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VITAMINS IN RUMINANTS
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VITAMINS Vital amine Fat soluble
A, D, E, and KAbsorbed with lipids
Water solubleC, B family
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VITAMINS
Fat solubleVitamins A, D, E and K
Water solubleThiamine, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine,pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, choline
Water soluble vitamins and vitamin K synthesized in the rumen or in body tissues
Dietary requirements:
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VITAMIN NUTRITION OF RUMINANTS
Important1. Some vitamins must be supplemented in the diet2. Several aspects of vitamin nutrition unique to
ruminants3. Likely will be more important:
• As productivity of ruminants is increased• With increased confinement of animals
References1. Chapter 7 Dairy NRC 20012. Chapter 6 Beef NRC 1996
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VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF RUMINANTS
• Ruminants require the same vitamins as monogastric animals at cell level• Prior to rumen development young ruminants require dietary sources of vitamins
• Colostrum and milk• Concentration of vitamins in colostrum is greater
than in milk• Calves need to be fed vitamins if they are being fed milk replacers with nonmilk protein
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VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF RUMINANTS
Mature ruminants have dietary requirement for:Vitamins A, D, and E
Vitamin D in feed or from UV exposure
B vitamins usually not supplemented in ruminant dietsHigh producing dairy cows sometimes benefitfrom supplementation with B vitamins
Mixtures of biotin, niacin, riboflaven, panothenicacid, thiamin, and B12
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INADEQUATE DIETARY VITAMIN INTAKES
• Harvesting and agronomic effects
• Humidity, heat, light, pH, minerals, pelleting
• Reduced feed intake• Bioavailability
B-vitamins affected more than fat soluble• Level of production
Increased grain intake, increased feed intake,increased rate of passage, reduced rumen function
• Rearing in confinement out of sunlight• Stress and disease
Decreased feed intake, increased requirement
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CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING VITAMIN NUTRITION
Vitamin antagonists of importance to ruminants•
Found in moldy sweet clover - Blocks the action of vitamin K (Depresses formation of thrombin) Animals can bleed internally•
Destroys vitamins A, D, and E• Thiamin antagonists
Thiaminase - may develop in the rumenAmprolium blocks absorptionSulfur may destroy thiamin in the rumen
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SITUATIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTING VITAMINS
---Dairy--- ---Beef--- Situation A D E A D E
Forage, long storage X X Weather damaged forage X X X Residue crops X X X X Heat damaged forage X X Frost damage corn silage X X High grain feeding X X X X Housed indoors X X Milk or replacer diet X X X X X X Stress periods X X X X X Oxidized favor in milk X Extend case life of meat X X Improve tenderness beef X X
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VITAMIN A (RETINOL)
Vitamin of most practical importance in ruminant feeds.Deficiency most likely:
High concentrate feeds (low forage)Large amounts of fermented feedsMature - drought pasturesLong stored feeds
Sunlight, air, high temperaturesHeavily processed feeds
Some destruction of vitamin A in the rumenIncreases when concentrates are fedForage diets 20% Grain diets up to 70%
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-CAROTENE
Mostly in the vegetative parts of plantsDecreases as plants matureDecreases with time in storageSome destruction in the rumen (0 to 35%)Converted to retinol by enzymes in intestinalmucosal cellsSome absorption of -carotene
Ruminants do not efficiently convert caroteneto vitamin A
1 mg carotene = 400 IU vitamin A
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VITAMIN A
Deficiency Rough hair coatEdema of joints and brisketWatery eyesNight blindness
Retinol needed for synthesis of rhodopsinLow conceptionStill birthsFunction of immune system
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VITAMIN ARequirements
Cattle IU/kg feed DM
Growing 2,200Pregnant beef cows 2,800Pregnant dairy cows 4,000Lactating cows 3,900
SheepGrowing lambs 1,500Gestating ewes 3,300Lactating ewes 2,700
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VITAMIN ARequirements
Dairy cattleGrowing: 80 IU/kg body wt
Adult: 110 IU/kg body wt
Supplemental Vitamin A (retinol)1 IU of Vit A activity =
0.344 ug of all-trans retinyl acetate0.550 ug all-trans retinyl palmitate
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VITAMIN D1. Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) - found in plants2. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) - found in animals Photochemical conversion in skin:
7-dehydrocholesterol Cholecalciferol
Liver (Sequesters Vit D3) Vit D3 25-hydroxy-vit D3
• Circulating form of Vit D3
• Blood concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vit D3
indication of vitamin D status of the animalKindney 25-hydroxy-vit D3 1, 25-dihydroxy-vit D3
• Active form of vitamin D• Active on skeleton and intestine• Potentiates action of parathyroid hormone
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VITAMIN D FROM UV EXPOSURE
Active Vit D3
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VITAMIN D3
Parathyroid hormone increases production of
• 1,25-dihydroxy-vit D3 in kidney• Increases resorption of bone Ca and P
Involved in:• Absorption of Ca and P and mobilization of Ca and P from bone• Regulation of blood Ca and P• Immune cell function• Reproduction of males and females
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VITAMIN D - RUMINANTS
Deficiency• • • Reduced feed intake• Tetany• Weak bones
Vitamin D can be toxic• High blood Ca• Calcification of soft tissues• Loss of appetite
Vitamin D not stored in the body in any quantity
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VITAMIN D - REQUIREMENTS Requirement IU/kg Feed DMAll beef cattle 275Growing lambs 185Gestating ewes 216Lactating ewes 148Lactating dairy 30 IU/kg body wtDry pregnant cows 30 IU/kg body wt
• Generally recognized as more than required
Animals fed sun cured hays and/or kept in sunlight have limited needs for supplemental vitamin D
Dairy NRC does not give credit to feed and sunlightas sources of vitamin D
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VITAMIN D TOXICITY
Safe feeding levels:A few days - 25,000 IU/kg feed60 days - 2,200 IU/kg feed
Toxicity• Loss of appetite• Weight loss• Reduced rumination• Depression• Widespread calcification of soft tissue
Kidneys, heart, pancreas, lymph glands, lung alveoli• Inflammation• Demineralization of skeletal system
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FEEDING MEGA DOSES OF VITAMIN DPrevent milk fever20 million IU/d starting 3 to 5 days before calvingcontinuing through the fist day postpartum
Improve tenderness of beefAssumption:
Increased blood and muscle Ca increasesactivity of calpains, enzymes in musclethat degrade muscle myofibrils
Observations:Blood Ca increasedIncreased degradation of myofibrilsReduced force to shear muscle
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VITAMIN E
• Vit E content of feeds is highly variable• Vit E decreases in forages with drying and storage
Most fresh forages excellent source of Vit E• Most grains have low concentrations of Vit E• Heat treatment destroys most of the Vit E
Supplemental form of vitamin E is DL- -tocopherol• The esterified form is more stable than the alcohol• Rumen metabolism is minimal•1 IU = 1 mg DL- -tocopherol
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VITAMIN E
• Maintenance of cell membranes• Immunity• Reproduction
Deficiency• White muscle disease• Weak muscles• Retained placenta• Reduced reproduction• Reduced disease resistance
Toxicity not demonstrated in ruminants
Vitamin E not extensively stored in the body
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VITAMIN E - DAIRY - 2001
1. Dry cows 60 days before calving80 IU/kg feed DM• Based on reduction of mastitis and immune function• Higher amounts needed for fetus and to increase
concentration in colostrum
2. Lactating cows20 IU/kg feed DM
Needs to be increased when poor qualityforage is fed or if feeds have low Se content
Supplement Se if low in soils3 to 5 mg /d for dry cows6 to 8 mg/d for lactating cows
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VITAMIN E - BEEF & SHEEP
Requirement IU/kg feed DMAll beef cattle 15 to 60Pregnant and lactating cows 20Growing heifers 25All sheep 15
Related to adequacy of selenium
Vitamin E not transferred across placenta to fetusDependent on colostrum for dietary source
Feedlot cattleFeed 500 IU/day for 100 days.Extend shelf life of beef cuts in the sales case
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VITAMIN K
• Phylloquinone (vitamin K1)
Found in chloroplasts of plants• Menaquinone (vitamin K2)
Synthesized by rumen bacteria• Menadione (vitamin K3)
Synthetic form used for supplementing vit K
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VITAMIN KRequired for synthesis of four blood clotting factors
• Prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X• Involved in blood clot formation
No established supplemental requirement for ruminants• Microbial synthesis and vit K in feeds
Deficiency limited to:• Cattle consuming moldy sweet clover have delayed clotting of blood - “sweet clover disease”• A fungus produces dicoumarol that is a metabolic antagonist of vitamin K
Stiffness and lamenessUncontrolled bleeding – hematoma of tissues
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OTHER WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINSNOT REQUIRED IN DIET OF RUMINANTS
Ruminants with functional rumen obtain watersoluble vitamins from the digestive tract
Niacin -------- Supplementation may benefit highBiotin ---- producing animalsFolic acid ---
Vitamin B12 – Synthesized in rumen if Co present, not present in feeds
Vitamin C - Not synthesized in cattle until about 3 wks
RiboflavinPyridoxinePantothenic acidCholine
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SUPPLEMENTATION OF B VITAMINS
1. Prevent overt deficiency symptoms• Probably occur only in calves fed milk replacers
2. Prevent subclinical deficiencies• Optimum production• Impact of stress on immune system
Niacin - May benefit early lactation cowsBiotin - May benefit herds with high incidence of hoof lesionsFolic acid - Might increase milk productionCobalt - B12 - (methylmalonyl CoA mutase) utilization of propionate, folate metabolism, milk yieldB-vitamins - immune function of stressed cattle