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Unit 4: Industry and Imperialism
Standard 7-3 Goal:
The student will demonstrate an understanding of independence movements that occurred throughout the world from 1770 through
1900.
Vocabulary
7-3.4
1. Industrialization 2. Interchangeable parts
3. Laissez-faire Capitalism 4. Socialism
5. Proletariats
7-3.5 and 3.6 6. Imperialism
7. Social Darwinism 8. White Man’s Burden
9. Sepoy Rebellion 10. Meiji Restoration
11. Spheres of Influence 12. Open Door Policy
13. Boxer Rebellion 14. Berlin Conference
7-3.7
15. Monroe Doctrine 16. Spanish-American War
17. Yellow Journalism 18. Roosevelt Corollary
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Unit 4 Study Guide Write the number of the paragraph where you found the answer in the space provided. We will highlight and summarize
each standard for our notes this unit. This will be worth 5 bonus points if you turn it in complete before the test.
Questions Paragraph
Number
1. How did the Agricultural Revolution change Britain?
2. Where were factories built during the Industrial Revolution?
3. How did the way goods were produced change during the Industrial Revolution?
4. What technology changed factories and transportation?
5. How did the Industrial Revolution have an impact on way people lived?
6. What were some of the negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution?
7. How did people move during the Industrial Revolution?
8. Why did the working class begin to believe in socialism?
9. How did labor unions and new laws have an impact on the Industrial Revolution?
10. What is imperialism?
11. How did the ideas of Social Darwinism and the White Man’s Burden shape imperialism?
12. How did different countries react to being imperialized?
13. How did nationalism affect the Zulu in southern Africa?
14. Why was Britain able to defeat the Zulu and take their land?
15. Why did many Indians dislike Britain’s imperialism?
16. What happened to India after the Sepoy Rebellion?
17. How did Britain’s decision to import opium have an impact on China?
18. Why did foreign influence in China grow in the 1800s?
19. How did the Boxer Rebellion impact China?
20. How did Japan react to western imperialism?
21. How do we know the Meiji Restoration was a success?
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7 – 3.4 (BENCHMARK)
Explain how the Industrial Revolution caused economic, cultural, and political changes around the world.
1 The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (major changes in
manufacturing) began in Great Britain during the late 1700s.
It followed the Agricultural Revolution (major changes in
farming) and early advances in technology and machinery.
2 The Agricultural Revolution was a change in the way
people farmed. The enclosure movement, crop rotation, and
improved farming techniques led to increased crop production.
More crops meant there could be more people and led to an
increase in population. Due to this
shift, small farmers could not keep
up with larger, more advanced
farms, so they were forced to
become tenant farmers (people who
work the land to pay their rent) or
move to the cities.
3 Britain industrialized first
because it had natural resources,
rivers and harbors, experienced
entrepreneurs (people who start
businesses), a growing population,
political stability (the government
wasn’t changing much), growing
world trade, and lots of wealth.
Review the map to the right.
From Britain, the Industrial
Revolution spread to the USA,
Germany, and Belgium. Japan also
industrialized quickly to protect
itself from foreign competition.
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4 The Industrial Revolution’s economic changes still
affect our world today. The invention of machines has made
production faster. Many of these early inventions were used in
textile (cloth making) manufacturing. The use of these
machines led to INDUSTRIALIZATION (changing from hand
labor to machine labor). The flying shuttle doubled the
amount a weaver could produce, and the spinning jenny
allowed one person to spin eight threads at once versus one at
a time. These machines were originally operated by hand, but
later water power was used. The spinning mule, for example,
was a spinning jenny powered by water that could spin dozens
of threads at once and the power loom increased the
production of cloth even more. The cotton gin increased cotton
production.
5 The invention of machines led to the creation of
factories. Instead of doing work at home, workers came to the
factories where the machines were. Factories were originally
built near rivers or streams to provide power for the machine
and in existing towns and cities for workers. After James Watt
invented the steam engine, factories could be built anywhere.
Coal and iron were the resources needed to power steam
factories. In the 1870s a second wave of industrialization
began, with electricity, chemicals, and steel as the main
reasons for industrial business.
6 Steam engines also improved transportation.
Steamboats and locomotives led the construction of canals
(man-made rivers) and railroads for trade and travel. The
railroad was especially important because it created new jobs
for railroad workers and the miners who dug the coal to power
the new engines. Since transportation became cheaper, trade
could happen over longer distances.
7 In the factory system, individuals were given specific
tasks instead of trying to do every job themselves. By dividing
labor this way, factories increased what a worker could get
done and increased the amount of manufactured goods a
factory could produce. INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS, or parts
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that were the same for every model, led to mass production
(making lots of a good at once). Mass produced goods cost less
to make, meaning more people could afford to buy them.
Workers spent long hours in the factories, often over 14 hours
a day, six days a week. The conditions in the factories were
dangerous and many people were killed or injured. There was
no insurance, no workers comp, and no disability if a worker
was hurt. Many of the workers were farmers who came to the
factories so they could earn more money as part of a large
rural (county) to urban (city) migration (movement). This shift
was called urbanization.
8 This migration changed society. Many cities in Europe
doubled their population during the Industrial Revolution.
Workers were paid very little, and living conditions in the
working class (people who worked in the factories)
neighborhoods were not good. The working class lived in
crowded areas, without basic utilities like running water.
Conditions were unsanitary and pollution from factories made
them worse. The middle and upper classes such as business
owners or other professionals moved into nicer homes in the
suburbs (areas just outside the city). This showed the class
divisions in industrial societies.
9 The dangerous conditions and growing class divisions
led to political changes. The basis for the Industrial Revolution
was LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM. Under this system, all
factors of production are privately owned and the government
keeps its hands off of the economy. While this system allowed
industry to grow, it also created a large gap between the rich
and poor. Supporters of capitalism argued against reforms like
a minimum wage or safer working conditions. They believed
such changes would hurt the free market system and create
less wealth. The middle and upper classes continued to
oppress the working class.
10 The working class turned to SOCIALISM because they
believed it would provide a better life for the working classes.
Under socialism, the government was supposed to organize
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the economy to create equality and end poverty. Workers
would produce more and wealth would be distributed to those
that needed it. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The
Communist Manifesto to push for a radical form of socialism.
They believed the social classes were at war with each other,
and the PROLETARIATS (the “have-nots,” or working classes)
had to over throw the bourgeoisie (the “haves,” or factory
owners) to take control. Although this never happened, Marx
and Engels inspired future reforms and revolutions.
11 Labor unions and reform laws were created in 1800s to
correct the issues between the classes. Unions worked for
better working conditions, higher pay, and shorter hours.
They would strike (stop working) if their demands were not
met. At first these unions were restricted but they achieved
some victories over time. For example, in the 1830s, British
Parliament began regulating mine and factory conditions for
women and children.
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7 – 3.5 and 7 – 3.6 (BENCHMARK) Analyze how industrialization led to imperialism in India,
Japan, China, and Africa. Explain reactions to imperialism that resulted from growing nationalism.
12 IMPERIALISM (belief that powerful nations should
control weaker ones) was created by the Industrial Revolution
because of the wealth gap created between industrialized and
non-industrialized nations. Industrial nations needed raw
materials from less developed countries. Europe, the U.S.A.,
and Japan were the major imperial powers. They wanted land
and resources in Asia and Africa. European politics and
society supported imperialism. European nations competed for
colonies. Nationalism led each country to try and get the most
and best trading posts. SOCIAL DARWINISM (belief that
stronger nations should have the most wealth and power) also
led the belief that Western nations were superior and should
rule. Rudyard Kipling’s WHITE MAN’S BURDEN explained
that Western powers had a duty to force their culture on
weaker nations, even if the weaker nations don’t want it.
INDIA
13 India was the most important Asian colony for Great
Britain. The British East India Company set up trading posts
along the Indian coast, making it very important to the British
Empire. Britain set this organization up and gave it its own
government, which allowed it freedom to run as it pleased.
14 The SEPOY REBELLION was a result of British
imperialism. To maintain control of British interests in India,
the British East India Company hired Indian soldiers known
as sepoys (see photo on right) to protect their trading
business. As Britain took more control over India, the Indian
people became more and more unhappy. Britain suppressed
Indian culture even as they built railroads, communication
systems, and schools to transform the country. Rumors that
new gun cartridges (bullets and gunpowder wrapped in
paper) were greased with pork or beef fat angered Hindu and
Muslim sepoys.
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To use a cartridge you have to bite the end off to empty
the powder into the chamber. Hindus and Muslims are
forbidden from eating pork or beef, and they were forced to
use these contaminated cartridges. The sepoys revolted
against the British as a result of this betrayal. Britain took full
control of India after putting down the rebellion. Britain began
taking India’s raw materials while setting up markets to sell
British goods. Many Indian industries, including the textile
industry, were hurt because they could not compete with
British industrialization.
JAPAN
15 Japan’s government was forced to reopen trade when
the United States threatened to attack. Commodore Matthew
Perry of the U.S. Navy used his warships to force Japan to
sign a trade treaty. Japan, which had gone into isolationism in
the 1600s, was forced to trade again. The government of
Japan decided to industrialize rather than become a simple
market.
16 The MEIJI RESTORATION (Japan’s forced
industrialization) was Japan’s way to protect itself. In 1868
the Japanese emperor took the tile Meiji, meaning enlightened
one. The Meiji government sent people to study Western
nations so they could industrialize. Japanese conservatives
were unhappy with this decision, but the Meiji government
carried on.
17 Japan’s rapid growth of industry allowed them to join
the West in becoming a strong imperial power. In 1894, Japan
went to war with China in order to take control of Korea.
Japan needed Korea for access to raw materials and for new
markets. Japan showed the world its new industrial might by
quickly defeating China in the Sino-Japanese War. This gave
Japan control of Korea.
18 In 1904 Japan showed its power again by defeating
Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. Russia had tried to trade
in Korea but the Japanese would not allow it. Japan’s navy
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destroyed much of the Russian naval fleet headed for Korea.
Russia surrendered in 1905, giving Japan the solitary right to
Korea. The Meiji Restoration had made Japan a world power
equaling the nations of Europe and the United States.
CHINA
19 China was also forced to reopen trade with foreigners.
China was self-sufficient by the late 1700s and early 1800s,
meaning they didn’t need to trade with Europe. Britain,
however, found one thing Chinese citizens were willing to buy:
the addictive drug opium grown in India. China fought the
British in the Opium War to try and stop the drug’s trade, but
they were defeated. After Britain won the Opium War, China
had to allow Britain to trade and set up markets.
20 At the same time China was undergoing an internal
rebellion. The Taiping Rebellion was an attempt to create a
kingdom without poverty. The Chinese government felt
pressured to change, but attempts to reform and gain strength
did little good. Other industrialized nations also wanted access
to China so they took advantage of China’s problems. They
began carving the
country into special
territories where
they controlled trade
and economic
rights. They called
these territories
SPHERES OF
INFLUENCE. The
U.S. created the
OPEN DOOR
POLICY to allow all
nations to trade
freely in China.
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21 The BOXER REBELLION was a response to
imperialism and growing Chinese nationalism. The Righteous
and Harmonious Fists (called the Boxers by Europeans) was a
nationalist group that used martial arts to get foreigners out of
China. The Boxers attacked and killed foreigners and Chinese
Christians while causing major damage to foreign owned
shops and businesses. The rebellion was stopped when the
eight nations with economic interests in China joined forces.
The Chinese government was forced to pay for the damages
done by the Boxers and the eight nations were allowed to keep
their spheres of influence. However, nationalism and the need
for reform stayed strong in China.
AFRICA
22 Exploration of Africa led to Belgium signing a treaty to
take the Congo. Belgium’s King Leopold II established rubber
plantations there and forced Africans to work in hard
conditions removing sap from rubber plants. Soon after, other
nations began trying to take their own piece of Africa. The
BERLIN CONFERENCE set the rules for dividing Africa.
Fourteen European nations met to decide who would take
what part of Africa. No Africans were represented, and the
Europeans ignored traditional tribal or language borders.
Europeans easily dominated Africa because of their superior
technology. Only Liberia and Ethiopia were not imperialized by
1914. Despite the attempts to reach a peaceful division,
conflicts still arose.
23 The Zulu Wars in South Africa put imperialism up
against nationalism. The Dutch, the British, and Africans all
wanted the land and valuable resources there. In the early
1800s, Shaka Zulu created a centralized country. The Boers,
Dutch settlers also known as Afrikaners, began moving North
into Zulu lands as Britain began taking over South Africa.
Shaka Zulu led his people in a war against the Boers to
protect his empire from Dutch control. His successors did not
have as much luck against the British who moved into South
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Africa. In the 1880s The Zulu Wars were fought between the
Zulu tribes of Africa and the British. Because of Britain’s
advanced weapons, the Zulu were defeated and their kingdom
became a part of the British Empire.
Map of Africa showing
different ethnic groups
Map of Africa as divided
by the Berlin Conference
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7 – 3.7 Explain the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War as a reflection
of American imperialist interests, including acquisitions, military occupations, and status as an emerging world power.
24 In 1823, U.S. President James Monroe issued the MONROE
DOCTRINE. The Doctrine said the Americas were off limits to European
colonization, while the U.S. would stay out of Europe’s side of the world.
One of the biggest tests of this doctrine came when Cuba declared its
independence from Spain. During the 1890s the U.S. became increasingly
imperialist towards Cuba, and in 1895 Cuban leader Jose Marti began
fighting for the island’s freedom from Spanish Rule
25 The SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR started in 1898. The U.S. was
providing aid to Cuba, using the Monroe Doctrine to justify their
involvement. The USS Maine, an American warship, was sent to Havana
Harbor to protect American interests there. The explosion of the USS Maine,
which was blamed on a Spanish attack, led Americans to declare war
against Spain.
26 This delighted many American newspapers. They had been
scrambling for the most sensational and competitive headlines for years.
Called “YELLOW JOURNALISM,” they were not above exaggerating,
omitting the truth, and outright lying if it would sell newspapers.
27 The war lasted four months. It was fought on two fronts: Cuba and
the Philippines. America won the Philippines, as well as the territories of
Guam and Puerto Rico. The U.S. put a military government in Cuba
controlled the country’s business, angering many Cubans. The U.S. leased
Guantanamo Bay in order to establish a major naval base on the island.
28 The war increased America’s desire for imperialism. President
Theodore Roosevelt issued the ROOSEVELT COROLLARY in 1904,
declaring the United States was an international police power protecting the
Western Hemisphere. This gave the U.S. justification for intervening in
Latin America. To showcase America’s new power Roosevelt sent the U.S.
Navy, known as the Great White Fleet, on a world tour. The U.S.
encouraged revolution in Panama in order to build the Panama Canal
(canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans). Intervention in Latin
America increased, creating an economic imperialism that established
American supremacy in the Western Hemisphere.