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Assessing Children’s ReadingComprehension in K-5
Scott Paris
University of Michigan/CIERA
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With the collaboration of RobCarpenter, Ali Paris, InghamISD and many colleagues at
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With SPECIAL Thanks to
� Bill Loyd and teachers at Paddock Schoolin Milan
� Chris Butler, Judy Kelley, Char Woemer,LAP coaches, and teachers in Monroe
� Diane Schroeder (Willow Run) andteachers at Kettering School
� Bob Galardi, Luther Corbitt, and teachersat Pattengill and Bryant schools
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Reading Comprehension� Needs better definition(s)
� Not a stable or unitary ability
� Interactive and depends on text difficulty,prior knowledge, vocabulary, genre, andinterest
� Interactive and depends on decoding skillsand strategies for constructing meaning
� Confounded with differences in intelligence,language, and experience
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Key Features of Children’sReading Comprehension
� Builds on prior knowledge & experiences
� Includes narrative & paradigmatic knowing
� May require effort & strategies
� Easier when decoding demands are low
� Better when reading is a tool for learning,rather than a goal in itself
� Second grade slump = word calling
� Fourth grade slump = literalcomprehension
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Assessment Issues� High stakes tests define comprehension STILL
� Assessments vary in sensitivity by student’s skill,age, and motivation
� Assessments vary in sensitivity by text difficulty,format, and items
� Comprehension is low priority until grade 3
� Designed for group administration, fast scoring,and minimal teacher interpretation
� Limited test formats
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Limited Range of Assessments
� Few assessments for nonreaders,struggling readers, ESL students
� Limited variety of genre
� Disconnected from disciplinarythinking/knowledge
� Few performance measures of verbaldiscussion, debate, critique, synthesis
� One-time snapshots, usually brief
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The Usual Informal PracticesTeachers assess children’s
comprehension with:
� Observation
� Anecdotal records
� Answering questions about text
� Retelling
� Writing in response to text
� Discussion groups
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Humbug! Say the critics
� Not uniform
� No standards
� Too subjective, not quantitative
� Need hard data– To measure growth
– To show achievement
– To compare schools
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Can assessments be….?� Authentic
� Linked to instruction
� Diagnostic and summative both
� Used with teachers’ discretion &control
� Sensitive to student differences
� Based on scientific research
� Scaled up
� Acceptable to policymakers
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Some Things We Learned AboutAssessing Comprehension
� Informal Reading Inventories
� Comprehension of Narrative PictureBooks
� MLPP & TPRI
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Informal Reading Inventories
� Examples: QRI, BRI, DRA
� IRIs can include:– Oral reading accuracy measures
– Fluency ratings
– Reading rate
– Retelling
– Comprehension questions
– Graded Word lists
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Need to Collect Information
� From multiple passages & levels
� From multiple genres
� From multiple word lists
� From silent reading for childrenreading beyond grade 3 because– Comprehension and accuracy
unrelated for many children
– Silent reading allows look backs &strategies
– Silent reading avoids social anxiety
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What Data Should Be Collected forChildren in Grades K-3?
� Reading rate
� Oral reading accuracy
� Fluency ratings
� Comprehension questions
� Retelling
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IRIs Are Diagnostic WhenTeachers
� Interpret patterns of oral readingmiscues & self-corrections
� Identify difficulties answering specificquestions or retelling information
� Use results for conferences withchildren & parents
� Align reading materials and instructionwith children’s needs
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IRIs Are Effective When
� Teachers are trained well
� School or district -wide use of IRIs
� Parents and administrators value them
� Data are collected on Palm Pilots, e.g.,Milan and Monroe research studies
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IRIs Are Difficult to Use forMeasuring Growth
Paris (2002) in Reading Teacherdescribes problems with comparingdata across leveled passages, e.g.,
� Basic confounds between passages indifficulty, interest, familiarity, etc.
� Levels are debatable
� Scores may be skewed
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How Can We Report ReadingProgress & Achievement?� Pre-Post gain scores on same
passages
� Increasing levels of text mastery
� Categories of development (e.g.,Frustration, Instructional, Independent)
� IRT growth scores
All can be aggregated by classroom andschool and reported as Gain/No Gain orText Level/Standard met.
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IRT Analyses Can Reveal Growth& Provide Summative Data
Two research examples:
� Michigan Summer Reading programs
� Livonia Benchmark tests
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Reading Accuracy on the BRI
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Pretest Posttest Delayed Posttest
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Comprehension on the BRI
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Pretest Posttest Delayed Posttest
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Conclusion
� Were there summer school effects?– Yes!– …but only statistically significant when we
could use IRT to put different passages ona common scale.
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Livonia Benchmark Tests
� One narrative and one expositorypassage at each grade level
� About 10 multiple choice questions perpassage so 20 data points
� Given to students in grades 3, 4, 5, 6 inFall, Winter, Spring
� Problem: How to measure growth?
� Solution: IRT
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Livonia Benchmark Tests2001 and 2002 cohort means
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AW1TIMS AW2TIMS AW3TIMS BW1TIMS BW2TIMS BW3TIMS
Testing wave
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Gender Gap Narrowed - Maybe
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Fall 3rd Winter 3rd S pring 3rd Fall 4th Winger 4th S pring 4th Fall 5th Winger 5th S pring 5th Fall 5th Winger 5th S pring 5th
Female
Male
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Good News About IRIs
� Authentic tasks
� Linked with instruction
� Provide valuable data quickly onseveral measures
� Data are reliable and valid
� Data can be BOTH diagnostic andsummative
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BUT - IRIs have problems too
� Too much focus on oral readingaccuracy
� Accuracy and rate DO NOTmeasure comprehension
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Caution: Fluency Does NotMean Good Comprehension
� Word callers - High accuracy, lowcomprehension
� Gap fillers - Low accuracy, highcomprehension
� More of both kinds of readers aftergrade 3 so silent reading andcomprehension assessments areneeded
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Figure 3. Posttest Correlations Between Oral Reading Factor and Comprehension Factor
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PrePrimer
Primer Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
Passage Level
Factor Correlations
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The Fluency-ComprehensionDisjunction Hypothesis
� Accurate oral reading andcomprehension may be positivelycorrelated best (r = .4-.6) when:– Text is easy to decode
– Text is brief and familiar
– Questions are factual or easy inferences
– Assessed among young/beginning readers
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The Fluency-ComprehensionDisjunction Hypothesis
� Oral reading accuracy may becomeless related to comprehension among:– Older readers in grade 2 and above
– More skilled and faster decoders
Because automaticity of decodingprovides necessary but not sufficientfoundation for understanding
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Implications
� Measures of oral reading accuracy, likerunning records and miscue analyses,may be limited beyond grade 2 asassessment tools for word identification
� Need to compare oral and silent readingcomprehension as functions of textdifficulty, reading skill, and age
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How Can We AssessComprehension In ChildrenWho Cannot Decode Text?The Narrative Comprehension Task
(Paris & Paris, RRQ in press)
� Measures young readers’ narrativecomprehension skills
� Does not require decoding skills
� Based on wordless picture books
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A Wordless Picture Book
Robot-Bot-Bot, by Fernando Krahn
• Clear story line with main elementsof stories, black line drawings, nowords
• Adapted version:
–Spiral bound 18-page book
–Omits unnecessary pictures
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Robot-Bot-Bot
by
Fernando Krahn
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NC Task Part 1: Picture Walk
Observational scheme: Five types of behaviors 1. Book handling skills 2. Engagement 3. Picture comments 4. Storytelling comments 5. Comprehension strategiesScoring
0-1-2 point rubric0-10 point Picture Walk scale
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Part 2: RetellingStory elements included in retellings:
1. Setting
2. Characters
3. Goal/initiating event
4. Problem/episodes
5. Solution
6. Resolution/ending
Scoring
0-6 point Retelling scale
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Part 3: Prompted Comprehension
Explicit Information
• Characters
• Setting
• Initiating event
• Problem
• Outcomeresolution
Implicit Information
• Feelings
• Causal inference
• Dialogue
• Prediction
• Theme
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NC Task Research Shows
� Developmental improvement with age
� Readers score better than nonreaders
� Easy and reliable to administer
� Predicts reading comprehension scores1-2 years later
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Predictive Validity
.52**NC Comp Total
.46**NC Retelling
.30*NC Picture Walk
ITBS Comp
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Implications of NC Task• Is developmentally appropriate and has diagnosticsensitivity for young children & nonreaders
• Yields quantitative data for measuring growth andachievement in comprehension
• Can be used interchangeably for both assessment andinstruction & is a bridge to pictures + text
• Can be extended to writing - NP task
• Can be extended to expository genre - EC & EP tasks
•Strategy and genre instruction
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State Designed ReadingBatteries
� Michigan Literacy Progress Profile( MLPP)
– K-3 Milestone and Enabling tasks
� Texas Primary Reading Inventory (TPRI)
– K-2 tasks focus on:
– Book and Print Awareness
– Phonemic Awareness
– Oral Reading Accuracy & Fluency
– Listening & Reading Comprehension
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Test-Retest Reliability of MLPP
Strong Correlations
Letter Identification
Letter/SoundIdentification
Hearing and RecordingSounds
Phonemic Awareness
Known Words
Reading Rate
Sight Words
Modest Correlations
Concepts About Print
Oral Reading Fluency
Oral Reading Accuracy
Comprehension
Retelling
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Validity of MLPP
� MLPP tasks were correlated highly with similar taskson the TPRI. Phonemic Awareness, Letter Naming,and Letter/Sound correspondence were all very highlycorrelated. Word Identification, Oral ReadingAccuracy, and Comprehension tasks in the MLPP andTPRI were correlated at lower but acceptable levels
� QRI and DRA comprehension scores correlatedbetween r = .38-.71 with Gates McGinitie ReadingComprehension scores
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Consequential Validity
� Rob’s dissertation
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MLPP & TPRI Are
� Valid and reliable instruments
� Child-focused & teacher controlled
� Designed for individual, diagnostic,early assessment of multiple readingskills
� Not easily used for summative reporting
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Teachers’ Choices of ReadingAssessments Depend on:
� Purpose and use of information
� Familiarity with task and training
� Alignment with instruction
� Usefulness for parents and students