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UNIT 1: WORLD GEOGRAPHY
BASICS
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Maps vs. Globes
• Map: a symbolic representation of all or part of the planet
• There are a large variety of maps
• Globe: is a scale model of the Earth
• Globes are typically very similar
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Determining Location
• A grid system is formed by longitude and latitude lines that help location be determined
• Latitude: or parallels, circle the Earth parallel to the Equator and measure distance north/south
• Longitude: or meridians, circle the Earth from Pole to Pole, measure distance east to west
• These measurements are in degrees
• Absolute Location: global address, naming the latitude and longitude lines that cross exactly at that place
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Hemispheres
• Hemisphere: on of the halves into which the Earth is divided
• Northern/Southern divided by the Equator
• Equator: is measured at 0 degrees latitude
• Eastern vs Western is divided by the Prime Meridian
• Prime Meridian: is measured at 0 degrees longitude
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Reading a Map
• Key/Legend: a list that explains the symbols, colors, and lines used on the map
• Scale: shows the relationship between map measurements and the actual distances on the Earth
• Compass Rose: indicates direction
• Cardinal Directions: north, south, east, and west
• Intermediate Directions: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest
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Map Types: Physical Maps
• Physical Maps: shows the location and the shape of the Earth’s physical features
• Topography: the study of surface shape and features of the Earth
• Majority show changes in elevation in a region
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Map Types: Political Maps
• Political Maps: maps that show the boundaries and locations of political units such as countries, states, countries, cities, and towns
• HUMAN MADE rather than nature
• No tangible border
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Map Types: Thematic Maps
• Thematic Maps: maps that emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area
• Two Types
• Qualitative Map: maps that use colors, symbols, lines or dots to show information
• Flow-line Map: maps that illustrate movement of people, animals, goods, and ideas
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Section 2: Common Terms, General Focuses, and Research Methods
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Places/Regions• Place: a particular space with physical and human meaning
• ex. Great American Ballpark
• Regions: areas with similar characteristics
ex. Central America
• Formal Region: is defined by a common characteristic, such as a product produced their
• ex. The Corn Belt
• Functional Region: a central place and the surrounding area linked to it
• Ex. Springfield
• Perceptual Region: defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data
• ex. The “Heartland”
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Physical Systems and Human Systems• Physical Geography focuses
on the Earth’s physical features
• Physical Maps
• They often study ecosystems
• Ecosystems: is a community of plants and animals that depend upon one another, and their surrounding, for survival
• Human Geography focuses human activity and their relationship to culture and the physical environment
• Study the movement of people, goods, and ideas
• Focus on politics, economics, population growth etc.
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Environment and Society
• Human-environment interactions: the study of the interrelationship between people and their physical environment
• Often this interaction is negative for the environment
• Ex. ????s
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Research Methods in Geography
• Direct Observation
• Mapping
-Cartography: designing and making maps
• Interviewing
• Analyzing Statistics
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Topics we will study/examine• Economy
• Culture
- language
- Art
-Customs
• Education
• Political System
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SECTION 3: GLOBAL
DIVERSITY
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Climate and Weather
• Weather: the condition of the atmosphere in one place during a limited period of time
• Short term aspect of climate
• Climate: the term for the weather patterns that an area typically experiences over a long period of time
• Ex. Seattle, Washington
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Revolution and Rotation• The Earth rotates on its axis, and
revolves around the sun
• Earth’s Axis: an imaginary line running from the North Pole to the South Pole through the planet’s center
• Equinox: Meaning “equal night”, Around March 21 the sun’s rays fall directly on the Equator causing night and day to have equal hours
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Latitudes, Elevation, and Climates
• Low Latitudes: Area between 30 degrees South and 30 degrees North
• Places located in these latitudes have warm/hot climates
• Midlatitudes: Area between 30-60 degrees North and 30-60 degrees South
• Experience dramatic seasonal weather changes
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Latitudes, Elevation, and Climates
• High latitudes: Area between 60-90 degrees North and 60-90 degrees South
• Places located in these latitudes have cold climates
• Arctic Circle: latitude 66.5 degrees North
• Antarctic Circle: latitude 66.5 degrees South
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Wind and Ocean Currents
• Prevailing winds blow in fairly consistent patterns
• Warm air from the Equator moving towards the Poles
• Cold air from the Poles moving toward the Equator
• Coriolis Effect: is defined as how a moving object seems to veer toward the right in the Northern hemisphere and left in the Southern hemisphere.
• Causes prevailing winds to move diagonally
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Climate Regions
• Topical Climates: found in or near the low latitudes
• Think Rainforests
• Tons of natural vegetation
• Dry Climates: found in the low/mid latitudes
• Think Deserts
• Little to no natural vegetation
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Climate Regions
• Midlatitude Climates: Largest variety of climates
• Think 4 Seasons
• High-Latitude Climates: Freezing temperatures
• Little to no natural vegetation
• Permafrost: permanently frozen subsoil