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CLUB BALCANICA VIA BALCANICA Balcanica . . . Balcanica , , VIA BALCANICA , .www.clubbalcanica.com [email protected] . , . : http://www.lostbulgaria.com/?p=4331

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, . : , , , 1998 / Imagined Communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, Verso, 1983, 1991 / , . . , , , 2005 / Democracy and Populism. Fear & Hatred, John Lukacs 2005 / , . , 1905, La psychologie des foules (1895), Rdition: Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, Collection Quadrige, 1988 , . : I . [18042004], . , , 2001. , . . : , . 23, 1/2007; . : . , . 1/2008 , . 1780 . , , , , 1997 / Nations and nationalism since 1780. Programme, Myth, Reality, E. J. Hobsbawm 1990; Central European University Press 1997 / Boyte, Harry C. Populism and John Dewey. Convergences and Contradictions. 2007 University of Michigan Dewey Lecture, March 29, 2007 Dorna, A. Faut-il avoir peure du populisme, Monde diplomatique, Novembre 2003, Encyclopdie Larousse Petit Larousse illustr 1990, dition Larousse, Canada, 1989 Keli, Dejan Politika misao Svetozara Markovia Perovi, L. Narodna radikalna stranka: utemeljenje ideologije socijalnog, nacionalnog ipolitikog jedinstva srpskog naroda

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1 Enver Hoxha, Laying the Fondations of the New Albania: Memoirs and Historical Notes (Tirana: Nentori Publishing House, 1984), 11 . : Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape : Golden, Kristen B, and Bettina Bergo. The Trauma Controversy: Philosophical and Interdisciplinary Dialogues. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009. . 171-172 2 1998 . . : < http://www.yurope.com/nasaborba/arhiva/Jan98/0401/0401_11.HTM > (05.05.2012, 17:25 .) 3 .


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Howden, Daniel. Albania's relics of paranoid past :< http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2098705.stm > (05.05.2012.

2 : http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com> (05.05.2012 ., 18:30 .), . 77 3 Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 177 4 , . . . . 186

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, , ( , ). , : , , .4 . , . , , , , - . - , ,5 - , , .61 , : Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 177 2 . , . 1952 . . : , . . . . 211 3 Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 177 4 ! < http://ooehukc.wordpress.com/2012/04/14/%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B 1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0 %BC%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82 %D0%B5/> (08.05.2012, 18:20 .) : Dujisin, Zoltan. Forget Communism Or Sell It!,Unknown Albania, A Case Study: Cultural and Environmental Tourism. IPS, 2007. p.13 , < http://fyeaheasterneurope.tumblr.com/post/12933137170/albanias-communist-regime-was-definitely-unique> (08.05.2012, 18:23 .) 5 White, Jeffrey. Letter from Albania: Enver Hoxha's legacy, and the question of tourism In: http://www.gadling. com/2008/06/26/letter-from-albania-enver-hoxhas-legacy-and-the-question-of-t/ (08.05.2012, 18:56 .) 6 Darrow , Siobhan. Albania littered with symbolism -- in the form of bunkers In: < http://edition.cnn.com/ WORLD/9703/18/albania.bunkers/index.html> (08.05.2012, 19:02 .)

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1 , . . . . 244 2 In: Albania littered with symbolism 3 : Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 177 4 , p. 17 5 , p. 179 6 http://blog.concrete-mushrooms.com/?page_id=112 7 Pukovnik Bunker In: < http://www.yurope.com/nasa-borba/arhiva/Jan98/0401/0401_11.HTM>


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Nice beach, shame about the bunkers: http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/travel/nice-beach-shame-about-the-bunkers/ story-e6frezhr-1225754011334 (12.05.2012, 13:23 .) 2 Albanian tanks rid beaches of 'nightmare' Cold War bunkers: http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Albanian_tanks_rid_ beaches_of_nightmare_Cold_War_bunkers_999.html (12.05.2012, 13:40 .) 3 http://didierruef.photoshelter.com/image/I000020K6Ugf8gWs (12.05.2012, 13:52 .) 4 http://www.vesti.bg/index.phtml?tid=40&oid=3538791 (12.05.2012, 13:59 .) 5 ! < http://ooehukc.wordpress.com/2012/04/14/%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1 %D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B C%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0 %B5/> (12.05.2012, 14:10) : Dujisin, Zoltan. Forget Communism Or Sell It!,Unknown Albania, A Case Study: Cultural and Environmental Tourism. IPS, 2007. p. 13

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Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 177

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: Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape : Golden, Kristen B, and Bettina Bergo. The Trauma Controversy: Philosophical and Interdisciplinary Dialogues. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009 < http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com> , . . . . , 2000 Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie, and Bernd J. Fischer. Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002 Albanias `Bunker Mentality Fades, 1996 Albanias relics of paranoid past, 2002 Dujisin, Zoltan. Forget Communism Or Sell It!,Unknown Albania, A Case Study: Cultural and Environmental Tourism. IPS, 2007. p. 13 White, Jeffrey. Letter from Albania: Enver Hoxhas legacy, and the question of tourism In: Darrow , Siobhan. Albania littered with symbolism -- in the form of bunkers, 1997 In: < Nice beach, shame about the bunkers, 2009: Albanian tanks rid beaches of nightmare Cold War bunkers, 2009: http://www.spacewar.com/reports/ Albanian_tanks_rid_beaches_of_nightmare_Cold_War_bunkers_999.html http://didierruef.photoshelter.com/image/I000020K6Ugf8gWs http://www.vesti.bg/index.phtml?tid=40&oid=3538791


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VIA BALCANICA 1/2013 10 . , , , , , , . , , . , , . . , , . , , , .11 , , , . , , , . .12 . , . . , . -. , , . , , , , , . , . . ,13 . - , , , . , , .. . , . , 12 Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: SdosteuropaMitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56, S. 98 . 13 Mathias Bernath: Sdosteuropische Geschichte als gesonderte Disziplin. In: Forschungen zur osteuropischen . Geschichte 20 (1973), S. 135-144, Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir unsIdem Idem S. 99 (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56

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, - . 1989 . . , , .15 , , , , , , . , , . , - . 14 Karl Kaser, Sdosteuropische Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft. 2. vllig neu bearbeitete und aktualisierte Auflage, Wien, Kln, Weimar 2002 Mathias Bernath: Sdosteuropische Geschichte als gesonderte Disziplin. In: Forschungen zur osteuropischen Geschichte 20 (1973), S. 135-144, Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56 15 , .

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: A fost sau n-a fost?/ 12:08 : : 2006 : 89 : : : , , , , . . , , (Camra dor 2006 .).12:08 .. (Noul val romnesc), . . 16- - - ( ) , . , , , . , . ( ) ( ), , , . , 1989 . . , , :

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: http://sofialive.bg; http://cinefish.bg (http://clubbalcanica.com/) 1989 . - . 2012 . 23 , , - , . 25- 1989 . , - . , , . , , . - . ? , , , ? ; ; - , -; , , ! (!) - . . , 12:08 - , , ( , ), . . ; , . . . , . , ?

73

.


, : , , ; , ; .

, . , , . - . , , - , XIX . - , , . , - . , 1770 ., , : , , , . ,

1. , , , . , . . : , , ( ) 2. , . , , 1 http://www.google.bg/books?hl=bg&lr= &id=ywr0CcGDNHwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq= giovanni+sartori+parties&ots=xR7akQfuhT&si g=YU_OP2CdWg_eIpbDj0pGfVTvCwg&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q=giovanni%20sartori%20 parties&f=false [17.12.2012; 22:21] 2

75 , , . , . . - . . , , , . ., - : XVIII . . XVIII . XIX . . , , . , . ( ), , , , , , . - , .. , . . : , , ( ), . , , . . XIX . , , , (). , - , , . , , , , XIX . , . , . , , . , , . .. (cleavages). a . ,

VIA BALCANICA 1/2013 (60- . .) ; ; -; -. , , XX XX . , . . . . . 2 . . . , , .

, . , , , - - . . , (catch all). , . . 2,

, , , . . . , , . , . , 1. . () . , , . , . 1 : , - ; .

, , . - ,

2 , .

- : .1 - - , - . , - 2. . , . . , ; , ( ); , . , , . , .

77 . , , , . , . , . , . , . , . , , , .

, 1918 . , , 1918 . . , , 1 Parties make for a system, then, only when they , are parts (in the plural); and a party system is precisely the system of interactions resulting from inter-party competition.; .2 , 1951 .


( ) 1

2

1 2

: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/1/15/JudeteAntebelice.png [18.12.2012 14:26] : http://www.asociatia21decembrie.ro/2010/12/la-multi-ani-romania/ [20.12.2012. 15:20]

79 - , , . , . . 1919-1939, , , . , 1. - : : : . , . , . (/) : (-): 1 , , , .

, - : : ; ( , / ) (Partidul Evreiesc din Romnia); ( Partidul Naional Maghiar)

(Partidul Naional Romn, PNR), (Partidul Naional Romn din Transilvania i Banat). , ( ) - 1880 . - 1919 1920 . , , ( ) , . 1919-1926 . 1919 . . , - -

VIA BALCANICA 1/2013 . 1926 . , (Partidul Naional rnesc), . - (1922 .) (1925 .)1. 1927 ., . , - - , . , . , e . 1928 ., . . . , , . , , , 349 . 13. - 1928 . 1930 . - , , :1 1910 . . . , 1924 . .

, . , . . , , . 1930 . II . . , - , - .

, . , . . , , , . .

81 . , . . , 1923 ., , . 1926 ., , , 40% , . . , . 1927 . , , , - , .. , .

1

, , . 1916 . . , 1921 . . 1918 . . -. 1919 . . 1922 . . . 1926 . 1927 . 1928 . , 1922 . , , 260 17 % 1 :http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ion.C.Bratianu_02. jpg/200px-Ion.C.Bratianu_02.jpg [18.12.2012,12:54]


. , - 1 1 : http://camasaverde.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/presa_legionara_garda-de-fier1.jpg [ 20.12.2012 18:20]

Garda de fier , 24 1927 . 1938 . . . . , - , , - . , .1 1 . , , , . . ,

. (- ), - . , - - ( ), . - , , , - 2, , . , , . 30- XX 4,2% . . 30%, 50 %. , , . 2 , , .

83 . 30- , . 1938 . 1941, , . , (Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail), (legionarii). (Micarea Legionar). , 1930 . , , - , . 1933 . . 1935 , , a Totul pentru ar ( /) , . , .. (Nicadori, Decemviri, Rzbuntori)1 1 . , . . -

, , . , . , , , cuib, . . , , ( ) . . (Partidul Socialist din Romnia) , (Partidul Social Democrat Romn). . . , .. , - Cruciada Romnismului. . , , ( 100 ) , .

VIA BALCANICA 1/2013 , . , . , , , . , , , . , - , (Partidul Comunist Romn) , 1944 . . . , . - , , .

, . / . : -, 2003 , , 1999. , (1918-1945 .), , 2004 . , http://www.google.bg/books?hl=bg&lr=&id =ywr0CcGDNHwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=gio vanni+sartori+parties&ots=xR7akQfuhT&sig =YU_OP2CdWg_eIpbDj0pGfVTvCwg&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q=giovanni%20sartori%20 parties&f=false http://thompkins_cariou.tripod.com/id15.html http://members.tripod.com/nie_monthly/ nie78_00/bogdan.htm http://www.counter-currents.com/2011/04/ codreanu-and-the-iron-guard/ http://www.pntcd.eu/introducere-in-istoria-pntcd http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/hist/ jpetropoulos/ironguard/ideology.htm

:


85. , , , . . , . -, , . . , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , . , , ( , -, , , , ) , , , . . . , , , 16 60 . , . , , . . . , , , . - .

. (. ). - . , .

.

884 . 1914 . , 1930 . 1587 .

, . - . . . , . , . . , -, , . , , .

, . , , . , , , , , , . , . .

, , , , , , ; Chries, Chries Weissenburg. ; , Taurunum. . , , , , , . , ,

, , . : ... .

VIA BALCANICA 1/2013 , , . . , , , . - . , , . - , . , . , , . , , ,

. , , , . . . , . , , . , , , , , -, , . . , , . , , , , , .

, . , , , , .. . , , . - , . - , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , ,

, , , , , .

: V-V ., . , 1979 .

. , .

, , ..

87

, , , .: http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/en/general/gallery/136.html

: http://sando.blog.mk/2012/05/05/tito-zhuan-ili-titonova/


-

: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/n/nato.asp

:http://www.artija.net/zikison2006/karikatura/Simon_Vuckovic___MONTENEGRO_detail.htm

! !

: http://tsiolakis.blogspot.com/

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