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USA (Bartlett, IL) Division
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• 100+ years Manufacturing Experience• Six Sigma Black Belt (2)• 350,000 Sq. Ft. Manufacturing & Office• Total Program Development & Management• Product Development & Test Facilities• Product Testing: Cycle/Leak/Stress Testing
USA (Bartlett, IL) Division
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Manufacturing Expertise
• Welding: TIG, MIG, Laser, Resistance
• Forming: Hydroforming, Stamping , Folding, Flexible Tubing making (Bend-A-Flex)
• Cleaning: Aqueous, Solvent, Flushing, Clean Room Environment
• Brazing: Furnace, Induction, Manual
• Heat Treat: Vacuum, Atmosphere
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Prototype Laboratory• 15,000 Sq. Ft. of Floor Space
• Production Representative
Equipment
• Full-Time Laboratory Tech’s
Test Laboratory• 24,000 Sq. Ft of Floor Space• Cycle Life Testing• Thermal Fatigue Testing • Full Test Engineering Staff
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Senior Flexonics Business Unit
• Medical (Cryogenics, Endoscopic Tools - Bend-A-Flex Tubing & Heat Exchangers products)
• Semiconductor (Vacuum Components – Bellows, Bend-A-Flex Tubing products)
• Power (Stationary Engines, Gas Turbines, and Fuel Cells –Bellows, Bend-A-Flex Tubing & Heat Exchanger products)
• Petrochemical (Gas Lift, Oil & Gas Exploration –Bellows)
• General Industrial (Instrument & Controls, Valves, Electrical Switch Gear -Bellows)
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Gas-Lift Bellows
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ApplicationFunctional Requirements
• Pressure: typical operating 800 psi -1600 psi, 1800 psi max.
– Bellows design pressure 1” valve = 721 psi– Bellows design pressure 1-1/2” valve = 260 psi
• Stroke: valve full travel based on port size, but typically rated close to bellows design spec.
– Bellows design stroke for 1” valve = .167”– Bellows design stroke for 1-1/2” valve = .287”
• Temperature: typically based on elastomers used in valve. Std valve 250 degF, max 400 degF. Monel meets this requirement.
• Cycle Life: New multi-level API/ISO specification under development . Highest level would require life cycle testing and certification.
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Bellows Design 101
Question: How do you design a bellows?
Answer: Very Carefully
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Calculation Methods
• Flexonics equations• EJMA equations• ASME Section VIII equations • ASME B31.1 and B31.3 equations• ASME Section III equations
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EJMAExpansion Joint Manufacturers Association
• Industry group composed of 7 manufacturers of expansion joints (including Senior Flexonics)
• Current standard is the 7th edition
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Bellows Design Inputs
• outer diameter - OD• inner diameter - ID• wall thickness - t• number of plys - n• pitch - q• number of convolutions - N• material type
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Bellows Operating Conditions
• Temperature• Pressure• Motion
– axial– lateral– angular
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Bellows Design Characteristics
• Pressure Rating• Spring Rate• Effective Area• Cycle Life• Natural Frequency
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Pressure Rating
• Bellows can be internally or externally pressurized.
• Internally pressurized bellows are subject to squirm (instability).
• Internally pressurized bellows exert pressure thrust force on mating hardware and components.
• Pressure rating proportional to thickness to the 2.0 power
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Comments on Pressure• Considered only for internally pressurized
bellows.• Two types of instability
– column instability called squirm– in-plane instability called tilt
• Squirm is gross lateral shift of center section of bellows while ends remain fixed
• Tilt is when convolutions become non parallel to each other.
• Flexonics equation is less conservative
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Spring Rate• Bellows have elastic properties similar to a
spring.• Bellows can be deflected by pressure as
well as mechanical loading• Spring rate is not linear but varies over
loading range and bellows deformation• Proportional to the wall thickness to the
2.7 power.
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Comments on Spring Rate• EJMA equations can over predict spring
rate.• Flexonics has empirical data on spring
rates for standard size bellows. • If spring rate is an important design
consideration, always verify calculated number with empirical data and check spring rate on individual bellows as part of manufacturing process.
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Effective Area
• Area of circle lying midway between bellows ID and OD
• Similar to piston exterting same thrust as bellows when subjected to same pressure
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Cycle Life
• Determined from S-N curves for various materials
• Calculate deflection stress using EJMA equations.
• Stress is fictitious stress based on elastic formulas - plastic deformation is not considered.
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Flexonics Cycle Life
• In 1968 Flexonics developed a SST S-N curve based on bellows and coupon testing.
• In 1971 similar curves were derived for other alloys.
• These curves can be used with the total stress from EJMA to predict cycle life.
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Comments about Cycle Life
• The only way to confirm a cycle life prediction is to perform cycle testing of bellows.
• Cycling pressure and motion is more severe than constant pressure and motion cycling.
• Predicted cycle life is affected by operating temperature.
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Comments about Vibration
• To avoid resonance the bellows natural frequency shall be lower or at least 50% higher than the system frequency
• Flow induced vibration of bellows can occur with high velocity flow. An internal liner must be used to reduce this phenomenon.
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Nmin = 7.9E6, Inner surface of the outer ply.
DesignMaximum Stress & Fatigue Life
σmax
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Data Aquisitionfor Model Verification
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Von Mises Stresses
Inner & Outer Stresses of Multi Ply Bellow
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2-Ply 26 Corrs w/ 85 mm OD, 75 mm ID 0.2032 mm THK,7.112 mm Pitch, 321 S. S.
Bellows Model
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General Processof Making Gas-Lift Bellows
• Seam-welding & cutting of the 3 tubes (plies)• Draw processing to get tubes to their final wall
thickness• Tubes are telescoped together to form one 3-ply
tube• Bulge formed• Roll forming – we now have a functional bellows• Trimming the ends• Circumference weld• Leak Test• Final Inspection
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Tube Welding
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Welded Tubes
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Tubes Awaiting Cleaning
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Telescoping – 3 tubes into 1
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Tube Bulging
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Roll Forming
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Trimming
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Trimming
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Circle Welding the Plies
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Mass SpectrometerLeak Testing
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Typical Failure Modes and Causes
• During Manufacturing– Inadequate circle welds on plies– Found at final Leak Test Operation
• From the Field– Fatigue Failure– Over Pressurization
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Over Pressurization
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Over Pressurization
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Possible Bellows Performance Improvements
• Inconel Bellows• Valve redesign to minimize over
pressurization