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Various Methods for Separating
the Components of a Mixture
Distillation is used in many different industries
including chemical, brewery and pharmaceutical.
Distillation: Separation through
vaporization of a liquid from a
solid, or another liquid, followed
by vapor condensation.
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Distilling Salt Water
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Caution
You’ll want to remove
crystals before all the solvent
evaporates so that impurities
don’t start to crystalize
Add to notes
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Crystallization: forming a crystalline solid by decreasing its solubility as a result of cooling the solution, evaporating the solvent, or adding a solvent in which the solid is less soluble such that solid crystals form.
Crystals of insulin grown in space let scientists
determine the vital enzyme's structure and linkages
with much higher resolution than Earth-grown
crystals.Rock candy
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Make sure not all of the solutionevaporates to avoid impuritiesfrom forming on the crystal.
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Filtration: removing a solid substance from a liquid by
passing the suspension through a filter.
Crude oil filtration
(vacuum filtration)
Gravity
Filtration
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Decantation: a process for separating the liquid component
of a solid—liquid mixture from the solid by pouring.
Decanting whey
from the curds
in cheese making. Decanting
a solvent
from a solute.Decanting
Wine to remove
sediment.
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Two liquids are miscible if they are mutually soluble in each other
in all proportions.
Ex. Water and alcohol dissolve each other in all proportions and
thus are miscible.
Two liquids are immiscible if they are insoluble
in each other.
Ex. Water and vegetable oil do not mix with
each other and are immiscible.
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Separatory funnel
Separate by
using the
densities. The
more dense
material will be
at the bottom and
can be separated
from the less
dense material
on the top.
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Solvent Extraction: removing a substance from a solid
or liquid mixture by adding a solvent in which the
substance is more soluble. Dissolve one of the
substances and then use a separatory funnel or filter to
separate the substance.
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Example: To remove salt from oil add water to dissolve the
salt then let mixture separate due to densities. The salt will
remain in the water and the oil will separate.
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Gravity separation
Shaking or agitating a mixture will make the more
dense particle sink to the bottom and less dense
particles rise to the top.
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Centrifugation: (Gravity
separation) removing a
substance from a solution by
means of a centrifuge. Spin
the solution and gravity pulls
the more dense material to the
bottom.
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Chromatography:
separating components
of a mixture that have
differing adsorptive
tendencies on a
stationary phase as the
mixture is passed over
or through the stationary
phase .
Chromatography of
plant pigments
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