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Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using
the European Social Survey 2003.
S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt
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How we proceed:• 1) Short overview of the Value Theory of
Schwartz.
• 2) Goals of the analysis.
• 3) Overview of the ESS items.
• 4) Overview of the data in hand.
• 5) Results.
• 6) Conclusions.
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Schwartz Value Theory
• The theory describes universals in the content and structure of individual’s values.
• The human values are desirable goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in people’s lives.
• The values represent different three universal requirements of human existence: biological needs, social interaction and demand of group functioning.
• The theory derived 10 motivationally distinct types of values postulated to be recognized implicitly in all cultures.
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The values:
• Achievement (LE) Hedonism (HE)
• Power (MA) Stimulation (ST)
• Security (SI) Self-Direction (SE)
• Conformity (KO) Universalism (UN)
• Tradition (TR) Benevolence (WO)
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References:
• 1) Shalom H. Schwartz (1992). Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65.
• 2) Shalom H. Schwartz and Lilach Sagiv (1995). Identifying Culture-Specifics in the Content and Structure of Values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(1), 92-116.
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Relations among Values
• 1) The theory specifies dynamic relations among values. Actions in pursuit of one type of value may conflict or be compatible with the pursuit of other values. Seeking personal success may obstruct actions aimed to promote the welfare of others who need help.
• 2) Competing values correlate negatively and are in opposing directions. Compatible values correlate positively and are close.
• Although the theory discriminates 10 values, at a more basic level they form a continuum which gives rise to a circular structure.
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Universalism
Benevolence
Conformity Tradition
SecurityPower
Achievement
Hedonism
Stimulation
Self-direction
Self-transcendenceOpenness to Change
ConservationSelf-enhancement
Figure 1: Structural relations among the 10 values and the four higher values (see Devos, Spini, & Schwartz, 2002).
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• In empirical studies values from adjacent types may intermix rather than emerge in clearly distinct regions.
• Values that express opposing motivations should be discriminated clearly from one another.
• There are two dimensions: openness to change versus conservation: favoring change vs. submission. And: self enhancement versus self-transcendence: opposing acceptance of others as equals vs. concern for others’ welfare.
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Questions:• 1) How do we assess the presence of the types of values
postulated by the theory?• 2) How do we assess the similarity of the meanings of
single values and their meanings in other samples?• 3)How do we assess the presence of the value structure?
Deviations in value types, meanings, and structure in different samples invite interpretations. However, not all deviations are meaningful.
• 4) How do we distinguish real cultural differences in value meanings and structure from unreliability of measurement?
• In the following study it is a first attempt to compare 20 countries.
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Value Categories in the ESS 2003• Now I will briefly describe some people. Please listen
to each description and tell me how much each person is or is not like you.
• 1 Very much like me• 2 Like me• 3 Somewhat like me• 4 A little like me• 5 Not like me• 6 Not like me at all• 7 Refusal• 8 Don't know• 9 No answer
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The 21 ESS Items for Each Value
• 1) Power (MA):• Imprich:Important to be rich, have money and
expensive things.• Iprspot: Important to get respect from others • 2) Achievement (LE): • Ipshabt: Important to show abilities and be
admired.• Ipsuces: Important to be successful and that
people recognize achievements
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• 3) Hedonism (HE): • Ipgdtim: Important to have a good time • Impfun: Important to seek fun and things that give
pleasure • 4) Stimulation (ST): • Impdiff: Important to try new and different things
in life • Ipadvnt: Important to seek adventures and have an
exiting life
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• 5) Self-Direcrtion (SE): • Ipcrtiv: Important to think new ideas and being creative • Impfree: Important to make own decisions and be free • 6) Universalism (UN): • Ipeqopt: Important that people are treated equally and
have equal opportunities • Ipudrst: Important to understand different people • Impenv: Important to care for nature and environment
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• 7) Benevolence (WO): • Iphlppl: Important to help people and care for
others well-being • Iplylfr: Important to be loyal to friends and devote
to close people.• 8) Tradition (TR): • Ipmodst: Important to be humble and modest, not
draw attention • Imptrad: Important to follow traditions and
customs
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• 9) Conformity (KO): • Ipfrule: Important to do what is told and follow
rules • Ipbhprp: Important to behave properly • 10) Security (SI): • Impsafe: Important to live in secure and safe
surroundings • Ipstrgv: Important that government is strong and
ensures safety
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20 Countries (2 Missing)
• 20 countries: 1-AT (Austria), 2-BE (Belgium), 3-CH (Switzerland), 4-CZ (Czech Republic), 5-DE (Germany), 6-DK (Denmark), 7-ES (Spain), 8-FI (Finland), 9-FR (France), 10-GB (Great Britain), 11-GR (Greece), 12-HU (Hungary), 13-IE (Ireland), 14-IL (Israel), 15-IT(Italy, missing), 16-LU (Luxemburg, missing), 17-NL (Netherlands), 18-NO (Norway), 19-PL (Poland), 20-PT (Portugal), 21-SE (Sweden), 22-SI (Slovenia).
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Table- N, Means and Std Deviation of 21 Items in 20 Countries
• Sweden has 6 of the weakest categories.• Greece has 10 of the strongest categories.• One can test for patterns of similarities
between Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden), Mediterranean countries (Israel, Greece, Spain), countries with a short history of democracy (Spain, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary etc.).
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CH-Switzerland
CH imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.219922 0.289895 0.345383 0.152982 0.131661 0.135491 0.186416 0.135418 0.078022 -0.07168 -0.09292 -0.08603 -0.00395 0.061153 -0.08349 0.030913 0.069719iprspot 0.219922 1 0.333817 0.306938 0.160198 0.112776 0.050087 0.103524 0.060487 0.159825 0.011505 0.064182 0.168145 0.132353 0.222195 0.052566 0.219994 0.21173ipshabt 0.289895 0.333817 1 0.462675 0.18907 0.178943 0.206688 0.257682 0.138535 0.127367 0.150063 0.040812 0.045832 0.093985 0.143542 -0.10837 0.056865 0.091815ipsuces 0.345383 0.306938 0.462675 1 0.224549 0.252061 0.223299 0.26084 0.169615 0.176485 0.02301 0.01149 0.020335 0.111134 0.128027 -0.07317 0.113339 0.14589ipgdtim 0.152982 0.160198 0.18907 0.224549 1 0.486356 0.340166 0.277608 0.231443 0.34132 0.14698 0.174203 0.133185 0.189082 0.252854 0.032546 0.006737 -0.01119impfun 0.131661 0.112776 0.178943 0.252061 0.486356 1 0.326926 0.363243 0.131806 0.207908 0.061849 0.087066 0.082057 0.105638 0.158618 -0.00922 0.08504 0.074289impdiff 0.135491 0.050087 0.206688 0.223299 0.340166 0.326926 1 0.38739 0.351223 0.249543 0.119147 0.172684 0.092889 0.192852 0.165037 -0.03319 0.022263 0.005561ipadvnt 0.186416 0.103524 0.257682 0.26084 0.277608 0.363243 0.38739 1 0.224026 0.200704 0.024297 0.087179 0.013842 0.041379 0.123414 -0.12588 -0.08323 -0.05314ipcrtiv 0.135418 0.060487 0.138535 0.169615 0.231443 0.131806 0.351223 0.224026 1 0.243298 0.147831 0.1634 0.151402 0.194583 0.164751 -0.04346 0.018519 -0.04778impfree 0.078022 0.159825 0.127367 0.176485 0.34132 0.207908 0.249543 0.200704 0.243298 1 0.130908 0.168576 0.205088 0.233281 0.221525 0.023394 0.022494 -0.05218ipeqopt -0.07168 0.011505 0.150063 0.02301 0.14698 0.061849 0.119147 0.024297 0.147831 0.130908 1 0.312323 0.235098 0.234961 0.221639 0.125774 0.017762 0.007918ipudrst -0.09292 0.064182 0.040812 0.01149 0.174203 0.087066 0.172684 0.087179 0.1634 0.168576 0.312323 1 0.246567 0.304399 0.322042 0.213831 0.075002 0.056044impenv -0.08603 0.168145 0.045832 0.020335 0.133185 0.082057 0.092889 0.013842 0.151402 0.205088 0.235098 0.246567 1 0.26443 0.283992 0.123638 0.223181 0.064703iphlppl -0.00395 0.132353 0.093985 0.111134 0.189082 0.105638 0.192852 0.041379 0.194583 0.233281 0.234961 0.304399 0.26443 1 0.343566 0.180756 0.219233 0.114672iplylfr 0.061153 0.222195 0.143542 0.128027 0.252854 0.158618 0.165037 0.123414 0.164751 0.221525 0.221639 0.322042 0.283992 0.343566 1 0.133256 0.147067 0.067609ipmodst -0.08349 0.052566 -0.10837 -0.07317 0.032546 -0.00922 -0.03319 -0.12588 -0.04346 0.023394 0.125774 0.213831 0.123638 0.180756 0.133256 1 0.145047 0.2035imptrad 0.030913 0.219994 0.056865 0.113339 0.006737 0.08504 0.022263 -0.08323 0.018519 0.022494 0.017762 0.075002 0.223181 0.219233 0.147067 0.145047 1 0.280162ipfrule 0.069719 0.21173 0.091815 0.14589 -0.01119 0.074289 0.005561 -0.05314 -0.04778 -0.05218 0.007918 0.056044 0.064703 0.114672 0.067609 0.2035 0.280162 1ipbhprp 0.027687 0.272342 0.085765 0.077988 0.055183 0.028049 0.009783 -0.13339 -0.08257 -0.01979 0.119768 0.063129 0.096494 0.162516 0.141709 0.297063 0.271139 0.307861impsafe 0.121149 0.270426 0.193425 0.130794 0.08806 0.063528 0.013538 -0.15337 -0.01572 0.040966 0.106356 0.047064 0.171669 0.168137 0.144248 0.20629 0.287697 0.28616ipstrgv 0.075031 0.179324 0.076161 0.161267 0.089045 0.124241 0.034656 -0.04718 0.005915 0.062959 0.095081 0.121227 0.193141 0.195269 0.170387 0.198406 0.31122 0.32087
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DE imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.320921 0.448027 0.421841 0.267163 0.256619 0.231263 0.368937 0.173786 0.13724 -0.06029 -0.08825 -0.07954 -0.11185 -0.02898 -0.18934 -0.00736 0.061693iprspot 0.320921 1 0.380589 0.380002 0.137333 0.191448 0.118163 0.236394 0.143581 0.176845 -0.02215 -0.0072 0.066899 0.012127 0.119661 -0.03854 0.191699 0.210522ipshabt 0.448027 0.380589 1 0.483808 0.307137 0.288098 0.296493 0.369532 0.251004 0.188582 0.046212 0.04042 0.02864 0.020889 0.070287 -0.1647 2.34E-05 0.045168ipsuces 0.421841 0.380002 0.483808 1 0.360739 0.346288 0.337088 0.366372 0.294486 0.27876 0.051995 0.11235 0.117674 0.119075 0.177002 -0.11121 0.041464 0.125075ipgdtim 0.267163 0.137333 0.307137 0.360739 1 0.606995 0.465824 0.394544 0.255751 0.34204 0.076588 0.129956 0.109694 0.059901 0.174236 -0.08048 -0.05977 0.01511impfun 0.256619 0.191448 0.288098 0.346288 0.606995 1 0.440391 0.451676 0.213713 0.260446 0.043756 0.064732 0.089215 0.080681 0.151468 -0.06578 0.065872 0.089115impdiff 0.231263 0.118163 0.296493 0.337088 0.465824 0.440391 1 0.473352 0.370956 0.299535 0.094313 0.192488 0.119235 0.094506 0.135899 -0.11467 -0.05193 0.018437ipadvnt 0.368937 0.236394 0.369532 0.366372 0.394544 0.451676 0.473352 1 0.292756 0.22021 -0.00434 0.040375 -0.02236 -0.06745 0.041738 -0.21787 -0.10085 -0.08714ipcrtiv 0.173786 0.143581 0.251004 0.294486 0.255751 0.213713 0.370956 0.292756 1 0.35715 0.159616 0.276768 0.2031 0.169586 0.206365 -0.06089 -0.04764 -0.0731impfree 0.13724 0.176845 0.188582 0.27876 0.34204 0.260446 0.299535 0.22021 0.35715 1 0.161319 0.217203 0.24702 0.195699 0.277789 0.002242 0.009596 -0.00197ipeqopt -0.06029 -0.02215 0.046212 0.051995 0.076588 0.043756 0.094313 -0.00434 0.159616 0.161319 1 0.322466 0.253951 0.263213 0.282134 0.150521 0.03908 0.066563ipudrst -0.08825 -0.0072 0.04042 0.11235 0.129956 0.064732 0.192488 0.040375 0.276768 0.217203 0.322466 1 0.307806 0.323075 0.3254 0.196895 0.033932 0.08555impenv -0.07954 0.066899 0.02864 0.117674 0.109694 0.089215 0.119235 -0.02236 0.2031 0.24702 0.253951 0.307806 1 0.290692 0.33667 0.1472 0.198492 0.072501iphlppl -0.11185 0.012127 0.020889 0.119075 0.059901 0.080681 0.094506 -0.06745 0.169586 0.195699 0.263213 0.323075 0.290692 1 0.348072 0.256845 0.19031 0.13711iplylfr -0.02898 0.119661 0.070287 0.177002 0.174236 0.151468 0.135899 0.041738 0.206365 0.277789 0.282134 0.3254 0.33667 0.348072 1 0.156227 0.122794 0.077859ipmodst -0.18934 -0.03854 -0.1647 -0.11121 -0.08048 -0.06578 -0.11467 -0.21787 -0.06089 0.002242 0.150521 0.196895 0.1472 0.256845 0.156227 1 0.222186 0.287073imptrad -0.00736 0.191699 2.34E-05 0.041464 -0.05977 0.065872 -0.05193 -0.10085 -0.04764 0.009596 0.03908 0.033932 0.198492 0.19031 0.122794 0.222186 1 0.2861ipfrule 0.061693 0.210522 0.045168 0.125075 0.01511 0.089115 0.018437 -0.08714 -0.0731 -0.00197 0.066563 0.08555 0.072501 0.13711 0.077859 0.287073 0.2861 1ipbhprp 0.024265 0.243165 0.070057 0.139224 0.022893 0.098937 -0.03236 -0.08608 -0.03463 0.035576 0.125885 0.081682 0.158743 0.227919 0.163856 0.358883 0.302397 0.460623impsafe 0.065339 0.131904 0.128461 0.134103 0.088373 0.091345 -0.01748 -0.16865 -0.03625 0.075551 0.145486 0.107364 0.130669 0.215063 0.164412 0.254788 0.238375 0.331258ipstrgv 0.054855 0.123902 0.050619 0.209261 0.122053 0.152896 0.073006 -0.04759 0.04947 0.144564 0.166313 0.135514 0.211909 0.236821 0.240137 0.227576 0.271338 0.298173
DE-Germany
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AT imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.308884 0.373502 0.361362 0.23579 0.287352 0.229835 0.350617 0.254116 0.134115 -0.06292 -0.07982 -0.11824 -0.086 -0.029 -0.116 -0.07177 0.145084iprspot 0.308884 1 0.417872 0.405387 0.183751 0.096524 0.139339 0.177821 0.19516 0.179912 0.018259 0.07863 0.041889 0.085011 0.141952 0.01463 0.115086 0.264101ipshabt 0.373502 0.417872 1 0.561156 0.315186 0.245639 0.334923 0.306837 0.316715 0.250432 0.146526 0.153405 0.057178 0.134046 0.147664 -0.10974 0.044647 0.117618ipsuces 0.361362 0.405387 0.561156 1 0.309321 0.273934 0.331708 0.308687 0.317907 0.303052 0.121867 0.138882 0.134397 0.175975 0.173284 -0.09468 0.047868 0.169066ipgdtim 0.23579 0.183751 0.315186 0.309321 1 0.432948 0.447554 0.381935 0.376898 0.462566 0.237227 0.284398 0.172135 0.192171 0.279202 -0.1534 -0.05313 -0.08958impfun 0.287352 0.096524 0.245639 0.273934 0.432948 1 0.384709 0.457886 0.197543 0.221503 0.022161 0.041565 0.000533 0.038436 0.037447 -0.12478 -0.0792 -0.01187impdiff 0.229835 0.139339 0.334923 0.331708 0.447554 0.384709 1 0.543202 0.467482 0.349807 0.200612 0.257882 0.12501 0.167074 0.168164 -0.17972 -0.11833 -0.06396ipadvnt 0.350617 0.177821 0.306837 0.308687 0.381935 0.457886 0.543202 1 0.369001 0.237405 0.043149 0.098524 -0.00452 0.021235 0.014801 -0.2136 -0.21033 -0.05956ipcrtiv 0.254116 0.19516 0.316715 0.317907 0.376898 0.197543 0.467482 0.369001 1 0.470203 0.307344 0.31999 0.25194 0.233954 0.288739 -0.13958 -0.05466 -0.10486impfree 0.134115 0.179912 0.250432 0.303052 0.462566 0.221503 0.349807 0.237405 0.470203 1 0.304729 0.321841 0.305653 0.2773 0.362068 -0.10044 -0.0435 -0.09539ipeqopt -0.06292 0.018259 0.146526 0.121867 0.237227 0.022161 0.200612 0.043149 0.307344 0.304729 1 0.476544 0.437964 0.413228 0.413179 0.105334 0.103404 -0.02976ipudrst -0.07982 0.07863 0.153405 0.138882 0.284398 0.041565 0.257882 0.098524 0.31999 0.321841 0.476544 1 0.430793 0.444293 0.433499 0.090339 0.103597 0.012763impenv -0.11824 0.041889 0.057178 0.134397 0.172135 0.000533 0.12501 -0.00452 0.25194 0.305653 0.437964 0.430793 1 0.416781 0.464687 0.154634 0.231943 -0.00447iphlppl -0.086 0.085011 0.134046 0.175975 0.192171 0.038436 0.167074 0.021235 0.233954 0.2773 0.413228 0.444293 0.416781 1 0.458922 0.197051 0.218288 0.058171iplylfr -0.029 0.141952 0.147664 0.173284 0.279202 0.037447 0.168164 0.014801 0.288739 0.362068 0.413179 0.433499 0.464687 0.458922 1 0.108544 0.194357 0.014496ipmodst -0.116 0.01463 -0.10974 -0.09468 -0.1534 -0.12478 -0.17972 -0.2136 -0.13958 -0.10044 0.105334 0.090339 0.154634 0.197051 0.108544 1 0.305706 0.285868imptrad -0.07177 0.115086 0.044647 0.047868 -0.05313 -0.0792 -0.11833 -0.21033 -0.05466 -0.0435 0.103404 0.103597 0.231943 0.218288 0.194357 0.305706 1 0.305767ipfrule 0.145084 0.264101 0.117618 0.169066 -0.08958 -0.01187 -0.06396 -0.05956 -0.10486 -0.09539 -0.02976 0.012763 -0.00447 0.058171 0.014496 0.285868 0.305767 1ipbhprp -0.00665 0.252886 0.042643 0.087245 -0.10997 -0.08347 -0.1474 -0.23674 -0.12216 -0.03806 0.066916 0.025938 0.13568 0.193279 0.166496 0.412732 0.418698 0.450345impsafe 0.03073 0.215482 0.156737 0.14698 0.04751 -0.07146 -0.06243 -0.22635 -0.02648 0.039988 0.175008 0.135297 0.213649 0.18012 0.257831 0.274543 0.305457 0.338939ipstrgv 0.007592 0.166614 0.095555 0.169635 0.023864 -0.03583 -0.04436 -0.17016 -0.01312 0.061783 0.144298 0.133072 0.200968 0.217984 0.226549 0.29287 0.362957 0.334478
AT-Austria
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GB-Great BritainGB imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 0.30331 1 0.407486 0.416346 0.263928 0.280566 0.193385 0.246341 0.121065 0.166957 0.059266 0.079411 0.11897 0.109269 0.267628 0.094487 0.235635 0.263403iprspot 0.399484 0.407486 1 0.587521 0.411115 0.327818 0.32929 0.323645 0.257492 0.160894 0.136725 0.121161 0.075116 0.115771 0.171702 0.007875 0.059612 0.105363ipshabt 0.440045 0.416346 0.587521 1 0.423211 0.38112 0.370154 0.439718 0.284103 0.225318 0.108272 0.124295 0.068221 0.113938 0.169011 0.003548 0.08937 0.072851ipsuces 0.412868 0.263928 0.411115 0.423211 1 0.597929 0.356907 0.434321 0.158028 0.241504 0.046413 0.093653 -0.01046 0.097451 0.149172 0.042127 0.008041 0.030621ipgdtim 0.326643 0.280566 0.327818 0.38112 0.597929 1 0.367855 0.474295 0.158039 0.261828 0.059314 0.08071 0.111352 0.154906 0.242411 0.067288 0.113555 0.025214impfun 0.21864 0.193385 0.32929 0.370154 0.356907 0.367855 1 0.485193 0.374656 0.273644 0.16319 0.258073 0.1941 0.22919 0.200557 0.089351 0.095472 0.062397impdiff 0.353115 0.246341 0.323645 0.439718 0.434321 0.474295 0.485193 1 0.261483 0.251597 0.092732 0.116631 0.058611 0.062247 0.116364 -0.00401 0.004388 -0.09417ipadvnt 0.136443 0.121065 0.257492 0.284103 0.158028 0.158039 0.374656 0.261483 1 0.34763 0.184866 0.223764 0.213282 0.224038 0.181854 0.025791 0.084029 -0.01169ipcrtiv 0.084161 0.166957 0.160894 0.225318 0.241504 0.261828 0.273644 0.251597 0.34763 1 0.220103 0.237099 0.190042 0.260473 0.196409 0.117601 0.092368 0.036267impfree -0.03151 0.059266 0.136725 0.108272 0.046413 0.059314 0.16319 0.092732 0.184866 0.220103 1 0.364999 0.266205 0.250819 0.178554 0.149096 0.047637 0.053758ipeqopt -0.0473 0.079411 0.121161 0.124295 0.093653 0.08071 0.258073 0.116631 0.223764 0.237099 0.364999 1 0.319781 0.344144 0.279793 0.256919 0.117489 0.182763ipudrst -0.0822 0.11897 0.075116 0.068221 -0.01046 0.111352 0.1941 0.058611 0.213282 0.190042 0.266205 0.319781 1 0.325422 0.325934 0.142177 0.315044 0.155153impenv -0.04253 0.109269 0.115771 0.113938 0.097451 0.154906 0.22919 0.062247 0.224038 0.260473 0.250819 0.344144 0.325422 1 0.424314 0.243166 0.257296 0.188222iphlppl 0.038653 0.267628 0.171702 0.169011 0.149172 0.242411 0.200557 0.116364 0.181854 0.196409 0.178554 0.279793 0.325934 0.424314 1 0.195283 0.298079 0.21732iplylfr -0.01561 0.094487 0.007875 0.003548 0.042127 0.067288 0.089351 -0.00401 0.025791 0.117601 0.149096 0.256919 0.142177 0.243166 0.195283 1 0.184229 0.292219ipmodst 0.006124 0.235635 0.059612 0.08937 0.008041 0.113555 0.095472 0.004388 0.084029 0.092368 0.047637 0.117489 0.315044 0.257296 0.298079 0.184229 1 0.332716imptrad 0.05478 0.263403 0.105363 0.072851 0.030621 0.025214 0.062397 -0.09417 -0.01169 0.036267 0.053758 0.182763 0.155153 0.188222 0.21732 0.292219 0.332716 1ipfrule 0.050516 0.29287 0.11566 0.10884 0.019094 0.110847 0.060439 -0.03149 0.060832 0.108314 0.141284 0.186776 0.253159 0.282044 0.332317 0.339454 0.337667 0.506203ipbhprp 0.12423 0.194081 0.277544 0.185551 0.157314 0.151575 0.125212 -0.10989 0.095981 0.121704 0.116124 0.153869 0.172796 0.248434 0.257537 0.243929 0.238455 0.31473impsafe 0.106569 0.181012 0.110643 0.156636 0.087523 0.166582 0.141088 0.068144 0.115953 0.157731 0.114986 0.213877 0.297583 0.212365 0.262922 0.182409 0.322888 0.296751ipstrgv 0.007592 0.166614 0.095555 0.169635 0.023864 -0.03583 -0.04436 -0.17016 -0.01312 0.061783 0.144298 0.133072 0.200968 0.217984 0.226549 0.29287 0.362957 0.334478
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ES imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.227427 0.345786 0.406984 0.286301 0.231217 0.154902 0.276674 0.150232 0.126024 -0.06781 -0.05791 -0.03875 -0.00914 0.002687 -0.10619 0.065254 0.08506iprspot 0.227427 1 0.352686 0.34672 0.172447 0.1483 0.113324 0.099064 0.088961 0.227153 0.072929 0.116109 0.103832 0.155313 0.259385 0.116572 0.231255 0.225762ipshabt 0.345786 0.352686 1 0.513716 0.313036 0.267828 0.275134 0.25135 0.25709 0.273431 0.099727 0.166289 0.112667 0.171597 0.184636 0.027567 0.129249 0.175133ipsuces 0.406984 0.34672 0.513716 1 0.461181 0.435364 0.380778 0.416763 0.3205 0.312081 0.070172 0.131056 0.157626 0.168131 0.196638 -0.0045 0.075097 0.08336ipgdtim 0.286301 0.172447 0.313036 0.461181 1 0.639382 0.50064 0.477923 0.350466 0.37622 0.180461 0.25983 0.209259 0.263101 0.313725 0.046589 -0.08786 -0.09379impfun 0.231217 0.1483 0.267828 0.435364 0.639382 1 0.473242 0.517022 0.332094 0.353456 0.149258 0.22114 0.227687 0.255118 0.266799 -0.02271 -0.04548 -0.13652impdiff 0.154902 0.113324 0.275134 0.380778 0.50064 0.473242 1 0.470731 0.405275 0.351405 0.215867 0.277565 0.205486 0.242551 0.260772 0.042732 -0.0856 -0.04218ipadvnt 0.276674 0.099064 0.25135 0.416763 0.477923 0.517022 0.470731 1 0.252771 0.242055 0.018444 0.09057 0.037382 0.046646 0.0689 -0.15331 -0.21571 -0.15063ipcrtiv 0.150232 0.088961 0.25709 0.3205 0.350466 0.332094 0.405275 0.252771 1 0.456298 0.313033 0.340548 0.353914 0.306377 0.322547 0.121234 -0.02436 -0.00945impfree 0.126024 0.227153 0.273431 0.312081 0.37622 0.353456 0.351405 0.242055 0.456298 1 0.300641 0.3417 0.333649 0.345493 0.388967 0.162564 -0.02357 0.024432ipeqopt -0.06781 0.072929 0.099727 0.070172 0.180461 0.149258 0.215867 0.018444 0.313033 0.300641 1 0.448752 0.416677 0.382446 0.400653 0.347909 0.068246 0.070822ipudrst -0.05791 0.116109 0.166289 0.131056 0.25983 0.22114 0.277565 0.09057 0.340548 0.3417 0.448752 1 0.420084 0.447487 0.428752 0.39249 0.064238 0.068784impenv -0.03875 0.103832 0.112667 0.157626 0.209259 0.227687 0.205486 0.037382 0.353914 0.333649 0.416677 0.420084 1 0.441475 0.528232 0.346492 0.177383 0.094736iphlppl -0.00914 0.155313 0.171597 0.168131 0.263101 0.255118 0.242551 0.046646 0.306377 0.345493 0.382446 0.447487 0.441475 1 0.51903 0.371281 0.224401 0.102816iplylfr 0.002687 0.259385 0.184636 0.196638 0.313725 0.266799 0.260772 0.0689 0.322547 0.388967 0.400653 0.428752 0.528232 0.51903 1 0.328588 0.186365 0.087383ipmodst -0.10619 0.116572 0.027567 -0.0045 0.046589 -0.02271 0.042732 -0.15331 0.121234 0.162564 0.347909 0.39249 0.346492 0.371281 0.328588 1 0.210645 0.253937imptrad 0.065254 0.231255 0.129249 0.075097 -0.08786 -0.04548 -0.0856 -0.21571 -0.02436 -0.02357 0.068246 0.064238 0.177383 0.224401 0.186365 0.210645 1 0.331858ipfrule 0.08506 0.225762 0.175133 0.08336 -0.09379 -0.13652 -0.04218 -0.15063 -0.00945 0.024432 0.070822 0.068784 0.094736 0.102816 0.087383 0.253937 0.331858 1ipbhprp 0.028904 0.333284 0.149166 0.126207 0.050516 0.015564 0.02104 -0.14774 0.105583 0.170479 0.249421 0.241868 0.319571 0.362566 0.331174 0.412272 0.396182 0.372349impsafe 0.069189 0.267206 0.194349 0.150976 0.092348 0.079748 0.035708 -0.15099 0.158474 0.20183 0.276017 0.240497 0.286422 0.274251 0.304107 0.379185 0.369816 0.299144ipstrgv 0.060037 0.215194 0.19324 0.155783 0.078365 0.073585 0.029759 -0.13016 0.152016 0.205082 0.250142 0.253175 0.32745 0.31205 0.302623 0.288345 0.346905 0.298745
ES-Spain
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IL-Israel
IL imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.309179 0.285858 0.311895 0.333533 0.277822 0.208757 0.283429 0.183785 0.133364 0.042533 -0.04886 -0.01277 0.032326 0.041419 -0.07008 0.041629 0.100629iprspot 0.309179 1 0.311592 0.398909 0.227194 0.194996 0.132622 0.16561 0.112339 0.130871 0.089507 0.03594 0.068945 0.181847 0.20053 0.067608 0.108792 0.214992ipshabt 0.285858 0.311592 1 0.443084 0.262082 0.252736 0.274159 0.199681 0.232456 0.205994 0.21695 0.142635 0.106825 0.164521 0.190188 -0.04608 0.04246 0.066675ipsuces 0.311895 0.398909 0.443084 1 0.37722 0.367092 0.283982 0.249107 0.239498 0.305485 0.168172 0.135653 0.114744 0.280213 0.24241 0.062958 0.118637 0.120538ipgdtim 0.333533 0.227194 0.262082 0.37722 1 0.567831 0.393156 0.350048 0.184623 0.327536 0.135328 0.096347 0.107543 0.183652 0.165133 -0.01229 0.070096 0.046176impfun 0.277822 0.194996 0.252736 0.367092 0.567831 1 0.384714 0.364915 0.19349 0.29663 0.147471 0.083151 0.175807 0.175439 0.21772 0.005844 0.143351 0.044165impdiff 0.208757 0.132622 0.274159 0.283982 0.393156 0.384714 1 0.459924 0.317148 0.305187 0.173796 0.191842 0.188537 0.226276 0.174445 0.04462 0.094241 0.077874ipadvnt 0.283429 0.16561 0.199681 0.249107 0.350048 0.364915 0.459924 1 0.293157 0.20968 0.07862 0.067748 0.081019 0.110662 0.082403 -0.09473 -0.02837 -0.01172ipcrtiv 0.183785 0.112339 0.232456 0.239498 0.184623 0.19349 0.317148 0.293157 1 0.226528 0.190121 0.173777 0.178711 0.183487 0.13182 0.012039 0.03595 0.037279impfree 0.133364 0.130871 0.205994 0.305485 0.327536 0.29663 0.305187 0.20968 0.226528 1 0.225258 0.173223 0.219537 0.232367 0.273738 0.069202 0.055439 -0.00022ipeqopt 0.042533 0.089507 0.21695 0.168172 0.135328 0.147471 0.173796 0.07862 0.190121 0.225258 1 0.270096 0.251928 0.296079 0.26309 0.118904 0.06713 0.116496ipudrst -0.04886 0.03594 0.142635 0.135653 0.096347 0.083151 0.191842 0.067748 0.173777 0.173223 0.270096 1 0.262944 0.3131 0.216766 0.225587 0.10424 0.157413impenv -0.01277 0.068945 0.106825 0.114744 0.107543 0.175807 0.188537 0.081019 0.178711 0.219537 0.251928 0.262944 1 0.287219 0.267759 0.193722 0.163097 0.163306iphlppl 0.032326 0.181847 0.164521 0.280213 0.183652 0.175439 0.226276 0.110662 0.183487 0.232367 0.296079 0.3131 0.287219 1 0.320005 0.303785 0.268245 0.198167iplylfr 0.041419 0.20053 0.190188 0.24241 0.165133 0.21772 0.174445 0.082403 0.13182 0.273738 0.26309 0.216766 0.267759 0.320005 1 0.162933 0.152095 0.102445ipmodst -0.07008 0.067608 -0.04608 0.062958 -0.01229 0.005844 0.04462 -0.09473 0.012039 0.069202 0.118904 0.225587 0.193722 0.303785 0.162933 1 0.288888 0.279599imptrad 0.041629 0.108792 0.04246 0.118637 0.070096 0.143351 0.094241 -0.02837 0.03595 0.055439 0.06713 0.10424 0.163097 0.268245 0.152095 0.288888 1 0.205706ipfrule 0.100629 0.214992 0.066675 0.120538 0.046176 0.044165 0.077874 -0.01172 0.037279 -0.00022 0.116496 0.157413 0.163306 0.198167 0.102445 0.279599 0.205706 1ipbhprp 0.087687 0.270836 0.114162 0.196957 0.083952 0.09979 0.04992 -0.08047 0.006451 0.058245 0.117259 0.137765 0.186692 0.274789 0.224266 0.367047 0.297892 0.417357impsafe 0.169417 0.272901 0.278124 0.262582 0.188571 0.167722 0.108197 -0.05276 0.045598 0.126715 0.201946 0.103381 0.110852 0.242987 0.188473 0.237299 0.234656 0.264515ipstrgv 0.107489 0.139312 0.203108 0.206095 0.146352 0.163564 0.113758 0.00363 0.079386 0.205444 0.231061 0.215653 0.247652 0.266269 0.272417 0.163814 0.177754 0.167581
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AnalysesFirst Question
• How do we assess the presence of the types of values postulated by the theory?
• We will start with analyses of 6 countries: three German Speaking countries: Germany(DE), Austria(AT), Switzerland(CH); 2 Mediterranean countries: Spain(ES) and Israel(IL); and a country with a long history of democracy: United Kingdom (GB).
• Then we will try to do the same with the 20 countries.
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ach1
Achievement =1
ach2
ach3
uni1
Universalism
=1
uni2
sd1
Self-direction =1
sd2
sd3
hed1
Hedonism =1
hed2
hed3
ben1
Benevolence =1
ben2
ben3
stm1
Stimulation =1
stm2
stm3
sec1
Security =1
sec2
sec3
trad1
Tradition
=1
trad2
pow1
Power =1
pow2
pow3
con1
Conformity =1
con2
con3
FIGURE 4: Measurement model with correlated latent variables
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.89
LE
.63
HE
.67
ST
.30
SE
.22
UN
.28
WO
.21
TR
.53
KO
.75
SI
.24
MA
ipshabt
1.11d3
1.00
1
ipsuces
.88d4
.96
1
ipgdtim
.55d5
1.00
1
impfun
.92d6
1.09
1
impdiff
1.09d7
1.00 1
ipadvnt
1.16d8
1.05 1imprich
1.07d1
1.001iprspot
1.36d2 1.421
impsafe
.88d20
1.001ipstrgv
.88d21 .911
ipfrule
1.39d18
1.001ipbhprp
1.27d19 1.121
ipmodst
1.24d16
1.00
1imptrad
1.63d17
1.17
1iphlppl
.54d14
1.00
1iplylfr
.36d15
.82
1
ipeqopt
.79d111.00
1
ipudrst
.52d12
1.08 1
ipcrtiv
.99d9
1.00
impfree
.59d10
.82 1
impenv
.59d13
.961
Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse Switzerland (CH)
1
.18
.33
.48
.30
.12
.19
.04
.05
.13
.16
.37
.10
.16
-.09
-.08
-.07
.15
.43
.16
.21
.01
-.07
.03
.13
.24
.23
.14
.08
.14
.01
.05
.15
.20
.11.15
.41
.39
.08.00
.53
.21.18
.23.26
.46
![Page 27: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Modifications of the Model of Switzerland (CH)
Modification Modification Index Chi Square/DF
0. Modification 7.4
1. Modification imprich - TR 65 6.6
2. Modification D3-d11 51 6.2
3. Modification D7-d9 38 5.9
4. Modification Impdiff-TR 42 5.4
5. Modification Imptrad-LE 36 5.0
6. Modification D11-d17 28 4.8
7. Modification D2-d13 26 4.6
8. Modification D6-d8 25 4.3
9. Modification D3-d21 21 4.2
10. Modification D2-d21 21 4.0
Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.039 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.95 ; GFI=.98 ; AGFI =.96; AIC=730.9 (Sat.=462.0 ); CAIC=1,371.6 (Sat.=1987.8 )
![Page 28: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
LE HE
ST
SE
UN
WOTR
KO
SI
MA
ipshabt
d3
1
1
ipsuces
d4
1
ipgdtim
d5
1
1
impfun
d6
1
impdiff d71 1
ipadvnt d81imprichd1
11iprspotd2
1
impsafed20
11ipstrgvd21
1
ipfruled18
11ipbhprpd19
1
ipmodst
d16
1
1imptrad
d17
1iphlppl
d14
1
1iplylfr
d15
1
ipeqopt d1111
ipudrst d121
ipcrtiv d91
impfree d101
impenv d131
Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse Switzerland (CH)
1
![Page 29: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Standardized Regression Weights (CH)
Estimate
ipshabt ---< LE .673ipsuces ---< LE .686ipgdtim ---< HE .782impfun ---< HE .627impdiff ---< ST .737ipadvnt ---< ST .635imprich ---< MA .459iprspot ---< MA .551impsafe ---< SI .668ipstrgv ---< SI .660ipfrule ---< KO .514ipbhprp ---< KO .598ipmodst ---< TR .443imptrad ---< TR .439iphlppl ---< WO .589iplylfr ---< WO .584ipeqopt ---< UN .461ipudrst ---< UN .550ipcrtiv ---< SE .462impfree ---< SE .527impenv ---< UN .514imprich ---< TR .-301impdiff ---< TR .272imptrad ---< LE .265
![Page 30: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Correlations(CH)
Estimate
TR >--< WO .572LE >--< HE .414HE >--< ST .618HE >--< SE .689HE >--< UN .340HE >--< WO .445HE >--< TR .-033HE >--< KO .081HE >--< SI .183HE >--< MA .379ST >--< SE .688ST >--< UN .122ST >--< WO .220ST >--< TR .-538ST >--< KO .-314ST >--< SI .-227ST >--< MA .210LE >--< ST .559UN >--< SE .644WO >--< SE .708TR >--< SE .-101KO >--< SE .-171SI >--< SE .075MA >--< SE .419LE >--< SE .453WO >--< UN .915TR >--< UN .660KO >--< UN .249SI >--< UN .363MA >--< UN .149LE >--< UN .072
KO >--< WO .383SI >--< WO .438MA >--< WO .528LE >--< WO .302KO >--< TR .978SI >--< TR .733MA >--< TR .203LE >--< TR .-308SI >--< KO .838MA >--< KO .803LE >--< KO .254MA >--< SI .757LE >--< SI .367LE >--< MA .850d3 >--< d11 .192d7 >--< d9 .188d17 >--< d11 .-136d2 >--< d13 .151d6 >--< d8 .191d3 >--< d21 .-159d2 >--< d21 .-160
![Page 31: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Modifications of the Model of Germany (DE)
Modification Modification Index Chi Square/DF
0. Modification 9.8
1. Modification Impdiff-UN 99 8.7
2. Modification Iprspot-TR 92 7.7
3. Modification Imptrad-MA 51 7.1
4. Modification D17-d13 48 6.8
5. Modification D3-d21 45 6.5
6. Modification D5-d10 38 6.2
7. Modification D6-d17 34 6.0
Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.042 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.96 ; GFI=.97 ; AGFI =.96; AIC=1,004.7 (Sat.=462 ); CAIC=1,657.4 (Sat.=2,065.9)
![Page 32: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Standardized Regression Weights (DE)
Estimate
ipshabt ---< LE .683ipsuces ---< LE .715ipgdtim ---< HE .766impfun ---< HE .791impdiff ---< ST .633ipadvnt ---< ST .746imprich ---< MA .649iprspot ---< MA .685impsafe ---< SI .674ipstrgv ---< SI .647ipfrule ---< KO .627ipbhprp ---< KO .735ipmodst ---< TR .575imptrad ---< TR .520iphlppl ---< WO .597iplylfr ---< WO .583ipeqopt ---< UN .482ipudrst ---< UN .599ipcrtiv ---< SE .632impfree ---< SE .561impenv ---< UN .543impdiff ---< UN .271iprspot ---< TR .338imptrad ---< MA .259
![Page 33: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Correlations(DE)
Estimate
TR >--< WO .614LE >--< HE .604HE >--< ST .769HE >--< SE .527HE >--< UN .224HE >--< WO .247HE >--< TR .-250HE >--< KO .108HE >--< SI .206HE >--< MA .462ST >--< SE .594ST >--< UN .006ST >--< WO .-055ST >--< TR .-560ST >--< KO .-159ST >--< SI .-183ST >--< MA .692LE >--< ST .689UN >--< SE .660WO >--< SE .589TR >--< SE .-146KO >--< SE .-036SI >--< SE .123MA >--< SE .417LE >--< SE .617
WO >--< UN .936TR >--< UN .454KO >--< UN .274SI >--< UN .409MA >--< UN .-244LE >--< UN .178KO >--< WO .396SI >--< WO .536MA >--< WO .-167LE >--< WO .246KO >--< TR .801SI >--< TR .616MA >--< TR .-506LE >--< TR .-362SI >--< KO .772MA >--< KO .082LE >--< KO .204MA >--< SI .073LE >--< SI .336LE >--< MA .956d17 >--< d13 .152d3 >--< d21 .-181d5 >--< d10 .163d6 >--< d17 .156
![Page 34: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Modifications of the Model of Austria (AT)
Modification Modification Index Chi Square/DF
0. Modification 9.7
1. Modification Impfun-UN 85 8.8
2. Modification Impdiff-UN 88 7.8
3. Modification Imprich-TR 83 6.6
4. Modification D5-d10 62 6.1
5. Modification D6-d2 35 5.9
6. Modification Ipfrul-ST 27 5.6
7. Modification Ipfrul-UN 36 5.3
Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.043 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.96 ; GFI=.97 ; AGFI =.95; AIC=907.6 (Sat.=462); CAIC=1,539.3 (Sat.=2,014.3)
![Page 35: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Standardized Regression Weights (AT)
Estimate
ipshabt ---< LE .741ipsuces ---< LE .758ipgdtim ---< HE .709impfun ---< HE .761impdiff ---< ST .671ipadvnt ---< ST .789imprich ---< MA .593iprspot ---< MA .603impsafe ---< SI .716ipstrgv ---< SI .704ipfrule ---< KO .705ipbhprp ---< KO .751ipmodst ---< TR .537imptrad ---< TR .547iphlppl ---< WO .662iplylfr ---< WO .693ipeqopt ---< UN .658ipudrst ---< UN .673ipcrtiv ---< SE .728impfree ---< SE .642impenv ---< UN .658impfun ---< UN .-326impdiff ---< UN .263imprich ---< TR .-337ipfrule ---< ST .200ipfrule ---< UN .-174
![Page 36: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
) AT(Correlations
Estimate
TR >--< WO .510LE >--< HE .581HE >--< ST .751HE >--< SE .707HE >--< UN .486HE >--< WO .481HE >--< TR .-187HE >--< KO .-175HE >--< SI .053HE >--< MA .461ST >--< SE .601ST >--< UN .072ST >--< WO .016ST >--< TR .-528ST >--< KO .-380ST >--< SI .-318ST >--< MA .388LE >--< ST .540UN >--< SE .669WO >--< SE .614TR >--< SE .-206KO >--< SE .-178SI >--< SE .019MA >--< SE .415LE >--< SE .580WO >--< UN .956TR >--< UN .369KO >--< UN .164SI >--< UN .364MA >--< UN .042LE >--< UN .255
KO >--< WO .333SI >--< WO .460MA >--< WO .218LE >--< WO .312KO >--< TR 1.010SI >--< TR .793MA >--< TR .250LE >--< TR .-045SI >--< KO .857MA >--< KO .584LE >--< KO .143MA >--< SI .471LE >--< SI .269LE >--< MA .854d5 >--< d10 .247d6 >--< d2 .-188
![Page 37: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Correlation over 1 between KO and TR
• Solution would be to unite them. They seem to be very close and unseparable in Austria.
![Page 38: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
LE HE
ST
SE
UN
WO
KO
SI
MA
ipshabt
d3
1
1
ipsuces
d4
1
ipgdtim
d5
1
1
impfun
d6
1
impdiff d71 1
ipadvnt d81imprichd1
11iprspotd2
1
impsafed20
11ipstrgvd21
1
ipfruled18
11ipbhprpd19
1
ipmodst
d16
1imptrad
d17
1iphlppl
d14
1
1iplylfr
d15
1
ipeqopt d1111
ipudrst d121
ipcrtiv d91
impfree d101
impenv d131
Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse Austria(modified and unified factors)
1
![Page 39: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Correlations(AT modified unified factors)FIT- is a bit worse
Estimate
LE >--< HE .582HE >--< ST .745HE >--< SE .702HE >--< UN .488HE >--< WO .483HE >--< KO .-172HE >--< SI .063HE >--< MA .557ST >--< SE .603ST >--< UN .074ST >--< WO .014ST >--< KO .-440ST >--< SI .-317ST >--< MA .584LE >--< ST .546UN >--< SE .669WO >--< SE .615KO >--< SE .-183SI >--< SE .020MA >--< SE .509LE >--< SE .580
WO >--< UN .958KO >--< UN .239SI >--< UN .362MA >--< UN .-073LE >--< UN .250KO >--< WO .393SI >--< WO .461MA >--< WO .082LE >--< WO .312SI >--< KO .841MA >--< KO .199LE >--< KO .074MA >--< SI .269LE >--< SI .269LE >--< MA .933d5 >--< d10 .247d6 >--< d2 .-183
![Page 40: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Modifications of the Model of Great Britain (GB)
Modification Modification Index Chi Square/DF
0. Modification 8.1
1. Modification Impdiff-UN 77 7.3
2. Modification D8-d20 65 6.6
3. Modification Iprspot-KO 56 5.7
4. Modification D17-d13 42 5.4
5. Modification D3-d20 34 5.1
6. Modification D2-d15 30 4.9
Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.047 ; P-CLOSE=0.92 ; CFI=.95 ; GFI=.97 ; AGFI =.94; AIC=865 (Sat.=462); CAIC=1,468.0 (Sat.=1960.0)
![Page 41: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Standardized Regression Weights(GB)
Estimate
ipshabt ---< LE .723ipsuces ---< LE .807ipgdtim ---< HE .776impfun ---< HE .770impdiff ---< ST .569ipadvnt ---< ST .776imprich ---< MA .602iprspot ---< MA .454impsafe ---< SI .585ipstrgv ---< SI .626ipfrule ---< KO .665ipbhprp ---< KO .762ipmodst ---< TR .419imptrad ---< TR .453iphlppl ---< WO .667iplylfr ---< WO .634ipeqopt ---< UN .482ipudrst ---< UN .623ipcrtiv ---< SE .618impfree ---< SE .562impenv ---< UN .573impdiff ---< UN .292iprspot ---< KO .327
![Page 42: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Correlations(GB)
Estimate
TR >--< WO .867LE >--< HE .650HE >--< ST .759HE >--< SE .437HE >--< UN .146HE >--< WO .318HE >--< TR .175HE >--< KO .083HE >--< SI .298HE >--< MA .760ST >--< SE .578ST >--< UN .175ST >--< WO .182ST >--< TR .028ST >--< KO .-097ST >--< SI .140ST >--< MA .746LE >--< ST .671UN >--< SE .643WO >--< SE .555TR >--< SE .310KO >--< SE .134SI >--< SE .335MA >--< SE .364LE >--< SE .526
WO >--< UN .781TR >--< UN .629KO >--< UN .442SI >--< UN .530MA >--< UN .-106LE >--< UN .238KO >--< WO .565SI >--< WO .623MA >--< WO .009LE >--< WO .273KO >--< TR 1.036SI >--< TR .922MA >--< TR .031LE >--< TR .141SI >--< KO .770MA >--< KO .121LE >--< KO .190MA >--< SI .243LE >--< SI .336LE >--< MA .951d8 >--< d20 .-338d17 >--< d13 .191d3 >--< d20 .186d2 >--< d15 .173
![Page 43: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Modifications of the Model of Spain (ES)
Modification Modification Index Chi Square/DF
0. Modification 7.5
1. Modification Impdiff-UN 91 6.4
2. Modification Imprich-TR 69 5.4
3. Modification Ipfrule-WO 41 4.7
4. Modification Imptrad-UN 38 3.9
5. Modification D15-d13 29 3.6
6. Modification D2-d15 22 3.5
Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.038 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.97 ; GFI=.98 ; AGFI =.96; AIC=662.9 (Sat.=462.0); CAIC=1,262.2 (Sat.=1,950.6)
![Page 44: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Standardized Regression Weights (ES)
Estimate
ipshabt ---< LE .644ipsuces ---< LE .798ipgdtim ---< HE .808impfun ---< HE .791impdiff ---< ST .595ipadvnt ---< ST .763imprich ---< MA .647iprspot ---< MA .528impsafe ---< SI .739ipstrgv ---< SI .697ipfrule ---< KO .767ipbhprp ---< KO .713ipmodst ---< TR .589imptrad ---< TR .934iphlppl ---< WO .724iplylfr ---< WO .719ipeqopt ---< UN .631ipudrst ---< UN .675ipcrtiv ---< SE .670impfree ---< SE .681impenv ---< UN .661impdiff ---< UN .322imprich ---< TR .-402ipfrule ---< WO .-372imptrad ---< UN .-626
![Page 45: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Correlations(ES)
Estimate
TR >--< WO .862LE >--< HE .664HE >--< ST .816HE >--< SE .655HE >--< UN .379HE >--< WO .481HE >--< TR .104HE >--< KO .054HE >--< SI .142HE >--< MA .491ST >--< SE .500ST >--< UN .069ST >--< WO .102ST >--< TR .-287ST >--< KO .-230ST >--< SI .-248ST >--< MA .308LE >--< ST .642UN >--< SE .736WO >--< SE .695TR >--< SE .413KO >--< SE .318SI >--< SE .370MA >--< SE .519LE >--< SE .593
WO >--< UN .888TR >--< UN .867KO >--< UN .591SI >--< UN .564MA >--< UN .325LE >--< UN .222KO >--< WO .658SI >--< WO .568MA >--< WO .482LE >--< WO .321KO >--< TR .998SI >--< TR .873MA >--< TR .545LE >--< TR .195SI >--< KO .816MA >--< KO .771LE >--< KO .300MA >--< SI .664LE >--< SI .310LE >--< MA .904d15 >--< d13 .187d2 >--< d15 .151
![Page 46: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Modifications of the Model of Israel (IL)
Modification Modification Index Chi Square/DF
0. Modification 6.8
1. Modification Ipadvnt-TR 63 6.2
2. Modification Imprich-TR 43 5.7
3. Modification Ipstrgv-UN 30 5.1
4. Modification Imptrad-HE 27 4.8
5. Modification D3-d16 24 4.7
Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.040 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.95 ; GFI=.97 ; AGFI =.96; AIC=833.2 (Sat.=462.0); CAIC= 1,451.9 (Sat.=2,015.4)
![Page 47: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Standardized Regression Weights (IL)
Estimate
ipshabt ---< LE .605ipsuces ---< LE .732ipgdtim ---< HE .764impfun ---< HE .744impdiff ---< ST .719ipadvnt ---< ST .656imprich ---< MA .600iprspot ---< MA .584impsafe ---< SI .743ipstrgv ---< SI .339ipfrule ---< KO .553ipbhprp ---< KO .755ipmodst ---< TR .583imptrad ---< TR .440iphlppl ---< WO .626iplylfr ---< WO .511ipeqopt ---< UN .505ipudrst ---< UN .517ipcrtiv ---< SE .448impfree ---< SE .506impenv ---< UN .529ipadvnt ---< TR .-249imprich ---< TR .-296ipstrgv ---< UN .305imptrad ---< HE .155
![Page 48: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Correlations(IL)
Estimate
TR >--< WO .727LE >--< HE .637HE >--< ST .710HE >--< SE .706HE >--< UN .312HE >--< WO .420HE >--< TR .-050HE >--< KO .148HE >--< SI .320HE >--< MA .574ST >--< SE .866ST >--< UN .451ST >--< WO .512ST >--< TR .065ST >--< KO .145ST >--< SI .147ST >--< MA .495LE >--< ST .571UN >--< SE .779WO >--< SE .755TR >--< SE .087KO >--< SE .088SI >--< SE .248MA >--< SE .515LE >--< SE .777
WO >--< UN .931TR >--< UN .526KO >--< UN .414SI >--< UN .365MA >--< UN .229LE >--< UN .410KO >--< WO .561SI >--< WO .515MA >--< WO .509LE >--< WO .582KO >--< TR .819SI >--< TR .567MA >--< TR .238LE >--< TR .141SI >--< KO .664MA >--< KO .626LE >--< KO .308MA >--< SI .649LE >--< SI .526LE >--< MA .859d3 >--< d16 .-141
![Page 49: Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey 2003. S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062621/551c2ed0550346b24f8b62c0/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Answer to First Question
• 1) We could assess the presence of the types of values postulated by the theory by a confirmatory factor analysis.
• 2) Items were highly related to their factors. The types of values could be assessed for the countries.
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2nd Question
• How do we assess the similarity of the meanings of single values and their meanings in other samples?
• We will conduct a multiple-group comparison and test for invariance between countries.
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Multiple-Group Comparison
• 6 countries: CH, DE, AT, GB, ES, IL
• Basic model: we look at the fit measures- can we believe this model is correct?
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Model Fit:
• Chi square/DF=8.2
• GFI=.95
• AGFI=.92
• CFI=.91
• RMSEA=.024
• Pclose=1.0
• AIC=8,148.8 (Sat=2,772.0)
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CH DE AT GB ES
ipshabt <--- LE 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
ipsuces <--- LE .960 1.021 .975 1.119 1.219 1.146
ipgdtim <--- HE 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
impfun <--- HE 1.087 1.142 .866 .970 .963 .986
impdiff <--- ST 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
ipadvnt <--- ST 1.055 1.090 1.044 1.240 1.094 1.043
imprich <--- MA 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
iprspot <--- MA 1.417 .929 1.020 1.040 1.047 .999
impsafe <--- SI 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
ipstrgv <--- SI .909 .973 1.006 .970 1.042 .750
ipfrule <--- KO 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
ipbhprp <--- KO 1.122 1.069 1.197 1.054 1.113 1.229
ipmodst <--- TR 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
imptrad <--- TR 1.171 .805 1.031 1.229 1.036 .932
iphlppl <--- WO 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
iplylfr <--- WO .817 .838 .905 .909 1.058 .642
ipeqopt <--- UN 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
ipudrst <--- UN 1.077 1.245 1.119 1.221 1.152 1.103
ipcrtiv <--- SE 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
impfree <--- SE .822 .786 .794 .808 .904 .910
Unstandardized Regression Coefficients- 6 Countries
IL
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Covariances- 6 countries
CH DE AT GB ES
TR >--< WO .244 .276 .244 .342 .317 .399
LE >--< HE .533 .516 .533 .706 .683 .493
HE >--< ST .796 .688 .796 .702 .978 .743
HE >--< SE .631 .375 .631 .366 .620 .409
HE >--< UN .233 .098 .233 .088 .270 .169
HE >--< WO .243 .142 .243 .240 .368 .291
HE >--< TR -.187 -.074 -.187 .102 -.040 .072
HE >--< KO -.145 .093 -.145 .090 -.022 .122
HE >--< SI .010 .164 .010 .249 .123 .292
HE >--< MA .365 .358 .365 .578 .403 .495
ST >--< SE .667 .456 .667 .446 .528 .494
ST >--< UN .175 .083 .175 .160 .165 .202
ST >--< WO .131 .058 .131 .180 .190 .274
ST >--< TR -.335 -.257 -.335 .057 -.181 .005
ST >--< KO -.247 -.092 -.247 -.015 -.126 .007
ST >--< SI -.221 -.080 -.221 .057 -.096 .087
ST >--< MA .409 .449 .409 .405 .309 .409
LE >--< ST .588 .592 .588 .586 .603 .426
UN >--< SE .422 .240 .422 .267 .371 .235
WO >--< SE .399 .252 .399 .303 .397 .294
TR >--< SE -.151 -.048 -.151 .129 .098 .075
KO >--< SE -.144 -.027 -.144 .090 .130 .041
SI >--< SE .020 .074 .020 .198 .236 .174
MA >--< SE .339 .251 .339 .212 .252 .236
LE >--< SE .525 .399 .525 .404 .450 .337
IL
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WO >--< UN .471 .292 .471 .304 .377 .335
TR >--< UN .183 .187 .183 .218 .266 .221
KO >--< UN .059 .126 .059 .216 .208 .176
SI >--< UN .218 .166 .218 .222 .263 .231
MA >--< UN -.025 -.049 -.025 .018 .032 .046
LE >--< UN .175 .087 .175 .130 .137 .165
KO >--< WO .161 .216 .161 .366 .271 .313
SI >--< WO .286 .262 .286 .333 .297 .367
MA >--< WO .044 -.018 .044 .121 .139 .200
LE >--< WO .216 .135 .216 .197 .208 .304
KO >--< TR .598 .602 .598 .534 .479 .522
SI >--< TR .509 .431 .509 .397 .441 .381
MA >--< TR -.022 -.093 -.022 .131 .122 .065
LE >--< TR -.049 -.141 -.049 .072 .067 .075
SI >--< KO .624 .567 .624 .555 .440 .457
MA >--< KO .245 .213 .245 .268 .265 .302
LE >--< KO .149 .173 .149 .169 .169 .191
MA >--< SI .176 .146 .176 .243 .229 .340
LE >--< SI .234 .213 .234 .299 .216 .349
LE >--< MA .675 .724 .675 .694 .609 .540
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DE CH AT GB ES
LE .834 .834 .976 1.006 .823 .582HE .880 .880 .900 1.172 1.286 1.025ST .817 .817 1.053 .723 .933 1.012SE .502 .502 .837 .595 .697 .324UN .267 .267 .498 .301 .352 .270WO .360 .360 .494 .495 .459 .473TR .508 .508 .538 .298 .304 .627KO .828 .828 .709 .858 .508 .664SI .640 .640 .779 .566 .585 .577MA .600 .600 .534 .497 .425 .643d3 1.013 1.013 .794 .868 1.157 .989d4 .807 .807 .697 .699 .703 .679d5 .598 .598 .703 .777 .689 .722d6 .706 .706 1.346 .752 .707 .817d7 1.041 1.041 .911 .994 1.220 1.070d8 .935 .935 .936 .878 1.068 1.428d1 1.001 1.001 1.244 1.097 1.548 1.601d2 1.366 1.366 1.193 1.286 1.477 1.284d20 .766 .766 .758 .947 .491 .870d21 .850 .850 .783 1.043 .666 .833d18 1.278 1.278 1.263 1.081 1.376 1.513d19 .807 .807 .787 .694 .593 .754d16 1.182 1.182 1.219 1.472 .985 1.049d17 1.676 1.676 1.305 1.782 1.405 1.897d14 .657 .657 .632 .627 .462 .710d15 .485 .485 .439 .593 .437 .566d11 .872 .872 .634 1.004 .589 .776d12 .738 .738 .730 .726 .628 .935d9 .798 .798 .830 .979 .856 1.278d10 .629 .629 .671 .826 .659 .788d13 .740 .740 .585 .811 .555 1.050
Variances-6 countriesIL
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Descriptive Comparison
• Countries seem to vary in factor loadings, covariances and variances.
• So far we have found configural invariance. A statistical comparison of invariance would provide an answer, if models in different countries are fully invariant, partially invariant or only configurally invariant.
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Steps in testing for Measurement Invariance
• Configural Invariance
• Factor loadings Invariance
• Invariance of Factor Variances
• Invariance of Factor Covariances
• Invariance of latent Means (given there is factor loading invariance)
• Invariance of measurement errors
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Steps in testing for Measurement Invariance
• Configural Invariance
• Same model structure in both groups
• Most important test (apples & oranges)
• Factor loadings Invariance
• Invariance of Factor Variances
• Invariance of Factor Covariances
• Invariance of latent Means (given there is factor loading invariance)
• Invariance of measurement errors
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Steps in testing for Measurement Invariance
• Configural Invariance
• Factor loadings Invariance
• Equal factor loadings
• Presumption for the comparison of latent means
• Invariance of Factor Variances
• Invariance of Factor Covariances
• Invariance of latent Means (given there is factor loading invariance)
• Invariance of measurement errors
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Full vs. Partial Invariance
• Concept of ‘partial invariance’ introduced by Byrne, Shavelson & Muthén (1989)
• Procedure
• Constrain complete matrix
• Use modification indices to find non-invariant parameters and then relax the constraint
• Compare with the unrestricted model
• Steenkamp & Baumgartner (1998): Two indicators with invariant loadings and intercepts are sufficient for mean comparisons
• In our case there are only two items for each construct, so we cannot test for partial invariance.
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Chi square/D
F (ind=56.6
3)
GFI (sat=1.0, ind=.5)
AGFI (ind=.45
)
CFI (sat=1.0)
RMSEA (ind=.066
)
P-Close (ind=0.0
)
AIC (sat= 2,772.0)
Unconstrained model 8.223 .949 .919 .911 .024 1.000 8148.847
Factor Loadings
equal across countries
8.008 .947 .921 .908 .023 1.000 8293.283
FL and covariances equal across
countries7.883 .931 .920 .883 .023 1.000 9796.401
FL, covariances
and measurement errors equal
across countries
9.133 .916 .910 .849 .025 1.00012038.08
7
Fit measures of different models
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Nested Model ComparisonsAssuming model Unconstrained to be correct:
Model DF CMIN PNFI
Delta-1IFI
Delta-2RFI
rho-1TLI
rho2
Measurement weights 55 254.436 .000 .004 .004 -.004 -.004
Structural covariances 330 2307.554 .000 .032 .033 -.006 -.006
Measurement residuals 435 4759.240 .000 .067 .068 .016 .016
Assuming model Measurement weights to be correct:
Model DF CMIN PNFI
Delta-1IFI
Delta-2RFI
rho-1TLI
rho2
Structural covariances 275 2053.118 .000 .029 .029 -.002 -.002
Measurement residuals 380 4504.803 .000 .063 .064 .020 .020Assuming model Structural covariances to be correct:
Model DF CMIN PNFI
Delta-1IFI
Delta-2RFI
rho-1TLI
rho2
Measurement residuals 105 2451.685 .000 .034 .035 .022 .022
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Chi square/DF (ind=49.7
68)
GFI (sat=1.0, ind=.49
5)
AGFI (ind=.44
4)
CFI (sat=1.0
)
RMSEA (ind=.06
6)
P-Close (ind=1.0
)
AIC (sat= 9,240.0;
ind=209,867.6)
Unconstrained model 7,782 ,946 ,913 .911 ,013 1.000 25892,180
Factor Loadings
equal across countries
7,606 ,943 ,915 .908 ,013 1.000 26557,360
FL and covariances equal across
countries7,768 ,921 ,912 .883 ,013 1.000 33083,803
FL, covariances
and measurement errors equal
across countries
10,026 ,894 ,892 .849 ,016 1.000 45621,392
Fir Measures for 20 countries
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Model Comparison
Assuming model Unconstrained to be correct:
Model DF CMIN PNFI
Delta-1
IFIDelta-
2
RFIrho-
1
TLIrho2
Measurement weights 209 1083,179,00
0,005 ,005 ,-004
,-004
Structural covariances125
49699,622
,000
,046 ,047 ,000 ,000
Measurement residuals
1653
23035,212
,000
,110 ,112 ,045 ,046
Assuming model Measurement weights to be correct:
Model DF CMIN PNFI
Delta-1
IFIDelta-
2
RFIrho-
1
TLIrho
2
Structural covariances104
58616,443
,000
,041 ,042 ,003 ,003
Measurement residuals
1444
21952,033
,000
,105 ,107 ,049 ,050
Assuming model structural covariances to be correct:
Model DF CMIN PNFI
Delta-1
IFIDelta-
2
RFIrho-
1
TLIrho
2
Measurement residuals
399
13335,590
,000
,064 ,065 ,045 ,046
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To answer Question 2
• Countries seem to differ in the meaning of values due to variance in the factor loadings across countries. AIC goes up in the invariance tests, therefore we reject invariance.
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To answer Question 3• We asked: How do we assess the presence of the value
structure? Deviations in value types, meanings, and structure in different samples invite interpretations. However, not all deviations are meaningful.
• Possible answer: Covariances between values differ across countries. So we do have configural invariance, but “distances” in terms of covariances seem to differ in European countries. One has to find the reasons for the differences: can we base these differences on geographical dispersion: mediterranean vs. north Europe? Long vs. shorter history of democracy?
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• Some values in some countries correlate very highly, and in later analyses we will need to unify them into a smaller number of values. These correlations are different across countries.
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To answer Question 4
• We asked: How do we distinguish real cultural differences in value meanings and structure from unreliability of measurement?
• Answer: if factor loadings are equal we can guarantee equal meaning of constructs. Differential measurement errors in the different countries is corrected by correction for attenuation in the SEM approach. In our case f”l are different, so the meaning of the factors may be different between some countries.
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Conclusions/Next Steps• Considering to modify the models in the multiple
group comparison to improve the fit.• Finding reasons for differences: geographical,
historical, political.• When we tried to do it with the 20 countries-as is
in the next slide, the model did not converge, and it is not clear why. Therefore, one should still be cautious as to the substantial meaning of the results so far.
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vvv2_5
HE
vvv3_5
ST
vvv4_5
SE
vvv5_5
UN
vvv8_5
KO
vvv9_5
SI
vvv10_5
MA
ipshabt
v1_5d3
1
ipsuces
v2_5d4
1
ipgdtim
v3_5d5
1
1
impfun
v4_5d6
a2_5
1
impdiff
v5_5d7
1 1
ipadvnt
v6_5d8
a3_5 1imprich
v7_5d1
11iprspot
v8_5d2 a4_51
impsafe
v9_5d20
11ipstrgv
v10_5d21 a5_51
ipfrule
v11_5d18
11ipbhprp
v12_5d19 a6_51
ipmodst
v13_5d16
1imptrad
v14_5d17
1iphlppl
v15_5d14
1iplylfr
v16_5d15
1
ipeqopt
v17_5d111
1
ipudrst
v18_5d12
a9_5 1
ipcrtiv
v19_5d9
1
impfree
v20_5d10
a10_5 1
impenv
v21_5d13
a11_51
Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse Deutschland
1
ccc3_5
ccc4_5
ccc5_5
ccc8_5
ccc9_5
ccc10_5
ccc11_5
ccc12_5
ccc15_5
ccc16_5
ccc17_5
ccc19_5
ccc22_5
ccc23_5
ccc24_5
ccc28_5
ccc29_5
ccc30_5
ccc40_5
ccc41_5
ccc43_5
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MenWomen
Achievement----
Self-Direction3.263.26
Hedonism3.383.47
Benevolence3.403.57
Universalism3.293.50
Stimulation2.242.11
Security----
Tradition----
Power2.532.33
Conformity3.213.31
Gender Mean Comparison (by Steinmetz, Schmidt, Tina-Booh and Wieczorek)
Data collected in a telephone survey in Germany on part time jobs, N=1,677.
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• Consider variance/invariance across gender groups. Maybe socio-demographic characteristics are responsible for more variance than cultural differences.
• Maybe people are more different within countries than countries themselves in Europe?
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Thank you very much for your attention!!!!