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U.S. IMPERIALISM
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WHY EXPAND?
• Growing need for markets beyond U.S. borders
• American civilization is the best! We need to spread
our culture and Christianity
• ‘Scramble for Africa’ and territorial fights in China
lead U.S. to seek imperialist approach
• “Big Sister Policy”
• Rally Latin American countries under U.S. leadership
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VENEZUELAN BORDER DISPUTE 1895-96
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BRITAIN BACKS DOWN
• U.S. threatens to
intervene
• Britain backs down
• “The Great
Reapproachment” –
‘pat the Eagle’s
head’
• Shift in U.S. / European
relationship
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OVERTHROW OF HAWAII
• America slowly infiltrates Hawaii with missionary
work -> leads to sugar trade expansion
• 5/6ths of indigenous Hawaiians die from disease
• Asian workers imported to work sugar fields
• Queen Liliuokalani – Overthrown by Americans –
1893
• Most Hawaiians reject American rule
• 1898 – US annexes Hawaii
• Key Pacific foothold
• 1900 - Statehood
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SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
• Spain holds Cuba (and Phillipines) as last vestiges of
once expansive empire
• 1894 – Cubans revolt (insurrectos)
• Spaniards violently put down insurrection
• US has economic and political interest in getting
Spain out
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THE SINKING OF THE MAINE
Feb. 15,
1898
Havana
Harbor
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TELLER AMENDMENT
• Public sentiment split on imperialist activities
• 1898 – US declares it will go to war, only to reject
Spain from Cuba – once completed, Cuba would
gain independence
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THE PHILIPPINES
• Spain also controls Philippines
• Theodore Roosevelt (asst. Navy
secretary) – urges America into
attack on Philippines
•US sneak attacks – hundreds of
Spanish navy officers killed (1898)
•Guam also taken
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CONFUSED INVASION OF CUBA
• US blocks ships in
Santiago harbor
• Teddy Roosevelt leads US
‘Rough Riders’ forces as
Colonel.
• After month of fighting –
Spain declares armistice
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THE PHILIPPINES
• Population – 7 million in 1899
• Spanish colony (would be ceded to US after Span-Am War)
• US sends 125,000 troops to Philippines (Filipinos revolt with guerilla tactics) • Concentration camps / the
water cure
• Forced assimilation • Millions of dollars spent on
Philippines – improving infrastructure, etc.
• Filipinos gain independence post WWII – July 4, 1946
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THE CHINESE ‘OPEN DOOR’
• Western (and Eastern) nations see China as an opportunity for exploitation
• Country was already divided into ‘spheres of influence’ by outside economic interests
• 1899 – Sec. of State – John Hay ‘Open Door’ note
• Boxer Rebellion – 1900
• From this point forward, US would respect China’s territorial AND commercial integrity
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THEODORE “TR” ROOSEVELT
• Brandisher of the Big Stick
(Alpha Male)
• Quickly ascends from
Colonel, to NY governor, to
VP, to President (with
McKinley’s assassination in
1901)
• Disregarded checks and
balances of US government
• Strong believer in imperialism
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THE PANAMA CANAL
• US offers Panama $10 million for 6 mile wide swath through country for canal
• Panamanians revolt for fear of losing economic opportunity – US puts it down 1903 – gets 10 mile wide swath
• ‘The rape of Panama’
• Costs $400 million and 10 years to build
• One of the most impressive engineering feats in world history to that point
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THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY
• Addendum to Monroe
Doctrine
• 1904 State of Union
• US would now
intervene in any Latin
American issue
• Uncle Sam –
policeman of the
Caribbean
• ‘Bad Neighbor’ policy