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Orlando, Florida – October 7-9, 2011
Update on Cardiac Transplantation
Defining and Meeting the Challenges of a New Decade
Robert S. D. Higgins, MD, MSHAProfessor and Chief, Cardiac Surgery
The Ohio State University Medical Center
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Transplant Signature ProgramQuality and Quantity of Life
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Transplant Success
GOOD DONOR
GOOD RECIPIENT
GOOD OUTCOME
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Historical Context
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Louis Washkansky, recipientof the historic transplant, smiles after regaining consciousness
DECEMBER 15. 1967 35¢
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Heart Transplantation: Rags to Riches . . .
Timeline1960 - Lower and Shumway describe surgical technique in dogs.
Surg Forum 11:18, 19601967 - Christian Barnard performs first human to human heart
transplant in 54 year old man with severe heart disease- 24 year old donor injured in car accident; removed from
respirator and heart removed after it stops- Patient succumbs 18 days after surgery 2° to pneumonia
1968 - Shumway performs first heart transplant in U.S.1968 - 102 transplants performed at 52 centers
- 30% (30/108) alive at 12 weeks after surgery1981 - Cyclosporine immunosuppression introduced
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Heart Transplantation: “Growing Pains”
Questions raised by early experience:1. What about the donor?
Was she dead or did we facilitate death? What are the criteria of death?
2. Who should perform transplants?Where should they be done?
3. How do we proceed with potentially lifesaving technology? (with bad early results)
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Development of Heart Transplantation
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The US Transplant System
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National Organ Transplant Act
Task Force Prohibited buying & selling organsCreated the modern OPO systemScientific RegistryOrgan Procurement & Transplantation Network (OPTN)
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United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)
Originated from South Eastern Organ Procurement Foundation (SEOPF) in 1986Sole bid for OPTN contract in 1987Direct reporting /oversight from HRSA/HHS300+ employeesAs a contractor, UNOS has specific “deliverables” as part of it’s responsibilities
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The Problem
Supply
Demand
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UNOS Regional Map
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PR & US VI
HI
DEMD
MA
RI
OPO Service Areas
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UNOS-Organ Center
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Transplant Program Requirements
Surgeon (+/- fellowship)PhysicianRN CoordinatorFinancial ConsultantSocial Worker/Mental HealthOPO Affiliation/support
Histocompatability LabOperating room anesthesia/nursingICU Critical care/nursingPharmacyBlood bankInfectious disease
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Transplant Signature ProgramTeamwork committed to Quality and Quantity of Life –OSUMC 2010
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Congestive Heart Failure
Epidemiology4.9 million AmericansIncidence: 10/1000 in population after 65 years400,000 new cases diagnosed yearly70% of men, 79% of women with CHF have history of hypertension
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Myocardial Infarction & Remodeling
Acute Anterior Infarction
Fibrosis & Remodeling Dilation & Failure
Days Weeks Months - Years
Repair is limited to hypertrophy and scar formation due to inability of cardiomyocytes to proliferate.
F. Netter CIBA
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Heart Failure
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Left Ventricular Dysfunction- Preoperative MRI
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Congestive Heart Failure
Consensus Treatment StrategyAce InhibitorVasodilator (nitrates)DiureticBeta Blocker
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Indications for Heart Transplantation
End-Stage heart failure - NYHA class III or IV on maximal medical therapy evidenced by:
Reduced LVEFSevere diastolic dysfunctionReduced functional capacity (VO2 ≤ 12)
Inoperable coronary artery disease with intractable angina symptoms refractory to medical therapy
Malignant ventricular arrhythmias unresponsive to medical or surgical therapy
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The Prognostic Value of Maximal Oxygen Consumption
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 6 12 18 24
Duration of Follow-up (Mo)
Cum
ulat
ive
Surv
ival
(%) VO2 > 14 ml/Kg/min
VO2 ≤ 14 ml/Kg/min (listed)*
VO2 ≤ 14 ml/Kg/min (not listed)*
Circulation 1991;83:778-786
* p<0.005 for VO2 ≤ 14 vs > 14
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ContraindicationsAge >70Obesity (BMI >35) or severe malnutritionCurrent tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drug abuseActive or recent malignancyAIDSPulmonary hypertension (fixed)Severe end-organ complications from diabetes mellitusMajor chronic debilitating illness (COPD, neurologic disorders)Severe peripheral vascular diseaseSocial issues (lack of support)Medical non-compliance
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US Patients Listed, Transplanted, and Died on Waiting List
0500
10001500200025003000350040004500
1993
2002
2003
2004
Heart
93
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
#
Year94 95 97 99 00 03 0496 98 01 02
List
Transplanted
Death
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30
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Physiology of Transplanted Heart
Denervated heartAtrial dissociation leads to decreased atrial contribution to filling, tricuspid insufficiencyExercise response - blunted early catecholamine dependent late
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Thoracic Transplantation
Immunosuppression
Cyclosporine/FK506Azathroprine/MyocophenalateSteroids
Induction TherapyAntilymphocyte, antithymocyte globulinOKT3
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NUMBER OF HEART TRANSPLANTS REPORTED BY YEAR
189 318665
1182
2159
27133136
3363
4003 4171 4203 4364 4429 4396 4263 41993864
3581 3433 3390 3283 3226 3065 3185 3205
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Num
ber o
f Tra
nspl
ants
NOTE: This figure includes only the heart transplants that are reported to the ISHLT Transplant Registry. As such, this should not be construed as evidence that the number of hearts transplanted worldwide has declined in recent years.
J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27: 937-983
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Cardiac Transplantation
ComplicationsInfectionRejection (acute and chronic)Cancer
solid tumorslymphoma
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Years
Surv
ival
(%)
Half-life = 10.0 yearsConditional Half-life = 13.0 years
N=70,702
N at risk at 22 years: 33
HEART TRANSPLANTATIONKaplan-Meier Survival (1/1982-6/2005)
J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26: 769-781
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OSUMC Statistics
Waiting times4.9 months 1/03-6/08 (national avg 4.6 months)
Waitlist mortality20% for 1/03 to 6/08 (national avg 13.9%)
Survival rates: January 2010 SRTR statistics One year 88% (national avg 88%)Three year 79% (national avg 81%)
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Keys to success after Heart Transplantation
ConclusionsWell defined recipient factors determine early and late morbidity and mortalityOptimize donor hemodynamics as best strategy to avoid donor allograft contribution to mortalityAggressive evaluation, monitoring and hormonal resuscitation are best hope to avoid donor problemsLong term survival mandates close follow-up for rejection, diabetes, renal failure , hypertension and cancer surveillance
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OSU Leadership Supports Organ donation and Transplantation