Download - Unit 2B The practice of human biology The relevance of human biology to everyday life Pregnancy
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Unit 2BThe practice of human biology
The relevance of human biology to everyday life
Pregnancy
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Further information
Further information about this topic can be found in Our Human Species (3rd edtn)
Chapter 15, sections 1-3 Chapter 16 , section 9-12
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Diet
• Doctors recommend that there is no need to eat more food during pregnancy; rather, pregnant women should concentrate on diet quality rather than quantity
• During pregnancy there is a greater need for certain nutrients, such as iron and folate, but only a small amount of extra energy is needed
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Pregnant woman eating fresh salad, bread and cheese
Anthea Sieveking, Wellcome Images
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The food pyramid
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Diet and nutrition, fruit and vegetables
Fiona Pragoff, Wellcome Images
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A balanced diet
Eat mostly:– fruit and vegetables – wholegrain breads and cereals
Eat moderately: – low fat dairy foods e.g. low fat milk, cheese and
yoghurt– lean meats, chicken or fish
Eat least: – foods high in sugar e.g. sweets, cakes, biscuits, soft
drinks – foods high in fat e.g. margarine, butter, oil and cream– foods high in salt
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Calories
• Pregnant women do not need to eat for two – they should concentrate on diet quality rather than quantity
• During the second and third trimesters, energy requirements increase by about 600 kJ a day . This can be covered by increasing fruit intake from 2 serves to 4 serves
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A pregnant woman checking her weight
Anthea Sieveking, Wellcome Images
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• A normal weight gain over the course of the pregnancy is around 10–13 kg.Most of this is:– the baby ~3 kg – the muscle layer of the uterus ~1 kg – the placenta ~600 g – extra breast weight ~400 g – extra blood volume ~1.2 kg– amniotic fluid ~2.6 kg
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• During a pregnancy there may be a need for certain nutrients, such as iron and folate.
• If the woman is eating a balanced diet there is usually no need for extra vitamins (too much vitamin A can be dangerous) or calcium.
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Folic acid (folate)• Folic acid is one of the B vitamins.• If a woman has a deficiency of folic acid
during pregnancy there is an increased risk of having an underweight baby or a baby with a neural tube defect (e.g. spina bifida). There is also a greater risk of suffering a miscarriage.
• If a woman is planning to become pregnant it is recommended that she take folic acid for at least one month before, to three months after conception.
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Good dietary sources of folic acid
Asparagus Chickpeas Parsley
Bran flakes Dried beans Peas
Broccoli Leeks Spinach
Brussels sprouts Lentils Wheatgerm
Cabbage Oranges Wholegrain bread
Cauliflower Orange juice
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Folic acid is recommended for pregnant mothers to reduce the risk of spina bifida in their unborn babies
Wellcome Library, London
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IRON
• During pregnancy some women suffer a shortage of iron and become anaemic.
• The growing baby, the placenta and the extra red blood cells in the mother’s bloodstream all require extra iron.
• Vitamin C helps absorb iron.
• Iron supplements can cause constipation.
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Substances pregnant women should avoid
• NO– Alcohol– Tobacco– Illegal drugs (e.g. cannabis, cocaine)– Uncooked meats– Foods containing unpasteurised milk (e.g. soft or blue
cheeses)– Foods containing raw egg
• REDUCED AMOUNTS OF– Fish that might be high in mercury, e.g. shark,
swordfish, Spanish mackerel– Caffeine
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Listeria
• Listeria is a relatively uncommon infectious illness caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes.
• In pregnant women, a listeria infection usually has mild, flu-like symptoms.
• However, the illness can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth or premature birth.
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Dodgy foods• Soft cheeses e.g. brie, blue cheese, fetta • Pate • Foods containing unpasteurised milk• Cold meats • Dried/fermented sausages • Raw or smoked sea foods e.g. oysters, sushi • Prepared and pre-packed salads • Soft serve ice-cream
• The bacterium responsible for listeria is destroyed by heat, so it is best to thoroughly cook all foods
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Toxoplasmosis
• Toxoplasmosis is a fairly rare infectious illness caused by the parasite, Toxoplasma gondii.
• In adults, a toxoplasmosis infection usually has mild, flu-like symptoms.
• However, the illness can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth or serious birth defects.
• The toxoplasmosis parasite is usually carried in cat faeces and uncooked meat.
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Anthea Sieveking, Wellcome Images
• The only thing worse than a smoke-filled room is a smoke-filled womb.
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Smoking• Carbon monoxide crosses the placenta
and affects the oxygen supply to the baby.
• There may also be some damage to the genes of the developing baby.
• Smoking is associated with placental complications, increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirths, growth retardation, low birth weight, SIDS (Sudden infant death syndrome), respiratory problems, asthma and other illnesses.
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Alcohol
• Babies whose mothers drink alcohol during pregnancy are at risk of developing fetal alcohol syndrome.
• Alcohol can affect the development of the brain at any stage of the pregnancy.
• Doctors recommend that pregnant women avoid alcohol altogether.
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Symptoms of FAS
• Babies with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) generally – are below average height and weight – develop slowly – display a number of abnormal facial features – show signs of varying degrees of mental
retardation – experience behavioural problems.
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Doctors recommend that pregnant women should not drink alcohol
Wellcome Library, London
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Pharmaceuticals
• Some pharmaceutical products can be dangerous during pregnancy .
• Pregnant women should always seek the advice of a doctor before taking medicines.
Wellcome Library, London
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Cannabis sativa
• Babies exposed to cocaine and cannabis during pregnancy are more likely to have learning or behaviour problems when they are older.
Wellcome Library, London
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Study Guide
Read:• Our Human Species
Chapter 15, sections 1-3
Chapter 16, sections 9-12
Complete:• Workbook
Topic 19 - Pregnancy