2] Benhissoune S., (2002). Contribution à l’étude de la flore des macroalgues marines du Maroc (Méditerranée et Atlantique). Thèse, N° 2008, 7s-Sciences Biologiques, spécialité : Algologie. [3] De Casamajor M-N., Lissardy M., (2008). Typologie des champs d’algues sur la côte basque. Approche surfacique -DCE. Direction du Centre de Nantes /Département Halieutique Gascogne Sud Laboratoire Ressources Halieutique Aquitaine -Anglet. p. 10. [4] Groupe OCP, (2011). Etude e d’impact sur l’environnement. Rapport final. p 26, 43-46. [5] Diez I., Santolaria A., and Gorostiaga J.M., (2003). The relationship of environmental factors to the structure and distribution of subtidal seaweed vegetation of the western Basque coast (N. Spain). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, p8-9. [6] Brown, V. B., Davies, S. A., and Synnot, R. N. (1990). Long-term monitoring of the effects of treated sewage effluent on the intertidal macroalgal community near Cape Schanck, Victoria, Australia. Botanica Marina.p 33, 85-98. [7] Diez, I., Secilla, A., Santolaria, A., and Gorostiaga, J. M. (1999). Phytobenthic intertidal community structure along an environmental pollution gradient. Marine Pollution Bulletin.p 38, 463-472. [8] Gorostiaga, J. M., and Diez, I. (1996). Changes in the sublittoral benthic marine macroalgae in the polluted area of Abra de Bilbao and proximal coast (Northern Spain). Marine Ecology Progress Series.p 130, 157-167. [9] Munda, I. M. (1993). Changes and degradation of seaweed stands in the Northern Adriatic. In A. R. O. Chapman, M. T. Brown, & M. Lahaye (Eds.), Proceedings of the fourteenth international seaweed symposium (p. 239-253). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. [10] Sfriso, A., Marcomini, A., and Pavoni, B. (1987). Relationships between macroalgal biomass and nutrient concentrations in a hypertrophic area of the Venice Lagoon. Marine Environmental Research.p 22, 297-312. [11] Haritonidis, S. (1996). Greece. In W. Schramm, & P. H. Nienhuis (Eds.), Marine benthic vegetation: Recent changes and the effects of eutrophication (p. 403-419). Berlin: Springer. [12] Salama Y., Mountadar M., Rihani M. et Assobhei O., (2012). Evaluation physicochimique et bactériologique des eaux usées brutes de la ville d’El Jadida (Maroc). Science Lib. p 7-12. [13] Makroum K., (2003). Etudes écophysiologique et écotoxicologique des macrophytes du littoral d’El-Jadida, Maroc : approche environnementale. Thèse Fac. Sc. El-Jadida. p 38-99. [14] Khaimoussi A., (1996). Etude de la variabilité de l’accumulation des métaux lourds dans les différents compartiments (sédiments, mollusques et algues) du littoral d’El-Jadida. Thèse Fac. Sc. El-Jaddida. p147. [15] Essedaoui A., (2000). Bioaccumulation des métaux lourds par Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck) : étude des variations des activités enzymatiques et les modifications structurales au niveau de la glande digestive. Thèse Fac. Sc. El-Jadida. p 170. [16] Jemjami S., (2004). Etude de la qualité des eaux marines et souterraines de la zone littorale Sidi Bouzid- Sidi Moussa et défluoruration des effluents industriels. Thèse Fac. Sc. El-Jadida. p96.
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APPENDEX: LIST OF IDENTIFIED SPECIES BY STATION
Annexe 1: List of algae species identified in Oualidia site (reference site). Algae class species Order Family
Cholorophyceae
Codium tomentosum (Kutzing) Bryopsidales Codiaceae Enteromorpha intestinalis (Link) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J. Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha muscoides (Clemente et Rubio) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Ulva crispa (Lightfoot) Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva lactuca (C. Agardh) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Ulva fasciata (Delile) Montagne Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva rigida (C.Agardh) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) C. Hoek Cladophorales Acrosiphoniaceae Bryopsis penata (J.V. Lamouroux) Bryopsidales Acrosiphoniaceae
Codium adhaerens (C.Agardh) Bryopsidales Acrosiphoniaceae Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Müller) Kützing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Bryopsis balbisiana (J.V.Lamouroux) Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Bryopsis corymbosa (J.Agardh) Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae
Pheophyceae
Bifurcaria bifurcata (R. Ross) Fucales Cystoséiraceae Cystoseira humilis (Kutzing) Fucales Cystoséiraceae
Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfus Fucales Cystoséiraceae Cystoseira nodicaulis (Withering) M. Roberts Fucales Cystoséiraceae Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville Fucales Cystoséiraceae
Fucus spiralis (Linnaeus) Fucales Fucaceae Fucus vesiculosus (Linnaeus) Fucales Fucaceae
Laminaria ochroleuca (De La Pylaie) Laminariales Laminariaceae Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J.Agardh Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Sacchoriza bulbosa (Linnaeus) J. Agardh Tilopteridales Phyllariaceae Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Dictyopteris polypodioide De Candolle) J.V. Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Sargassum acinarium (Linnaeus) Setchell Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt Fucales Sargassaceae
Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Petalonia fascia (O.F.Muller) Kuntze Scytosiphonales Scytosiphonaceae Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link Scytosiphonales Scytosiphonaceae Sphacelaria brachygonia (Montagne) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae
Sphacelaria radicans (Dillwyn) C. Agardh Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Sphacelaria rigidata (Kutzing) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae
Sphacelaria hystrix (Suhr ex Reinke) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Laminaria ochroleuca (Bachelot de la Pylaie) Laminariales Laminariaceae
Asparagopsis armata (Harvey) Bonnemaisoniales Bonnemaisoniaceae Titanoderma cystoseirae (Hauck) Woelkerling Corallinales Corallinaceae Mesophyllum lichenoides (J. Ellis) M. Lemoine Corallinales Corallinaceae
Lithophyllum incrustans (Phillipi) Corallinales Corallinaceae Lithophyllum decussatum (J. Ellis et Solander) Phillipi Corallinales Corallinaceae
Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie Corallinales Corallinaceae Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux Corallinales Corallinaceae
Jania longifurca (Zanardini) Corallinales Corallinaceae Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) D. Penrose et
Y.M.Chamberlain Corallinales Corallinaceae
Amphiroa beauvoisii (J.V.Lamouroux) Corallinales Corallinaceae Corallina elongata (Ellis and Solander) Corallinales Corallinaceae
Corallina officinalis (Ellis and Solander) Corallinales Corallinaceae Chondrus cripus (Linnaeus) J.Stackhous Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Gigartina acicularis (Roth) Lamoroux Gigartinales Gigartinaceae
Caulacanthus ustulatus (Mertens ex Turner) Kutzing Gigartinales Calosiphonaceae Calliblepharis ciliata (Hudson) Kutzing Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
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Rhodophyceae
Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq Gigartinales Gigartnaceae
Chondracanthus teedei (Mertens ex Roth) Kutzing Gigartinales Gigartnaceae Polysiphonia macrocarpa (C.Agardh) Sprengel Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Gigartina pistillata (S.G. Gmelin)Stackhouse Gigartinales Gigartnaceae Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux Gigartinales Hypneaceae Gelidium spinuloosum (J.Agardh) G.Furnari Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Gelidium pulchellum (Turner)Kutzing Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium crinale (Turner)Gaillon Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Gelidium sesquipedale (Turner) Thur Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) J.Cremades Gracilariales Gracilariaceae
Gracilaria dura (C.Agardh) J.Agardh Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J.Agardh Gracilariales Gracilariaceae
Halopithys incurrvus (Hudson) Batters Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Laurencia pinnatifida (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Plocamium coccinum (P.S. Dixon) Plocamiales Plocamiaceae Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Porphyra umbilicalis (Linnaeus) Kutzing Bangiales Bangiaceae Acrochaetium daviesii (Dillwyn) Nageli Rhodophycée Florideophycideae Callophyllis laciniata (Hudson) Kutzing Cryptonemiales Kallymeniaceae Kallymenia reniformis (Turner) J.Agardh Cryptonemiales Kallymeniaceae
Peyssonnelia squamaria (S.G. Gmelin) Decaisne Cryptonemiales Peyssonneliaceae Antithamnion cruciatum (C.Agardh) Nägeli Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry Gigartinales Nemastomataceae
Gymnogongrus crenulatus (Turner)J.Agardh Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Gymnogongrus patens (Goode Nough et Wood Ward)
J.Agardh Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae
Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) Martius Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae
Scinaia furcellata (Turner) J.Agardh Nemaliales Galaxauraceae Nemalion helminthoides (Velley) Batters Nemaliales Liagoraceae
Anotrichium furcellatum (J.A gardh) Baldock Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Callithamnion tetricum (Dillwyn)S.F.Gray Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
Ceramium ciliatum (J.Ellis) Duchzeau Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium echionotum (J.Agardh) Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
Ceramium penicillatum (Areschoug) Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Pterocladia capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Bornet Gigartinales Pterocladiaceae Ceramium gaditanum (Clemente) Cremades Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
Ceramium rubrum (C.Agardh) Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Antithamnion cruciatum (C.Agardh) Nägeli Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
Pleonosporium borreri (J.E. Smith et Sowerby) Nageli Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Pterothamnion plumula (J.Ellis) Nageli Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
Spyridia hypnoides (Bory) Papenfuss Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Griffithsia opuntioides (J.Agardh) Ceramiales Wrangeliaceae
Centroceras clavulatum (C.Agardh) Montagne Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Dasya ocellata (Grateloup) Harvey Ceramiales Dasyaceae
Acrosorium venulosum (Zanardini) Kylin Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Cryptopleura ramosa (Hudson) Kylin et L.Newton Ceramiales Delesseriaceae
Erythroglossum lasitanicum (Ardré) Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Nitophyllum punctatum (Stackhouse) Greville Ceramiales Delesseriaceae
Bostrychia scorpioides (Hudson) Montagne et Kutzing Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Chondria coerulescens (J.Agardh) Falkenberg Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Chondria dasyphylla (Wood Ward)C.Agardh Ceramiales Delesseriaceae
Dipterosiphonia rigens (Schousboe et C.Agardh) Falkenberg Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse Ceramiales Delesseriaceae
Polysiphonia atlantica (Kaprann et J.N.Norris) Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Polysiphonia denudatan (Dillwyn) Greville et Harvey Ceramiales Delesseriaceae
Polysiphonia scopulorum (Harvey) Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg Ceramiales Delesseriaceae
Pterosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Sauvageau Ceramiales Delesseriaceae
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Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Annexe 2: List of algae species identified in Sidi Bouzid site.
Algae class species Order Family
Cholorophyceae
Codium tomentosum (Kutzing) Bryopsidales Codiaceae Codium elongatum (Turner) Greville Bryopsidales Codiaceae
Codium adhaerens (A. Agardh) Bryopsidales Codiaceae Codium effusum (Rafinesque) Delle Chiaje Bryopsidales Codiaceae
Enteromorpha intestinalis (Link) Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha compressa (Linneaus) Kutzing Ulvales Ulvaceae
Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva fasciata (Delile) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Ulva lactuca (C. Agardh) Ulvales Ulvaceae Bryopsis balbisiana (Hudson) C. Agardh Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae
Blidingia marginata (J.Agardh)P.Dangeard Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J.Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae
Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Muller) J.Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva bifrous (A. Ardré) Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva rigida (C.Agardh) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Muller)Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Cladophora albida (Nees) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Bryopsis adriatica (J.Agardh) Bryopsidales Codiaceae Bryopsis pennata (J.V.Lamouroux) Bryopsidales Codiaceae
Halicystis parvula (Schmitz et G.Murray Stadium) Bryopsidales Codiaceae
Pheophyceae
Bifurcaria bifurcata (R.Ross) Fucales Cystoseiraceae Cystoseira humilis (Kutzing) Fucales Cystoseiraceae
Cystoseira baccata (S.G. Gmelin) P.C. Silva Fucales Cystoseiraceae Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfus Fucales Cystoseiraceae
Fucus spiralis (Linnaeus) Fucales Fucaceae Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J.Agardh Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Dictyopteris polydioides (De Candolle) Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Sarrgassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt Fucales Sargassaceae
Saccorhiza bulbosa (J.Agardh) Tilopteridales Phyllariaceae Halopteris scoparia (Linneaus) Sauvageau Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae
Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Cutleria adspersa (Mertens et Roth) De Notaris Cutleriales Cutleriaceae
Dictyopteris polypodioides (De Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Zonaria tournefortii (J.V.Lamouroux) Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Ectocarpus fasciculatus (Harvey) Ectocarpales Ectocarpaceae Laminaria ochroleuca (De La Pylaie) Laminariales Laminariaceae Sphacelaria hystrix (Suhr ex Reinke) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Sphacelaria brachygonia (Montagne) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Sphacelaria fusca (Hudson)S.F. Gray Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae
Sphacelaria rigidata (Kutzing) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae
Asparagopsis armata (Harvey) Bonnemaisoniales Bonnemaisoniaceae Corallina officinalis (Ellis and Solander) Corallinales Corllinaceae
Gelidium sesquipedale (Turner) Thur Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium spinulosum (C.Agardh)G.Furnari Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Gelidium reptans (Suhr) Kylin Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium pulchellum (Turner) Kützing Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Caulacanthus ustulatus (Mertens et Turner) Kutzing Gigartinales Calosiphonaceae Chondracanthus teedei (Mertens et Roth) Kutzing Gigartinales Gigartinaceae
Halopithys incurvus (Hudson) Batters Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Laurencia pinnatifida (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
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Rhodophyceae
Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V. Lamouroux Gigartinales Hypneaceae Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Kuntze Palmariales Palmariaceae
Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Sauvageau Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Pterosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Sauvageau Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) C.Agardh Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Acrosorium venulosum (Zanardini) Kylin Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stakhouse Gigartinales Gigartinaceae
Achrochaetium crassipes (Borgesen) Acrochaetiales Acrochaetiaceae Amphiroa rigida (J.V.Lamouroux) Corallinales Corallinaceae
Peyssonnelia squamaria (S.G.Gmelin) Decaisne Peyssonneliales Peyssonneliaceae Corallina elongata (J.Ellis et Solander) Corallinales Corallinaceae Lithophyllum dentatum (Kutzing) Foslie Corallinales Corallinaceae
Lithophyllum incrustans (Philippi) Corallinales Corallinaceae Melobesia membranacea (Esper) J.V.Lamouroux Corallinales Corallinaceae
Grateloupia filicina (J.V.Lamouroux) Cryptonemiales Halumeniaceae Gymnogongrus crenulatus (Turner) J.Agardh Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) Martius Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae
Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Gracilaria armata (C.Agardh) Greville Gracilariales Gracilariaceae
Gracilaria conferta (Schousboe et Montagne) Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Antithamnion cruciatum (C.Agardh) Nägeli Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
Ceramium celiatum (J.Ellis) Duchzeau Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Heterosiphonia plumosa (J.Ellis) Batters Ceramiales Dasyaceae
Chondria capillaris (Hudson) M.J. Wynne Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Osmundea hybrida (A.P. De Candolle) K.W.Nam Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Polysiphonia macrocarpa (C.Agardh) Sprengel Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Annexe 3: List of algae identified in Mly Abdellah site.
Algae class species Order Family Chlorophyceae
Enteromorpha intestinalis (Link) Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva rigida (C.Agardh) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Ulva lactuca (C. Agardh) Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva fasciata (Delile) Montagne Ulvales Ulvaceae
Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) kylin Ulvales Kornmanniaceae Blidingia marginata (J.Agardh) P.Dangeard Ulvales Kornmanniaceae
Bryopsis corymbosa (J.Agardh) Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Bryopsis adriatica (J.Agardh) Frauenfeld Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae
Bryopsis balbisiana (J.V.Lamouroux) Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae halicystis parvula (F.Schmitz ex G.Murray) Bryopsidales Derbesiaceae
Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Chaetomorpha mediterranea (Kutzing) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Chaetomorpha pachynema (Montagne) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Müller) Kützing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Cladophora rupestris (Linnaeus) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Cladophora albida (Nees) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Codium tomentosum (Stackhouse) Bryopsidales Codiaceae
Codium adhaerens (C.Agardh) Bryopsidales Codiaceae Codium effusum (Rafinesque) Delle Chiaje Bryopsidales Codiaceae
Codium decorticatum (Wood Ward)M.A.Howe Bryopsidales Codiaceae Phyllariopsis brevipes (C.Agardh) E.C.Henry & G.R.South Tilopteridales Phyllariaceae
Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J. Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha clarathrata (Nees) Hauck Ulvales Ulvaceae
Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) Nees Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha muscoides (Clemente) Cremades Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae
Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh Cladophorales Valoniaceae Bifurcaria bifurcata (R.Ross) Fucales Fucaceae
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Pheophyceae
Cystoseira humilis (Kutzing) Fucales Cystoséiraceae Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfus Fucales Cystoséiraceae
Fucus spiralis (Linnaeus) Fucales Fucaceae Laminaria ochroleuca (De La Pylaie) Laminariales Laminariaceae
Elachista flaccida (Dillwyn) Fries Chordariales Elachistaceae Bachelotia antillarum (Grunow) Gerloff Scytothamnales Bachelotiaceae
Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès et Solier Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae
Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kützing Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae Cystoseira baccata (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva Fucales Cystoseiraceae
Cystoseira elegans (Sauvageau) Fucales Cystoseiraceae Cystoseira mediterranea (Sauvageau) Fucales Cystoseiraceae
Dictyopteris polypodioides (A.P.De Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Dictyota spiralis (Montagne) Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye Ectocarpales Ectocarpaceae Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Saccorhiza bulbosa (Lightfoot) Batters Laminariales Phyllariacées Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae
Sargassum vulgare (C.Agardh) Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt Fucales Sargassaceae
Ectocarpus fasciculatus (Harvey) Ectocarpales Ectocarpaceae Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès et Solier Scytosiphonales Scytosiphonaceae
Petalonia fascia (O.F. Muller) Kuntze Scytosiphonales Scytosiphonaceae Sphacelaria hystrix (Suhr ex Reinke) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae
Sphacelaria radicans (Dillwyn) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Saccorhiza bulbosa (J.Agardh) Tilopteridales Phyllariaceae
Rhodophyceae
Asparagopsis armata (Harvey) Bonnemaisoniales Bonnemaisoniaceae Corallina officinalis (Ellis and Solander) Corallinales Corallinaceae Amphiroa beauvoisii (J.V. Lamouroux) Corallinales Corallinaceae Gelidium spathulatum (Kützing) Bornet Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Gelidium sesquipedale (Turner) Thur Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium spinuloosum (J.Agardh) G.Furnari Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Gelidium pulchellum (Turner) Kützing Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) J.Cremades Gracilariales Gigartinaceae Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J.Agardh Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Halopithys incurrvus (Hudson) Batters Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis (Greville) P.C.Silva et DeCew Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae
Banjia atropurpurea (Roth) C.Agarh Bangiales Bangiaceae Bornetia secundiflora (J.Agardh) Thuret Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Calliblepharis ciliata (Hudson) Kützing Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
Calliblepharis jubata (Goodenough & Woodward) Kützing Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae Callithamnion tetricum (Dillwyn) S.F.Gray Ceramiales Callithamniaceae
Caulacanthus ustulatus (Mertens ex Turner) Kützing Gigartinales Caulacanthaceae Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae Centroceras clavulatum (C.Agardh) Montagne Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium rubrum (C.Agardh) Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
Ceramium penicillatum (Areschoug) Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Champia parvula (C.Agardh) Harvey Rhodymeniales Champiaceae
Chondrocanthus acicularis (Roth) Frederiq Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Chondrocanthus teedei (Mertens ex Roth) Kutzing Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Acrochaetium microscopium (Nageli ex Kutzing) Acrochaetiales Acrochaetiaceae
Chondria coerulescens (J.Agardh) Falkenberg Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) C.Agardh Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Polysiphonia macrocarpa (C.Agardh) Sprengel Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Corallina elongata (J.Ellis et Solander) Corallinales Corallinaceae
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Cryptopleura ramosa (Hudson) L.Newton Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Dasya hutchinsiae (Harvey) Ceramiales Dasyaceae
Dipterosiphonia rigens (Shousboe ex C.Agardh) Falkenberg Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Gastroclonium ovatum (Hudson) Papenfuss Rhodymeniales Champiaceae
Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stackhouse Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J.Agardh Gracilariales Gracilariaceae
Gracilaria conferta (Schousboe ex Montagne) Montagne Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss Gracilariales Gracilariaceae
Gracilaria armata (C.Agardh) Greville Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Gymnogongrus crenulatus (Turner) J.Agardh Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) Martius Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae
Gymnogongrus patens (J.Agardh) Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
Jania longifurca (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux Corallinales Corallinaceae Rhodophyllis bifida (Greville) Kützing Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie Corallinales Corallinaceae Lithophyllum dentatum (Kützing) Foslie Corallinales Corallinaceae
Lithophyllum incrustans (Philippi) Corallinales Corallinaceae Mesophyllum lichenoides (J. Ellis) M. Lemoine Corallinales Hapalidiaceae Phymatolithon tenuissimum (Foslie) W.H.Adey Corallinales Hapalidiaceae
Pnephyllum fragile (Kutzing) Corallinales Corallinaceae Titanoderma pustulatum (J.V.Lamouroux) Nageli Corallinales Corallinaceae
Contarinia squamariae (Meneghini) Denizot Gigartinales Rhizophyllidaceae Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye Rhodymeniales Lomentariaceae
Mesophyllum lichenoides (J.Ellis) Me.Lemoine Corallinales Hapalidiaceae Myriogramme costata (P.J.L.Dangeard) Ceramiales Delesseriaceae
Nitophyllum punctatum (Stackhouse) Greville Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Osmundea hybrida (A.P.de Candolle) K.W.Nam Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Griffithsia opuntioides (J.Agardh) Ceramiales Wrangeliaceae
Antithamnion cruciatum (C.Agardh) Nägeli Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae
Phyllophora heredia (Clemente) J.Agardh Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Phyllophora pseudoceranoides (S.G.Gmelin) Newroth Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae
Phyllophora sicula (Kützing) Guiry & L.M.Irvine Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon Plocamiales Plocamiaceae
Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand
Gigartinales Pterocladiaceae
Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg in Schmitz & Falkenberg
Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Pterosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Sauvageau Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (J.V.Lamouroux) P.C.Silva Rhodymeniales Rhodymeniaceae Sphaerococcus coronopifolius (Stackhouse) Gigartinales Sphaerococcaceae
Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon Plocamiales Plocamiaceae Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye Rhodymeniales Lomentariaceae
Annexe 4: List of algae identified in Sidi Abed site.
Algae class species Order Family Chlorophyceae
Enteromorpha intestinalis (Link) Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J. Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae
Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva crispa (Lightfoot) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Ulva lactuca (C. Agardh) Ulvales Ulvaceae Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) C.Hoek Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Bryopsis pennata (Hudson) C.Agardh Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Codium adhaerens (C.Agardh) Bryopsidales Codiaceae
Codium tomentosum (Stakhouse) Bryopsidales Codiaceae
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Halicystis parvula (Schmitz ex G.Murray Stadium) Bryopsidales Derbesiaceae Blidingia marginata (J. Agardh) P.Dangeard Ulvales Kornmanniaceae
Bryopsis balbisiana (J.V.Lamouroux) Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Pheophyceae
Bifurcaria bifurcata (R.Ross) Fucales Fucaceae Cystoseira humilis (Kutzing) Fucales Cystoséiraceae
Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfus Fucales Cystoséiraceae Fucus spiralis (Linnaeus) Fucales Fucaceae
Laminaria ochroleuca (de la Pylaie) Laminariales Laminariaceae Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J.Agardh Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Saccorhiza bulbosa (Linnaeus) J. Agardh Tilopteridales Phyllariaceae Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Sargassum vulgare (C.Agardh) Fucales Sargassaceae Elachista fucuicola (Velley) Areschoug Ectocarpales Chordariaceae
Dictyopteris polypodioides (De Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Dictyota spiralis (Montagne) Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters Tilopteridales Phyllariaceae Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae Petalonia fascia (O.F.Muller) Kuntze Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae
Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kutzing Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae Rhodophyceae
Asparagopsis armata (Harvey) Bonnemaisoniales Bonnemaisoniaceae Chondracanthus teedei (Mertens ex Roth) Kützing Gigartinales Gigartinaceae
Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Corallina elongata (J.Ellis & Solander) Corallinales Corallinaceae
Corallina officinalis (Ellis and Solander) Corallinales Corallinaceae Chondrus crispus (Linnaeus) J.Stackhouse Gigartinales Gigartinaceae
Gelidium sesquipedale (Turner) Thur Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium spinulosum (J.Agardh) G.Furnari Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stackhouse Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Gigartina acicularis (Roth) Lamoroux Gigartinales Gigartinaceae
Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) J.Cremades Gracilariales Gigartinaceae Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Acrochaetium daviesii (Dillwyn) Nageli Acrochaetiales Acrochaetiaceae Amphiroa beauvoisii (J.V.Lamouroux) Corallinales Corallinaceae
Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) D.Penrose Corallinales Corallinaceae Phymatolithon tenuissimum (Foslie) W.H.Adey Corallinales Hapalidiaceae
Gelidium microdon (Kützing) Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Gracilaria conferta (Schousboe ex Montagne) Montagne Gracilariales Gracilariaceae
Peyssonelia squamaria (S.G.Gmelin) Decaisne Peyssonneliales Peyssonneliaceae Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon Plocamiales Plocamiaceae
Ceramium rubrum (C.Agardh) Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Heterosiphonia plumosa (J.Ellis) Batters Ceramiales Dasyaceae
Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) C.Agardh Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Rhodophyllis bifida (Greville) Kützing Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae Halopithys incurrvus (Hudson) Batters Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae Laurencia pinnatifida (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Centroceras clavulatum (C.Agardh) Montagne Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
Caulacanthus ustulatus (Mertens ex Turner) Kützing Gigartinales Caulacanthaceae Polysiphonia macrocarpa (C.Agardh) Sprengel Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Plocamium coccinum (P.S. Dixon) Gigartinales Plocamiaceae Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Osmundea hybrida (A.P.de Candolle) K.W.Nam Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Antithamnion cruciatum (C.Agardh) Nägeli Ceramiales Ceramiaceae
ISSN: 2319-8753
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 12522
Annexe 5: List of algae identified in d’El-Jadida site. Algae class species Order Family
Cholorophyceae
Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin Ulvales Kornmanniaceae Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J.Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae
Blidingia marginata (J.Agardh) P.J.L.Dangeard Ulvales Kornmanniaceae Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) Nees Ulvales Ulvaceae
Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Müller) Kützing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kützing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Cladophora albida (Nees) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Cladophora coelothrix (Kützing) Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh Cladophorales Valoniaceae Bryopsidella neglecta (Berthold) H.Rietema Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae
Bryopsis adriatica (J.Agardh) Frauenfeld Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Bryopsis pennata (J.V.Lamouroux) Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae
Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Codium decorticatum (Woodward) M.A.Howe Bryopsidales Codiaceae
Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje Bryopsidales Codiaceae Halicystis parvula (F.Schmitz ex Murra) Bryopsidales Derbesiaceae
Ulva rigida (C.Agardh) Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Ulva fasciata (Delile) Montagne Ulvales Ulvaceae Pheophyceae
Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye Ectocarpales Ectocarpaceae Elachista flaccida (Dillwyn) Fries Ectocarpales Chordariaceae
Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae Cutleria adspersa (Mertens ex Roth) De Notaris Cutleriales Cutleriaceae
Desmarestia ligulata (Stackhouse) J.V.Lamouroux Desmarestiales Desmarestiaceae Dictyopteris polypodioides (A.P.De Candolle)
J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J.Agardh Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Dictyota spiralis (Montagne) Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Nemoderma tingitanum (Schousboe ex Bornet) Nemodermatales Nemodermataceae
Cystoseira humilis (Schousboe ex Kützing) Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt Fucales Sargassaceae
Saccorhiza bulbosa (J.Agardh) Tilopteridales Phyllariaceae Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy in W.R. Taylor Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kützing Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae Phyllariopsis brevipes (C.Agardh) E.C.Henry Tilopteridales Phyllariaceae
Halopteris scoparia (Grateloup) Kützing Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae Sphacelaria hystrix (Suhr ex Reinke) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae
Pilinia rimosa (Kützing) Ectocarpales Ectocarpaceae Laminaria ochroleuca (Bachelot de la Pylaie) Laminariales Laminariaceae
Sphacelaria radicans (Dillwyn) C.Agardh Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Rhodophyceae
Asparagopsis armata (Harvey) Bonnemaisoniales Bonnemaisoniaceae Gelidium sesquipedale (Turner) Thur Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Gelidium pulchellum (Turner) Kützing Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Gelidium latifolium (Bornet ex Hauck) Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Halopithys incurrvus (Hudson) Batters Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stackhouse Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey Gracilariales Gracilariaceae
Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis (Greville) P.C.Silva Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Caulacanthus ustulatus (Mertens ex Turner) Kützing Gigartinales Caulacanthaceae Chondracanthus teedei (Mertens ex Roth) Kützing Gigartinales Gigartinaceae
Corallina elongata (J.Ellis & Solander) Corallinales Corallinaceae Corallina officinalis (Linnaeus) Corallinales Corallinaceae
Sahlingia subinterga (Rosenvinge) Kornmann Erythropeltidales Erythrotrichiaceae Polysiphonia macrocarpa (C.Agardh) Sprengel Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Rhodophyllis bifida (Greville) Kützing Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
ISSN: 2319-8753
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 12523
Acrochaetium crassipes (Børgesen) Børgesen Acrochaetiales Acrochaetiaceae Amphiroa rigida (J.V.Lamouroux) Corallinales Corallinaceae
Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie Corallinales Corallinaceae Lithophyllum incrustans (Philippi) Corallinales Corallinaceae
Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) W.H.Adey & D.L.McKibbin
Corallinales Hapalidiaceae
Titanoderma pustulatum (J.V.Lamouroux) Nägeli Corallinales Corallinaceae Grateloupia lanceola (J.Agardh) J.Agardh Halymeniales Halymeniaceae
Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) Martius Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
Rhodophyllis bifida (Greville) Kützing Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae
Ceramium ciliatum (J.Ellis) Ducluzeau Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Griffithsia opuntioides (J.Agardh) Ceramiales Wrangeliaceae
Chondrea cappilaris (Hudson) M.J.Wynne Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
Peyssonnelia squamaria (S.G.Gmelin) Decaisne Peyssonneliales Peyssonneliaceae Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq Gigartinales Gigartinaceae
Grateloupia filicina (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh Halymeniales Halymeniaceae Gymnogongrus patens (J.Agardh) Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae
Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux Corallinales Corallinaceae Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Lithophyllum lichenoides (J.Ellis) Me.Lemoine Corallinales Hapalidiaceae Boergeseniella fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kylin Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Gelidium microdon (Kützing) Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
Annexe 6: List of algae identified in d’Azemmour site.
Algae class species Order Family
Cholorophyceae
Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J.Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae
Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh Ulvales Ulvaceae Cladophora albida (Nees) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Bryopsis pennata (J.V.Lamouroux) Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae
Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Blidingia marginata (J.Agardh) P.J.L.Dangeard Ulvales Kornmanniaceae
Codium adhaerens (C.Agardh) Bryopsidales Codiaceae Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kutzing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Ulva fasciata (Delile) Montagne Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva rigida (C.Agardh) Ulvales Ulvaceae
Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Müller) Kützing Cladophorales Cladophoraceae
Pheophyceae
Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye Ectocarpales Ectocarpaceae Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt Fucales Sargassaceae
Nemoderma tingitanum (Schousboe ex Bornet) Nemodermatales Nemodermataceae Desmarestia ligulata (Stackhouse) J.V.Lamouroux Desmarestiales Desmarestiaceae
Saccorhiza bulbosa (J.Agardh) Tilopteridales Phyllariaceae Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyotales Dictyotaceae
Sphacelaria hystrix (Suhr ex Reinke) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Petalonia fascia (O.F.Muller) Kuntze Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae
Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès et Solier Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae Sphacelaria hystrix (Suhr ex Reinke) Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae
Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae Laminaria ochroleuca (de la Pylaie) Laminariales Laminariaceae
Cutleria adspersa (Mertens et Roth) De Notaris Cutleriales Cutleriaceae Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfus Fucales Sargassaceae
Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kützing Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae
Gelidium sesquipedale (Turner) Thur Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium pulchellum (Turner) Kützing Gelidiales Gelidiaceae
ISSN: 2319-8753
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 12524
Rhodophyceae
Halopithys incurrvus (Hudson) Batters Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stackhouse Gigartinales Gigartinaceae
Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae
Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Caulacanthus ustulatus (Mertens ex Turner) Kützing Gigartinales Caulacanthaceae
Chondrea cappilaris (Hudson) M.J.Wynne Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie Corallinales Corallinaceae
Gymnogongrus patens (J.Agardh) Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae
Corallina officinalis (Linnaeus) Corallinales Corallinaceae Heterosiphonia plumosa (J.Ellis) Batters Ceramiales Dasyaceae
Polysiphonia macrocarpa (C.Agardh) Sprengel Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Asparagopsis armata (Harvey) Bonnemaisoniales Bonnemaisoniaceae
Phyllophora sicula (Kützing) Guiry & L.M.Irvine Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye Rhodymeniales Lomentariaceae
Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Kuntze Palmariales Palmariaceae Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae