Download - VISIOCONFÉRENCE ORSAY, 15 septembre 2014
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VISIOCONFÉRENCEORSAY, 15 septembre 2014
INFLUENCE DU CHANGEMENTCLIMATIQUE SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES
ESPÈCES VENIMEUSES
M. Goyffon, MNHN, Paris, [email protected]
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PROLIFERATIONSSEASONAL
OCCASIONAL
INVASIVE SPECIES
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1) SEASONAL PROLIFERATIONS
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ARTHROPODS
Urticant (sting) (Lepidoptera)
Vesicant (contact) (Coleoptera)
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LEPIDOPTERA
LEPIDOPTERISM / ERUCISM(urticant)
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LEPIDOPTERISM (adults)
- Less frequent than erucism (larvæ)
-Main families : -Saturniidæ : Hemileucinæ : Lonomia, Hylesia, South America-Thaumetopoeidæ : Anaphe, Africa ; Thaumetopoea, Eur., Euproctis, Asia- Lymantriidæ : L. dispar, Eur., North Am.
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ERUCISM (larvæ)- frequent,-17 families, about 140 genera, Heterocera & some Rhopalocera, -Main families : -Saturniidæ, Hemileucinæ : Hylesia, Lonomia,South America ; -Notodontidæ : Thaumetopoea, Europe ; Anaphe, Africa -Lasiocampidæ : Dendrolimus, Asia ; Streblote, Europe- Nymphalidæ : Morpho sp.
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Hylesia sp. (Sth Amer.)
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Anaphe sp. (Africa)
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Lonomia sp. (Brazil)
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Thaumetopoea sp.
- Main species in Europa : T. processionæ, T. pityocampa
- Among urticant Lepidoptera, only these species seem in a phase of territorial expansion [one cycle per annum],
- Nuisances concerning also animals (dogs, cats, cattle)
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Thaumetopoea pityocampa
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Thaumetopoea pityocampa
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STAPHYLINIDÆ(vesicant)
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STAPHYLINIDÆ (rove beetles)Characteristics
- Vesicant insects, ubiquitous (> 600 sp.)- Main genus : Pæderus, toxin known - Contact dermatitis known at least at the beginning of the XXth century - Attracted on evening by light in houses, even in winter in the Mediterranean basin- Maybe important increasing frequency of accidents due to a climate change
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PÉDÉRINE- Produced by an endosymbiotic bacteria,
genus Pseudomonas, - Chemical synthesis realized, - Principally in females, - Dead insects “active”, - Hand palms insensitive to rinse,- Insects attracted by electric lights.
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SYMPTOMATOLOGY- One or several erythema (then systemic
signs possible),- Appearing after one or several insects
crushed on skin,- Transport of toxins by hand palms possible, - Three grades : benign, moderate, severe
(rarely) with systemic symptoms,- Secondary infection possible
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OTHER SPECIES(expansions)
Snakes-Vipera aspis, H. viridiflavus (Europa, latitude) - Crotalus atrox which replaces C. molossus (North America, USA, altitude)
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Hierophis viridiflavus (non venomous) Whip snake
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H.v.
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Crotalus atrox
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Crotalus molossus
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Crotalus molossus
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2) OCCASIONAL PROLIFERATIONS
(not dependent of season) - Cnidae (venomous)- Iuliforms (millipedes, vesicant)
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CNIDAE : JELLYFISH
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P. noctiluca
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[Sea nettle]
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Physalia grounded on a beach (France)
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Physalia grounded on a beach (France)
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SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT- Contacts painful, marks of contact often
persistent, - Avoid rubbings, - Take off the fragments of tentacles (if any)
with small tongs, - Analgesic drugs.
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IULIFORMS
- Diplopods : not venomous (as Chilopods, for example), but “vesicant” as some insects. Ex. : Ommatoiolus sp.
- Possible huge proliferations in some countries, causes not well known,
- Nuisance rather than a health problem.
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Anthropic environments (I)
Possibility for some venomous species to adapt to various anthropic environments :
two examples of snakes (adaptation limited in time and space)
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Causus sp.
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Causus maculatus (Africa)
- in banana plantations, especially if strawed ground which retains moisture,
- Causus maculatus is an African viper which causes severe non-fatal envenomings.
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Echis ocellatus
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ECHIS OCELLATUS- Echis ocellatus is a dangerous African viper- It is a consumer of venomous Chilopods
(Scolopendra sp.) which are themselves consumers of small arthropods in rubbish piles neglected, during the rain-season. So, serious “domestic” envenomings may appear during this season in some countries of Black Africa.
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URBAN SCORPIONISM Benign (France) or dangerous (America :
Brazil, Argentina, USA)Characteristics (in tropical regions) :- Parthenogenesis (Tityus sp.), - Opportunistic food : cockroaches, - Ecological adaptability, - Currently : only America (N. and S.)
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Euscorpius flavicaudis (harmless)
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Adaptation to anthropic environments : urban scorpionism
Tityus serrulatus : Brazil (Brasilia)Tityus trivittatus : Argentina (Buenos Aires) Centruroides sculpturatus (Los Angeles, USA), generally in gardens, not inside
Common characteristics : parthenogenesis (only Tityus sp.)Main food : cockroaches, various insects
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Tityus serrulatus (Brazil)
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Tityus trivitattus(Argentina)
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Centruroides sp.
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INVASIVE SPECIES
- Hymenoptera (stinging),
- Vertebrates : amphibia, snakes, fish (lionfish)
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- Hornets
- Bees
- Ants
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Vespa crabro European hornet
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Vespa velutina Asian hornet
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Map in 2012
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VESPA VELUTINA - Hornet Vespa velutina came probably from
China (marine transport),- Rapid invasion of France up to Belgium, - Predator of bees, - Less diurnal than V. crabro, - Some deaths registered in France, even if its
venom seems without particularities.
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Apis sp.
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Invasive bees- Brazilian hybrids produced 50 yrs ago :
Apis mellifera ligustica x A. m. adansoni - Hybrids better adapted to the tropical
climate, but more aggressive (“killer bees”)- Invasion of the South America, then Central
America, and North America up to Texas and Arizona. Many multiple stings recorded.
- No particularities in the composition of hybrid venoms.
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BEHAVIOR OF THE HYBRID BEES (“killer bees”)
- They collect pollens whatever the weather, even if clouds,
- In tropical regions, bees are active during the year, not only in Spring-Summer.
- When a human is too near the hives, he is attacked on 500 m or more (more than the 50-100 m for A. mellifera mellifera), with multiple stings.
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A.mellifera : swarm
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INVASIVE ANTS I (7-8 sp.) Commune characteristics : - Polygyny (several queens), unicoloniality
(several nests, one colony),- Mating in the nest,- Omnivora, - High aggressiveness,- Rapid mobilization of the populations,- Sudden population explosions,- Not all species venomous.
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INVASIVE ANTS (II) - Not (or very rarely) a medical problem, but :- Ecological problems, as a nuisance for the
natural populations (arthropods, microvertebrates, plants) which are eliminated by the invasive ants.
- Also : many damages in houses (electric wire, plastic things).
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Argentine ant
Linepithema humile
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Yellow foolish ant
Anoplolepis gracilipes
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Little fire ant
Wasmannia auropunctata
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Fire ant
Solenopsis invicta
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INVASIVE SPECIES : OTHER EXAMPLES
I) SNAKES : Boiga irregularis Guam island
II) AMPHIBIANS : Lithobates catesbeianus(Bullfrog)
III) FISH : Pterois sp. (Lionfish)
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Boiga irregularis
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INVASIVE SNAKE
- One example : Boiga irregularis, introduced possibly by US Army in Guam Island after the World War II
- It is an opisthoglyphous snake, i.e. a venomous snake, not dangerous for adults but possibly dangerous for children.
- Destroyer of the microendemic vertebrates fauna : rodents, bats, birds, lizards.
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Lithobates catesbeianus
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AMPHIBIA
- As snakes, the invasions of vertebrate species result from a human introduction, voluntarily or not, sometimes with the idea of the elimination of a “vermin”
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CONCLUSIONS
- Role of climate changes limited, except in some arthropods (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera),
and some vertebrates (snakes) - Role of human factors important concerning
invasive venomous species (arthropods but also vertebrates), including some cases of adaptation of venomous species to anthropic environments.