Download - VARIATIONS IN WOOD ANATOMY PAST AND PRESENT
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VARIATIONS IN WOOD ANATOMYPAST AND PRESENT
http://insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu/search
Miocene Platanus, Eocene Platanus,Recent Ulmus - L. Westra, NHN, Eocene Ulmaceae,Recent Acer - L. Westra, Eocene Acer
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P. Gasson
Long Tradition of looking atincidences of and correlations ofwood anatomical features.
Baileyan Trends.Correlations of Vessel ElementLength, Perforation Plate Type,and Intervessel Pitting.
Ecological Trends.Correlations of vessel diameter,density, helical thickenings,vessel groupings, porosity withhabitat.
Photo by S. Noshiro, Perforation Plate in Davidia
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Incidence Of SelectedIAWA Hardwood
Anatomy Features
Past: One Side Trip into Fossil WoodDatabase (N = 1,591)
Back to 1950: Introduction to “Anatomy ofDicotyledons” (Metcalfe & Chalk).
Revisit question of how do vessel diametersvary by geographic region.
http://insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu/search
InsideWood Recent Woods (N = 5,590)
Support from NSFBRC July 1, 2003 -- June 30, 2005DBI August 1, 2005 - July 30, 2007
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Starting point:Multiple entry key data (86 features)collected by L. Chalk, CFI Oxfordon mainframe 1981; on PCs 1986, subsequently
Translated to IAWA Features (203 features)
WoodWoodAnatomyAnatomyDatabaseDatabase
ChalkMetcalfe
TranslationWith “?”
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Database ConstraintsStill “?” for some features.
[Editing on-going, with a break takenstarting June 30, 2006]
Number of descriptions does not equalnumber of species.
Some species share similaranatomy so are represented by thesame description.
Some commercially importantspecies have multiple descriptions.
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Recent Woods: Porosity, Arrangement, Grouping
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Tangential Bands
Diagonal / Radial
Dendritic
POROSITY
ARRANGEMENT
GROUPINGExclusively Solitary
Radial multiples 4+ common
Clusters common
Ring-porous
Semi-ring porous
Diffuse porous
Percentage
Porosity, Arrangement, GroupingDefault pattern: diffuse porous, randomarrangement, vessels solitary and in short multiples
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POROSITYRing-porous
Diffuse porousSemi-ring porous
Tangential Bands
Diagonal / Radial
Dendritic
ARRANGEMENT
Exclusively Solitary
Radial multiples 4+ common
Clusters common
GROUPING
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How Do Porosity Types Vary by Region?Ring Porosity (yellow) N. Hemisphere Phenomenon
Absence of ring porosity in S. Hemisphere noted by Gilbert 1940
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Perforation Plates and Pits
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Simple perforation plates
Scalariform perforation plates
< 10 bars10 - 20 bars
20 - 40 bars> 40 bars
Scalariform Intervessel PitsOpposite Intervessel Pits
Vestured Pits
Intervessel PitSize
< 4 µm
4 - 7 µm
7 - 10 µm
> 10 µm
Vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to iv pits
Vessel-ray parenchyma pits reduced borders
Alternate Intervessel Pits
Perforation Plates and Pits in Recent Woody DicotsSimple perforations and alternate intervessel pitsmost common of all the hardwood features
Percentage
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Cretaceous Eocene Miocene RecentPaleo Oligo Plio
What Was The Incidence of PerforationPlate Types in Geologic Past?
Simple
Scalariform
Cretaceous - Recent
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Axial Parenchyma
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Rare / Absent
DiffuseDiffuse-in-aggregates
ScantyVasicentricAliformConfluent
Apotracheal
Paratracheal
BandedMore than 3 cells wideUp to 3 cells wideMarginal
Axial Parenchyma features are of more ‘balanced’occurrence than vessel features
Percentage
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RAY CHARACTERISTICS
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RAY CHARACTERISTICS
1 - 3 cells
Percentage
Exclusively 1-seriate
Larger commonly 4 - 10 cells
Larger commonly > 10 cells
Ray WidthCell Number
Multiseriate portions as wide as uniseriate portionsmostly Malpighiales and Myrtales
Aggregate rays mostly Fagales
Rays of 2 distinct sizes
All ray cells procumbent 1 marginal row upright &/or square cells
4 + marginal rows upright &/or square cells
Tile cells: Malvales
Heterocellular 2-4 marginal rows upright &/or square cells
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P. Gasson
Baileyan Trends.Correlations of VesselElement Length,Perforation Plate Type,and Intervessel Pitting.
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Group I. Perforations Scalariform OnlyM & C Intro: n = 206; InsideWood: n = 570
Group II. Perforations Simple and ScalariformM & C Intro n = 91; InsideWood: n = 422
Group III. Perforations Simple; Storied Structure AbsentM & C Intro: n = 1,261; InsideWood: n = 3,914
Group IV. Perforations Simple; Storied Structure PresentM & C Intro: n = 243; InsideWood: n = 658
INTRODUCTION 1950 Anatomy of Dicotyledons.
“Data from about 1,800 woods classified .. into..groups of increasing specialization.”
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II
IV
III
II
I
IV
IV
IV
III
III
III
II
II
II
I
II
Table 3. What is the incidence of“Features associated with a LowLevel of Specialization” in those fourgroups?
“…progressive decrease fromGroup I to Group IV”(Table 3, Introduction: Metcalfe & Chalk1950)
Diffuse axial parenchyma
Exclusively solitary vessels
Fibers w/ distinctlybordered pits
Intervascular pittingscalariform to opposite
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Ecological Trends.Correlations of vesseldiameter, density, helicalthickenings, vessel groupings,porosity with habitat. Done bygeographic region and withintaxa
Many narrow vesselsVsFew wide vessels
Casuarinaceae
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Quantitative Vessel Features: Mean Tangential Diameters.
Categories: 1) < 50 µm 2) 50 - 100 µm 3) 100 - 200 µm 4) > 200 µm
Temperate North America, Europe and Asia similar patterns
Tropical America,Tropical Africa, India, and Southeast Asia similar patterns.
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Quantitative Vessel Features: Vessels Per Sq. MM.
Categories: < 5 /mm2 ; 5 - 20 /mm2 ; 20 - 40 /mm2 ; > 40 /mm2
In North America, Europe, Asia woods with < 5 /mm2 extremely rare, > 40 per mm2 themost common
Within Tropical America, Tropical Africa, India, SE Asia patterns are similar. 5-20/mm2most common.
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Trees / Small Trees / Shrubs
Trees wider diameters thanshrubs.
Shrubs have a higher % ofnarrowest vessels
Wide vessels restricted totrees (almost)
Vessel Mean Tangential Diameter in
Trees n = 4840Small Trees n = 663Shrubs n = 630
< 50 µm 50-100 µm 100–200 µm > 200 µm
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Triangle of wood functions and trade-offs Triangle of wood functions and trade-offs
WIDE VESSELS
WIDE VESSELS
NARROW VESSELSNARROW VESSELS
(THIC
K-
(THIC
K-WALL
ED)
WALLED)
FIBRES
FIBRES
Work of F. Ewers J. Sperry U. Hacke S. Davis
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Very Thin Thin to Thick Very ThickFIBER WALL THICKNESS
< 50 µm
50 - 100 µm
100 - 200 µm
> 200 µm
INCIDENCE OF FIBERWALL THICKNESS CLASSESBY VESSEL TANGENTIALDIAMETER
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Conclusions
Have revisited questions on incidence of wood anatomical features,on a broad geographic scale, using large on-line database.
These data show same patterns of variation in vessel featuredistribution related to habitat and habit, perforation plate type previouslyobserved.
Real conclusion is need for more detailed analysis, more informationon functional and phylogenetic significance of parenchyma features, andseeing how wood patterns vary within orders, families, and genera. .