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Vesiculobullous DiseasesLarkin Community Hospital/NSU-COM
Presenters: Yuri Kim, DO, Sam Ecker, DO, Jennifer David, DO, MBA
Program Director: Stanley Skopit, DO, MSE, FAOCD, FAAD
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•We have no relevant disclosures
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Topics of Discussion• Subcorneal Vesiculobullous Disorders
– Pemphigus foliaceous
– Pemphigus erythematosus
– Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson Disease)
– Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis
• Intraepidermal Vesiculobullous Disorders
– Pemphigus vulgaris
– Pemphigus vegetans
– Hailey-Hailey Disease
– Darier’s Disease
– Grover’s Disease
– Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
– IgA Pemphigus
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Topics of Discussion (Continued)• Pauci-inflammatory Subepidermal Vesiculobullous Disorders
– Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)
– Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA)
– Pemphigoid Gestationis
• Inflammatory Subepidermal Disorders
– Bullous Pemphigoid
– Cicatricial Pemphigoid
– Dermatitis Herpetiformis
– Linear IgA
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Subcorneal Vesiculobullous Disorders
• Pemphigus foliaceous• Pemphigus erythematosus
• Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson Disease)
• AGEP
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Pemphigus Foliaceous
• IgG Ab to desmoglein 1 (Dsg-1, 160 kDa)
• Peak onset middle age, no gender preference
• Endemic form – Fogo selvagem in Brazil and other parts of South America
• Pemphigus erythematosus- Localized variant of pemphigus foliaceous with features of lupus erythematosusOverview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigus Foliaceous
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigus Foliaceous
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigus Foliaceous
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigus Foliaceous
• Topical and systemic steroids
• Mycophenolate mofetil
• Azathioprine
• Dapsone
• Rituximab
• IVIG
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis• Aka, Sneddon-Wilkinson Disease• Etiology unclear• Cultures from the pustules are sterile• More common in women and >40 y/o• Some cases are associated with a monoclonal
gammopathy (usually IgA)
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis
• Negative – if positive, most likely IgA Pemphigus
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis
• Treatment of choice: Dapsone
• Alternatives: retinoids, NBUVB, colchicine, topical steroids, cyclosporine
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP)
• Acute febrile pustular eruption
• Causes: Drugs, Hg ingestion, bacterial/viral infection
• Pustules begin on face/intertriginous areas—> widespread within a few hours
• B/W reveals marked neutrophilia; pustules may show heavy S. aureus on culture
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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AGEP
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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AGEP
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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AGEP
• Negative
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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AGEP
• Symptomatic treatment
• Antihistamines
• Topical tx of S. aureus with mupirocin
• Reassurance
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Intraepidermal Vesiculobullous Disorders
• Pemphigus Vulgaris
• Hailey-Hailey
• Darier’s Disease
• Grover’s Disease
• Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
• IgA Pemphigus
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Pemphigus Vulgaris
• Ab against desmoglein 1 and/or 3
• Drug-induced: thiol drugs (penicillamine, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, piroxicam), pyrazolone derivatives (phenylbutazone, oxyphenylbutazone), antibiotics (penicillin derivatives, cephalosporin, rifampicin)
• Pemphigus Vegetans- Rare vegetative variant of Pemphigus Vulgaris (Neumann and Hallopeau type)
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
Pemphigus Vulgaris
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Pemphigus Vegetans
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigus Vulgaris
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigus Vulgaris
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigus Vulgaris• Treatment:
– Oral corticosteroid– Methotrexate– Azathioprine– Mycophenolate mofetil– Plasmapheresis– IVIG– rituximab
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Hailey- Hailey
• Benign familial pemphigus
• AD, ATP2C1 gene (encodes Golgi-associated Ca2+ ATPase hSPCA1), results in abnormal intracellular calcium signaling
• Onset typically 2nd to 3rd decade
• Presents with flaccid vesicles initially on erythematous base over intertriginous areas, ruptures easily, and gives rise to macerated or crusted erosions
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
Hailey- Hailey
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Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
Hailey- Hailey
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Hailey- Hailey
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Hailey- Hailey
• Negative DIF
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Hailey- Hailey• Avoid triggers (sweating, friction, tight clothing)• Topical corticosteroids• Topical antibiotics (clindamycin, mupirocin)• Topical calcineurin inhibitors• Oral antibiotics ( tetracycline, minocycline)• Anticholinergics (glycopyrrolate)• Intra-lesional corticosteroids• Botulinum toxin• Lasers (CO2, Er:YAG, PDL)
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Darier’s Disease• AD, ATP2A2; SERCA2 calcium-dependent ATPase• Impaired cell cohesion, increased apoptosis• Onset puberty (6-20 yrs)
• Chronic & unremitting• Exacerbated by sun, heat, lithium therapy• Superinfection- bacterial, fungal, HSV
• Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption - vesicular eruption w/ fever
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Darier’s Disease
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Darier’s Disease
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Darier’s Disease
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Darier’s Disease
• Negative DIF
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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• Light-weight clothing and sunscreen
• Antimicrobial cleanser, keratolytics
• Topical steroids, topical retinoids
• Isotretinoin and acitretin
• Very effective however relapse when stopped
• Prompt oral acyclovir or valacyclovir (HSV)
Darier’s Disease
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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• Intensely pruritic papulovesicular eruption occurring as scattered eroded lesions usually on the trunk of a well-appearing male > 40 years old.
• Self limited variant (transient acantholytic) vs chronic relapsing variant (persistent acantholytic)
• Associated with AD, ACD/ICD, and asteatotic eczema
• Exacerbated by heat, friction and sweat
Grover’s Disease (Transient Acantholytic Dermatosis)
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Grover’s Disease
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Grover’s Disease
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Grover’s Disease
• Negative DIF
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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• Avoidance of exacerbating factors, loose clothing, topical steroids, topical antibiotics, calcipotriol, urea, zinc oxide, antihistamines
• Refractory cases may respond to dapsone, isotretinoin, oral corticosteroids, PUVA or NBUVB
Grover’s Disease
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
• First sign: Severe stomatitis
• Erosions and ulcerations can affect oropharynx and extend onto vermilion lip
• Palm and soles involvement is common
• Pseudomembranous conjunctivitis
• Bronchiolitis obliterans
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Paraneoplastic Pemphigus • Associated underlying neoplasms
– Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (40%)
– CLL (30%)
– Castleman’s disease (10%)
– Malignant and benign thymomas (6%)
• Autoimmunity
– IgG autoantibodies target members of the plakin family and desmogleins
– Autoantibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence on rodent urinary bladder epithelium
Overview H&E DIF Treatment
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Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Paraneoplastic Pemphigus• Resistant to most therapies
• Treatment is aimed at the underlying malignancy
• Reduction in antibodies
– Corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclosporine, photopheresis, mycophenolate mofetil, IVIG
• Rituximab
– CD20 monoclonal antibody, has been used to treat cases with an underlying CD20+ lymphoma
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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IgA Pemphigus
• Intraepidermal IgA deposits, 2 clinical types
– Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (SPD) variant
•IgA ab to desmocollin 1
– Intraepidermal neutrophilic (IEN) type
•IgA ab to desmoglein 1 or 3
• Avg onset 6th decade, slight female predominance
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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IgA Pemphigus
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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IgA Pemphigus
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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IgA Pemphigus
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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IgA Pemphigus
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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IgA Pemphigus
• Oral and topical corticosteroids
• Dapsone
• Isotretinoin/acitretin
• Mycophenolate mofetil
• Adalimumab
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Subepidermal vesiculobullous disorders: pauci-inflammatory
subepidermal conditions
• Porphyria cutanea tarda
• Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
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Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)• Acquired (T I) or AD (T II) • Deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the
heme biosynthetic pathway (enzyme 5 of 8)• Liver disease major causative/contributing factor• Skin lesions develop due to sun exposure (400-410 nm)• Urine “glows” - orange-red fluorescence with acetic
acid/10% HCl
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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PCT
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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PCT
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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PCT
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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PCT
• Sun avoidance/ Zinc Oxide or Titanium Dioxide
• Eliminate ETOH
• Serial phlebotomy +/- chelation therapy
• Antimalarials: hydroxychloroquine
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA)
• Rare acquired autoimmune blistering disease to NC-1 domain of collagen VII
• Non-inflammatory or pauci-inflammatory tense bullae affecting trauma-prone extensor skin surfaces
• Lesions heal with significant scarring and milia
• Resembles the inherited form of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with lack of family history
• Exclusion of all other bullous diseases
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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EBA
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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EBA
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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EBA
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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EBA• Supportive care• Systemic steroids
• Dapsone
• Imuran
• Cellcept
• IVIG, cyclosporine, methotrexate, rituximab, colchicine, photopheresis & anti-TNF⍺ biologics for severe or recalcitrant disease
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigoid Gestationis
• Self-limited, rare: 1 in 50,000 pregnancies• Typically 3rd trimester or immediate postpartum period
• Antibody: anti- BPAg2 (NC16A domain of BP 180)
• HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4 associations
• Maternal risk: Grave’s disease
• Fetal risk: prematurity, small gestational age, up to 10% risk of skin involvment
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigoid Gestationis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigoid Gestationis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigoid Gestationis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Pemphigoid Gestationis
• 0.5 mg/kg of prednisolone daily; taper as soon as blister formation suppressed
• Delivery usually precipitates flare → increase dose
• Cyclosporine
• Mild cases: potent topical steroids + emollients & antihistamines (usually ineffective)
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Inflammatory Subepidermal Conditions
• Bullous pemphigoid
• Cicatricial pemphigoid
• Dermatitis herpetiformis
• Linear IgA dermatosis
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Bullous Pemphigoid
• Most common autoimmune bullous disorder with chronic nature
• Typically seen in patients over age 60
• Autoantigens: BPAG2 (180 kDa) and BPAG1 (230 kDa)
• 10-35% with oral involvement
• Drug-induced: furosemide, NSAIDs, PCN-derivatives, phenactin, gold, potassium iodide, captopril, enalapril, D-penicillamine, sulfazalazine
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Bullous Pemphigoid
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Bullous Pemphigoid
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Bullous Pemphigoid
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Bullous Pemphigoid
• Oral corticosteroids
• Steroid sparing agents
– Azathioprine
– Mycophenolate mofetil
– Thalidomide
– Methotrexate
– Cyclophosphamide
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
•Tetracycline + nicotinamide
•Dapsone
•IVIG for refractory cases
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Cicatricial Pemphigoid• Rare autoimmune disease involving the
mucous membrane → scarring
• Autoantigens:
– BPAG2 (180 kDa): mucosa & skin
– β4 (subunit of ⍺6β4): pure ocular form
– Laminin 5 (epiligrin): increased risk of malignancy
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Cicatricial Pemphigoid
• Drug-induced (similar to BP)
– Thiol-containing drugs
• Captopril, gold thiosulfate, D-penicillamine
– NSAIDS (Indomethacin)
– β-blockers (practolol)
– Clonidine
– Sulfadoxine
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Cicatricial Pemphigoid
• Treatment of choice:
– Dapsone
• Alternatives:
– Topical/intralesional/oral corticosteroids
– Cyclophosphamide
– Azathioprine
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Dermatitis Herpetiformis• Aka: Duhring’s Disease• Recurrent pruritic chronic disease associated with gluten-
sensitive enteropathy• Gluten: storage proteins found in wheat, rye, barley
–Gliadin: soluble fraction; likely antigenic component• Autoantigen: epidermal transglutaminase (TG-3), tissue
transglutaminase (endomysial)• Labs: anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Dermatitis Herpetiformis
• Dapsone
• Sulfapyridine
• Gluten-free diet
• Referral to Gastroenterology: gluten-sensitive enteropathy and increased risk of small bowel lymphoma
• Referral to Endocrinology: increased incidence of thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) and IDDM
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
• Rare; likely identical to chronic bullous disease of childhood
• Autoantigens:
– LAD-1 is cleaved and yields LABD97
• Drug-induced
– Vancomycin, captopril, cephalosporin, PCN, NSAIDs, phenytoin, sulfonamide
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis• Dapsone
• Sulfapyridine
• Prednisone
• Azathioprine
• Mycophenolate mofetil
Overview Clinical H&E DIF Treatment
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Conclusion
• Vesiculobullous diseases can be inherited or acquired
• These conditions may be antibody or cell-mediated
• The involved intracellular adhesion molecules determine subcorneal, intraepidermal or subepidermalsplitting
• Direct immunofluorescence and salt splitting can help determine diagnosis