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Variation in early male maturation and smolting of juvenile summer Chinook
salmon and varying over-winter temperature regimes
Deborah Harstad, Don Larsen, Joe Miller, Josh Murauskas, Dina Spangenberg, Shelly Nance, Brian Beckman
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OUTLINE
-Background: Chinook Life History Variation & Early Male Maturation -Study Objectives & Design -Part 1 Methods & Results: Minijack Screen -Part 2 Methods & Results: Intensive Monthly Monitoring -Conclusions
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SUMMER CHINOOK LIFEHISTORY?
Graphic by Justin Peters
Chinook stream-type life history
Spring, Summer, Fall
Sub-yearling 0+ yr (summer)
Yearling Smolt 1+ yr (spring)
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-Age of maturation is phenotypically plastic and can occur at: age-1 (Precocious parr or microjack) age-2 (Minijack) age-3 (Jack) age-4 or 5 -Age of maturation is influenced by: emergence timing (Beckman et al. 2007) energy stores and growth rate (Vollestad et al. 2004; Hopkins and Unwin 1997; Silverstein et al. 1998; Shearer and Swanson 2000; Campbell et al. 2003; Shearer et al. 2006; Larsen et al. 2006)
Early Male Maturation
Minijack Maturing Testes
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OUTLINE
-Background: Chinook Life History Variation & Early Male Maturation -Study Objectives & Design -Part 1 Methods & Results: Minijack Screen -Part 2 Methods & Results: Intensive Monthly Monitoring -Conclusions
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STUDY OBJECTIVES
Part 1: Quantify occurrence of minijacks in several populations of yearling summer Chinook salmon released in Upper Columbia Basin Part 2: Quantify growth and smoltification profiles of same populations *(Data originally collected as part of Reuse Study)
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1. Minijack Screen -Sampled in Spring just before release
a. Size b. Maturation status
Two Sampling Methodologies
2. Intensive Monthly Monitoring -Sampled Fall through Spring prior to release a. Growth Rate (size) b. Maturation status c. Smoltification
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Eastbank
Dryden
Carlton Bonaparte
Similkameen
Chelan Net Pens
3 Genetic Stocks: • Wenatchee R. • Wells • Methow/Okanogan
STUDY LOCATIONS
Rearing for all populations begins at Eastbank Hatchery
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Eastbank Chelan Net Pens BY 2008
Dryden Pond BY 2006-2009
Carlton Pond BY 2006-2009
Similkameen Pond BY 2006-2009
Bonaparte Pond BY 2008-2009
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Wenatchee Stock*
Methow/ Okanogan
Stock*
* All stocks spawned and reared at Eastbank Hatchery prior to acclimation
Spawning Release
Dryden Pond
Carlton Pond
Bona- parte
Similk- ameen
Ponding Acclimation
FALL SPRING
Wells Stock*
Chelan Net Pens
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Differences in acclimation timing and location creates differences in fall/winter
growth potential
Carlton & Dryden: Spring Acclimation
Chelan: Winter Acclimation
Similkameen & Bonaparte: Fall/Winter Acclimation
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OUTLINE
-Background: Chinook Life History Variation & Early Male Maturation -Study Objectives & Design -Part 1 Methods & Results: Minijack Screen -Part 2 Methods & Results: Intensive Monthly Monitoring -Conclusions
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Part 1 Methods: Minijack Screen (All Locations/Brood Years Sampled)
1. Growth • Size at release (n=300)
1. Minijack Rates
• 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) – male androgen found in blood plasma
Eastbank
Dryden
Carlton Bonaparte
Similkameen
Chelan Net Pens
see Larsen et al. 2004 TAFS
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Part 1 Results: Size at release changes with winter rearing temperatures
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Part 1 Results: Size at release is correlated with minijack rate
Length at Release (mm)
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OUTLINE
-Background: Chinook Life History Variation & Early Male Maturation -Study Objectives & Design -Part 1 Methods & Results: Minijack Screen -Part 2 Methods & Results: Intensive Monthly Monitoring -Conclusions
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Part 2 Methods: Intensive/Monthly Monitoring
1. Growth • Size at release • Growth Rates
2. Minijack Rates
• 11-ketotestosterone (11KT)
3. Smoltification
• Gill Na/K ATPase activity
Eastbank
Dryden
Carlton
Chelan Net Pens
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Results Part 2: Dryden had similar fall/winter growth rates to Carlton;
Chelan net pens had variable growth
Specific Growth Rate (Weight)
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Why do we care about winter growth? Because it may trigger early male
maturation
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Other effects of winter rearing temperature: Smolting
Carlton & Dryden: Spring Acclimation
Chelan: Winter Acclimation
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Smoltification: How does water temperature affect Gill ATPase activity?
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Chelan Net Pens: Intermediate winter rearing temperatures
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Chelan ATPase
Chelan: ATPase levels mirrored the rearing temperature
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Carlton Pond: An example of Out of Basin winter rearing
Carlton
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Carlton ATPase
Carlton Pond: ATPase levels mirrored the rearing temperature
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OUTLINE
-Background: Chinook Life History Variation & Early Male Maturation -Study Objectives & Design -Part 1 Methods & Results: Minijack Screen -Part 2 Methods & Results: Intensive Monthly Monitoring -Conclusions
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Conclusions
• Size at release is correlated with minijack rate
• Cold winter water temperatures reduce winter growth and consequently, minijack rates
• Timing of smoltification is affected by water temperature
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Moving Forward
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Dryden Pond: Spring Acclimation • Circular-Reuse vs. Raceway (at Eastbank Hatchery) • 2 Feed Treatments
Future Studies: to examine trade offs in Summer Chinook Rearing
Experimental construct for BYs 2012, 2013:
Treatment Target Size at
Release [fpp (grams)]
Pond Type # of Fish/ Treatment
Big-Circular 10 (45 g) Circular-Reuse 50 K
Small-Circular 15 (30 g) Circular-Reuse 50 K
Big-Raceway 10 (45 g) Raceway 150 K
Small-Raceway 15 (30 g) Raceway 150 K
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Future Studies: to examine trade offs in Summer Chinook Rearing
Chelan Falls: Winter Acclimation • 4 size targets at release
Treatment Target fish size at
release [fpp (grams)]
# of fish/ treatment
A 10 (45) 150 K
B 13 (35) 150 K
C 18 (25) 150 K
D 22 (20) 150 K
Experimental construct for BYs 2012, 2013:
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• Chelan PUD
• Eastbank Hatchery
• Chelan Hatchery
• WDFW
• Colville Tribes
• NOAA/ Univeristy of Washington Field & Lab Assistants: Abby Tillotson Elizabeth Smith Larissa Felli • Ian Adams
THANKS!
Funding Provided by: Chelan and Grant County PUD