United Nations Conference onUnited Nations Conference onTrade and DevelopmentTrade and Development
Asia-Pacific Regional Center for Asia-Pacific Regional Center for Waste Management Training and Waste Management Training and
Technology TransferTechnology Transfer
Thailand Environment InstituteThailand Environment Institute
WORKSHOP
BUILDING NATIONAL CAPACITY IN RAPIDLY INDUSTRIALIZING
COUNTRIES ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF
RECOVERABLE MATERIAL/RESOURCES
Bangkok, 20-22 September 2001
INTRODUCTORY INTRODUCTORY
PRESENTATION PRESENTATION
SESSION SESSION
TWOTWO
Dr Ulrich HOFFMANNDr Ulrich HOFFMANN
UNCTAD SecretariatUNCTAD Secretariat
OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOPS
Implications of these trends forrapidly industrializing countries
Trends in material consumption in developed and rapidly industrializing
countries
Importance of global materialrecovery
OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOPS
Brief overview of the 2nd OECDWorkshop on Environmentally Sound
Management of WastesDestined for Recovery Operations
IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE
OF GLOBAL MATERIAL RECOVERYOF GLOBAL MATERIAL RECOVERY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-98
Per
cen
tag
e
Aluminium
Lead
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Paper
Share of Recovered Material in Global Supplyof Primary and Secondary Commodities
IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONALIMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONALTRADE IN SECONDARY MATERIALTRADE IN SECONDARY MATERIAL
Share of Trade in Secondary Material in GlobalTrade of Primary + Secondary Metal
1970-74
AluminiumCopperLeadTinZinc
1995-97
4 %24 %12 %13 % 2 %
13 % 37 % 22 % 20 % 4 %
CONCLUSION: Trade in secondary material has significantly expanded – function of material demand, not waste trafficking
TRENDSTRENDS
IN MATERIAL CONSUMPTION IN MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
IN DEVELOPED AND RAPIDLYIN DEVELOPED AND RAPIDLY
INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIESINDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES
Trends in Material ConsumptionTrends in Material Consumption
Share in global consumption
1975Aluminium DDC
RIC
Copper DDC RIC
Lead DDC RIC
1998
69%
7%
66% 7%
63% 8%
62% 22%
58% 21%
62% 18%
Per capitaconsumption
1975 1998
18.3 kg
1.9 kg
10.3 kg 1.1 kg
4.7 kg 0.4 kg
13.8 kg
0.6 kg
6.8 kg 0.3 kg
4.1 kg 0.2 kg
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1975 1980 1985 1990 1998
Per
cent
age
DevelopedCountries
DevelopingCountries
Trends in Intensity of Use of Non-ferrous Metals(percentage, 1975 = 100%)
Supply-demand Gap of SecondaryMaterial in Rapidly Ind. Countries
Material demand/Scrap demand
1975 2000
Material demand
GAP
Product life
Scrap supplyINDIA:
Copper Consumption24 k tons 240 k tons
Supply-Demand Interplay of Secondary Material in OECD Count.
OECD:Copper Consumption
5,000 k tons 8,000 k tons
Material demand/Scrap demand
1975 2000
Material demand
GAP
Product life
Scrap supply
“ECOLOGICAL RUCKSACK”of Primary Commodity Production
Aluminium/Aluminium/
BauxiteBauxite
1 : 51 : 5
LeadLead
1 : 191 : 19
CopperCopper
1 : 4201 : 420
Implications of These Trends forImplications of These Trends forRapidly Industrializing CountriesRapidly Industrializing Countries
Material demand must be met by domesticor imported primary and secondary material
As there is a domestic supply-demand gap in secondary material – imported feedstock playsa key role
Avenues for secondary material importes shouldbe kept open
Implications of These Trends forImplications of These Trends forRapidly Industrializing CountriesRapidly Industrializing Countries
In rapidly industrializing countries, sound wastemanagement is an integral part of sustainablematerial/resources management – twin approach
0102030405060708090
100
70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-97
Perc
enta
ge
Among DevelopedCountries
Developed to DevelopingCountries
Among DevelopingCountries
Developing to DevelopedCountries
Regional Patterns of International Trade inNon-ferrous Metal Scrap
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
ON THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE ON THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE
22NDND OECD WORKSHOP ON OECD WORKSHOP ON
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUNDENVIRONMENTALLY SOUNDMANAGEMENT OF WASTESMANAGEMENT OF WASTESDESTINED FOR RECOVERYDESTINED FOR RECOVERY
OPERATIONSOPERATIONS
Vienna, September 2000 Vienna, September 2000
MAIN CONCLUSIONS OF THE MAIN CONCLUSIONS OF THE ESM WORKSHOP ESM WORKSHOP
Principal focus of OECD ESM programmeshould be on recovery
ESM approach should cover both domesticand transboundary material flows
Legal status of the approach towardsESM implementation is very important
CONCLUSIONS OF SECOND OECDCONCLUSIONS OF SECOND OECDWORKSHOP ON ESM (contd) WORKSHOP ON ESM (contd)
Approach for ESM implementation shouldrest on two interrelated pillars:- use of existing Environmental Mang. Systems, such as ISO 14001 series- core performance elements for recovery activities
Env. Management Systems and core performance elements should be shaped so that they can be met by SMEs
SOME POINTS FOR SOME POINTS FOR CONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION
Rapidly industrializing countries should pursue a pro-active approach towards finding practicable avenues for ESM implementation that reflect their specific interests and circumstances
Practicable approach for ESM implementation couldrest on two clusters:- macro-economic criteria- micro-economic criteria ( EMS and environmental performance standards)
Approach should not apply ESM criteria to domestic and transboundary material flows in the same way –problem of informal/small-scale sector