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GRADE 7 SCIENCEUNIT 4: THE EARTH’S CRUST11/12Earth’s Crust is constantly changingWeathering and Erosion
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Earth’s Structure - Layers of the Earth
Draw a labeled
Diagram
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Layers of the Earth Rap’s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9j1xGaxYzY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiHRI_Z2Kgs
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Layers Of the Earth
1. Inner Core2. Outer Core3. Mantle4. Crust
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Inner Core
Position: In the center of the earth (deepest)
Size: Second smallest
Description: Made of Solid iron and nickel
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Outer Core
Position: Between the inner core and mantle
Size: Second thickest layer
Description: Made of liquid iron and nickel
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Mantle
Position: Between the crust and outer core
Size: The thickest layer
Description: Partly Molten. Looks “plastic-like” (silly putty)
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Crust
Position: On the outside of the earth
Size: The thinnest layer
Description: The Continental (land) crust is thicker than the oceanic (ocean floor) crust
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The Crust - In detail
● The crust is broken into pieces (ocean and land crust)!○ These pieces are called Plates.
● The plates are always moving!
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Plate Jigsaw activity!
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Plate Tectonic Theory
How did we come to understand Earth Science?
Scientists and Technology!
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Alfred Wegener
● Saw the continents fit like a puzzle
● He proposed the Theory of Continental Drift
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Theory of Continental Drift
● A Theory that:○ the continents move○ There was a lot of evidence to support this
● Problem: There was no mechanism to cause the movement!
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Pangea
The supercontinent made when all the continents were together
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQVoSyVu9rk
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4 pieces of evidence for continental drift
1. Continental fit: The continents seem to fit together (Africa and South America)
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4 pieces of evidence for continental drift
2. Fossils: The same type of fossil are found on different continents (Canada and Europe)
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4 pieces of evidence for continental drift
3. Rock layers: The same type of rock layers on different continents
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4 pieces of evidence for continental drift
4. Climate: Coal that forms in warmer climate only is found in Antarctica!
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Technologies Used in Earth Science
● Sonar● Magnetometers● Deep sea drilling
● Magnetometer paper
activity
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Remember!
Although there was a lot of Evidence -
There was no accepted mechanism
(No force that caused the continents to drift)
So… Continental Drift was rejected!
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Plate Tectonics
● New technology and data were found!
The theory of continental drift became the Plate Tectonic Theory
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Theory of continental Drift to Plate tectonics video
1:22 - 10:15
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrKTuCDierM
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Plate Tectonics
Plate: each pieces of the Earth's crust
Plate Boundary: The edges of plates. Where two plates meet
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The Driving Force Behind Theory of Plate Tectonics
Convection Currents: the heated rock in the mantle rises then cools and sinks. This moves the plateshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1dmE
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3 Types of Plate Boundaries
1. Divergent
Description: When the plates move away from one another
Force: Pulling apart
Results: Volcanoes and earthquakes
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3 Types of Plate Boundaries
2. Convergent:
Description: When the plates move toward each other
Force: Pushing together
Results: Volcanoes, earthquakes and mountains
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3 Types of Plate Boundaries
2. Transform:
Description: When the plates move alongside each other
Force: sliding past
Results: Earthquakes
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3 plate boundaries video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mWQs1_L3fA
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Canadian Earth Scientists!
J. Tuzo Wilson - proposed the third type of plate movement - Transform boundaries!
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Canadian Earth Scientists!
Joseph Tyrrell - discovered dinosaur fossils in Alberta,
● It proved that the local climate was warmer at an earlier time.
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Canadian Earth Scientists!
Harold Williams - (Newfoundlander!) highlighted that plate tectonic activity happened on the eastern edge of North America.
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Catastrophic Events from plate boundaries!
Earthquakes and Volcanoes!
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Discussion questions
1. Do earthquakes and volcanoes occur in NL?
2. Is there evidence that Earthquakes or volcanoes occurred here in the past?
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Earthquakes
Definition: The shaking of the earth
Caused by: The release of energy from plate movement in Earth’s crust.
When this energy is released, it travels in waves (seismic waves).
Example: Tsunami that hit burin peninsula
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Seismograph
The device used to record earthquakes.
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VolcanoesDescription: an opening in the Earth’s crust.
Caused by: Plate movement at boundaries
Example: Mount St. Helen’s in Washington D.C. - in the United States
3 Locations volcanoes form:
1. Convergent plate boundaries2. Divergent plate boundaries3. Hot spots
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Volcanoes - 3 locations
1. Convergent plate boundaries
Description: Intense pressure melts rock that later flows to the surface as a volcano
Example: the Pacific Ocean is being subducted under Japan.
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Volcanoes - 3 locations
2. Divergent plate boundaries
Description: Molten rock flows up to the surface
Example: The mid-Atlantic Ridge.
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Volcanoes - 3 locations
3. Hot spots:
Description: Areas where the crust is thin magma can be forced up through the cracks
Example: The Hawaiian Islands.
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Pattern of Earthquakes and VolcanoesOccur mostly along the ‘ring of fire’ (along plate boundaries!)
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Past Theories for Volcanoes & Earthquakes
Pele: The Hawaiian goddess who makes the mountains shake and lava flow at Kilauea, Hawaii
Glooscap: Mi’kmaq legend about how Glooscap (the first man) turned a beaver into the Sugarloaf Mountains.
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Weathering and Erosion
How could these rock formations occur?
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Weathering
The mechanical and/or chemical breakdown of rock.
There are 2 Types:
1. Chemical2. Mechanical
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1. Mechanical Weathering
The physical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments.
Examples:
a. Frost Wedge: Ice breaking apart the rock (most common)
b. Movement by plants/animals: burrowing through rock
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2. Chemical Weathering
When chemical reactions break down rocks.
Examples:
a. Acid rain: the acid slowly breaks up the rock
b. Chemicals made by animals: lichens chemicals break down rock
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Erosion
The process that loosens and moves weathered rock particles (sediment) over Earth’s surface
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Agents of Erosion
1. Water in motion (most powerful)
2. Meteorological processes (rain and wind)
3. geological processes (gravity and glaciers)
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Weathering Vs. Erosion - What's the difference?
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Weathering Vs. Erosion - What's the difference?
Weathering breaks up the rock
Erosion moves the rock!