Download - Unit 1 tourism gateway 2
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ELECTIVE GEOGRAPHYOUR CHANGING WORLD
GLOBAL TOURISM
IS TOURISM THE WAY TO GO?
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GATEWAY 2
WHY HAS TOURISM BECOME A GLOBAL PHENOMENON?
• Describe the trends of international and domestic tourism
• Describe the changing nature of tourism
• Explain the growth of global tourism
• Explain why tourism is subject to regional fluctuations
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CHANGING TRENDS IN TOURISM
• Travelling to further destinations
• Travelling to destinations once considered unreachable
• Changing purposes and nature
• Example: emerging trends of ecotourism and medical tourism
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INTERNATIONAL TOURISM (PG 28)
• World tourist arrivals has been increasing
• From 1950 to 2010, world tourist arrivals have increased by nearly 1 billion
• Before 1980s, Europe was receiving most of the tourists
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INTERNATIONAL TOURISM (PG 28)
• In the 2000s, Asia Pacific overtook North & South America to be the second most visited region
• All regions have been experiencing growth in number of tourist arrivals
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INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: ORIGINS AND DESTINATIONS
• More than half of all international tourists originate from developed countries in Europe and North America
• Increasingly more tourists from rapidly developing countries
• Eg: China, India and Brazil
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INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: ORIGINS AND DESTINATIONS
• Destinations of tourists are also unevenly distributed
• In 2011, Europe received more than half of all international tourists arrivals at 504 million
• Asia Pacific is the second highest at 217 million
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DOMESTIC TOURISM
• Most popular form of tourism despite growth of international tourism
• In 2010, domestic tourism account for:
• 83% of all tourist arrivals• 69% of overnight hotel stays
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DOMESTIC TOURISM (PG 32)
• Eg: China and Philippines
• Large percentage of domestic tourism is due to:
• Holiday and sightseeing• Visiting family and relatives
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GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS
• Flow line & Desire line maps (pg 30)
• Calculating percentage change (pg 33)
• Identifying trends or patterns (pg 33)
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PITSTOP 6
Pg 34
Questions
• 1(a), (b)
• 2
• 3(a), (b), (c), (d)
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CHANGING NATURE OF TOURISM
• Tourism has been evolving due to:
• Improvement in transportation• Growth in income
• This has led to the evolution of:
• Mass tourism• Package holidays• Niche tourism
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FORMS OF TOURISM
• Mass tourism
• Package holidays• Niche tourism
• Ecotourism• Short-haul / Long-haul
destinations
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MASS TOURISM
• Involves a large number of tourists visiting a place together
• Due to increased affluence and leisure time
• One form of mass tourism is package holidays
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PACKAGE HOLIDAYS
• Holiday that involves a tour usually arranged by a travel agent
• Includes accommodation, transport and most meals
• Service of guides who speak local language and is knowledgeable about the sites, habits, culture and history of the place
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NICHE TOURISM
• Special-interest tourism based on particular areas or activities
• Done by independent travellers or with package tours
• Appeals to tourists who seek ‘new’ destinations, activities and experiences
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NICHE TOURISM
• Examples:
• Whale-watching in Hawaii• Whitewater rafting in NZ• WWII historical tour in Europe
• Ecotourism is a form of niche tourism
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ECOTOURISM
• TIES - The International Ecotourism Society
• Ecotourism - responsible to travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people
• Six principles of ecotourism
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ECOTOURISM
1. Minimise impact
2. Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect
3. Provide positive experience for both visitors and hosts (local people)
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ECOTOURISM
4. Provide direct financial benefits for conservations
5. Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people
6. Raise sensitivity to host countries’ political, environmental and social climate
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ECOTOURISM - EXAMPLE
• Waitomo Caves in New Zealand
• Glow worms that light up the cave ceiling
• Managed by government and the Maori
• Close monitoring of carbon dioxide levels (<2,400 parts per million)
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ECOTOURISM - EXAMPLE
• Controls number of tourists
• Benefits the Maoris who are employed as part of staff and who also receive part of the cave’s entrance fees
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SHORT & LONG-HAUL DESTINATIONS
• Tourism can also be classified into short and long-haul destinations
• Short – destination reachable by car, bus, train, or flight less than 5 hours (S’pore to Hong Kong)
• Long – generally flights of 5 hours or more (S’pore to Europe)
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REASONS FOR GROWTH OF GLOBAL TOURISM
• Developments in technology
• Demand factors
• Destination factors
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DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY – BETTER & AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT
• Technology developments applied to transport:
• improved travel safety• shortened travel time• lowered travel costs
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DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY – BETTER & AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT
• Budget airlines
• Cheaper than major commercial lines due to smaller and more fuel-efficient aircraft
• Fly mainly short-haul
• Tickets sold online and not through agents, lower costs
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DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY – BETTER & AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT
• Eg: Jetstar Asia, Tiger Airways
• More people can travel, and more frequently
• Opportunities to travel further away from home
• Go to destinations not covered by major airlines, eg Bhutan, Corsica
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DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY – MORE AIR ROUTES & AGREEMENTS
• Increased air routes have made various parts of the world more accessible
• Interconnectedness between countries have also increased
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DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY – MORE AIR ROUTES & AGREEMENTS
• Open skies agreement
• Agreement between governments to remove restrictions on commercial flights between their countries
• Deregulation or airline industry
• Allow fares to rise and fall based on market demand and competition between airline companies
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DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY – MORE AIR ROUTES & AGREEMENTS
• Effect of agreement and deregulation
• Growth of air routes and flights• Increased number of
commercial airline companies and budget airlines
• Reduced prices of flights for passengers
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DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY – EASY ACCESS TO INFORMATION• Online booking and research
• Easier to obtain tickets• More options and control for tourists• Able to do more research on
destinations before travelling• Surveillance, electronic checks and
other safety controls research
• Increased safety and confidence about travelling
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DEMAND FACTORS – DISPOSABLE INCOME
• Disposable income – amount of income after taxes
• Increasing disposable income due to rapid economic growth (eg China and India)
• More money to spend on leisure activities, ie travelling
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DEMAND FACTORS – LEISURE TIME
• Leisure time – part of the day with no work commitment
• Can be in the form of paid leave
• Having more public holidays and shorter working weeks increases availability of leisure time
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DEMAND FACTORS – CHANGING LIFESTYLE
• Changing lifestyle – change in the way people live throughout their lifetime
• Faster pace of life today
• Travelling is a common way to relax and take a break from work
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DEMAND FACTORS – CHANGING LIFESTYLE
• Due to medical technology and increase in health consciousness, people live longer and are physically fit to travel
• More retirees travel as a way to spend their time
• Eg: Grey nomads in Australia
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DESTINATION FACTORS - ATTRACTIONS
• Tourists are more likely to visit places with attractions
• Attractions can be scenic, man-made, rich culture or purpose-built facilities (recall previous topic)
• Attractions can be promoted by the government or tourist authorities in hope that tourists will return repeatedly
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DESTINATION FACTORS – INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES
• Investment in infrastructure and services is to support expected growth in tourist arrivals
• Good infrastructure and service support also makes a place more attractive to tourists
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DESTINATION FACTORS – INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES
• Infrastructure• Transport and communication
networks, systems for water and waste disposal
• Eg: S’pore Changi Airport• Closed down Budget Terminal to
build Terminal 4 by 2017• Increase capacity from 73 million
to 85 million
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DESTINATION FACTORS – INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES
• Infrastructure• Accommodation in the form of five-
star hotels to backpacker hostels and homestays
• Eg: Hong Kong will add 49 hotels to its current 189 by 2016
• Increase capacity from 42 million to 70 million a year
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DESTINATION FACTORS – INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES
• Services• Help or work provided by
businesses to customers• Eg: free Wi-Fi in hotel rooms• Eg: trained guides, travel agents,
hotel managers
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DESTINATION FACTORS – ACCESS TO INFORMATION
• Tourists are more likely to visit a destination where information is easy to obtain
• Eg: Weather, travel routes, accommodation availability
• Information should be in a language tourists can understand
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DESTINATION FACTORS – ACCESS TO INFORMATION
• Signs in languages that visitors can understand provide security and comfort to them
• Local guides and travel agents with knowledge of history, geography and culture of location can enhance the tourists’ experience
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PITSTOP 8
Pg 45
Questions
• 3(a), (b)
• 4(a), (b)
• 8(a), (b)
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TOURISM AFFECTED REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS
• Refers to rapid changes in a region’s situation or condition
• May directly lead to changes in tourist numbers
• Disasters• Regional / Global recessions• Unfavourable political situations• Outbreak of diseases
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS - DISASTERS
• Events that cause great damage to properties, injuries and loss of lives
• Poses risks to tourists’ safety
• Disrupt essential infrastructure• Watch the video on Japan, Tohoku
Earthquake in 2011 and suggest the impacts it could have on tourism in Japan.
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS - DISASTERS
• Earthquake, followed by tsunami
• Disruption of services: govt buildings, air terminal, ports, train services disrupted
• Damage to infrastructure: roads damaged, oil refinery & nuclear plant, airport submerged
• What is the effect of this news report on tourism of Japan?
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS – REGIONAL & GLOBAL RECESSIONS
• A period of slowdown in economic activities
• People experience loss of income or jobs
• Will cut back on spending, less likely to travel overseas
• Fewer international tourists
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS – REGIONAL & GLOBAL RECESSIONS
• Recession may cause more tourists to opt for domestic tourism
• A more affordable option than international tourism
• Spend less on transportation
• Domestic tourism helps to boost country’s own economy during the recession
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS – REGIONAL & GLOBAL RECESSIONS• Eg: European Sovereign Debt Crisis (Regional
Recession)
• 2010 – Greece unable to repay government debt
• Followed by Ireland, Portugal and Spain
• Affects other countries that use the Euro as their currency
• Collapse of financial institutions & businesses, massive unemployment
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS – REGIONAL & GLOBAL RECESSIONS• Eg: Global Financial Crisis (Global Recession)
• 2007, 2008 – World’s largest financial firms went bankrupt
• Due to loss of investments in the crash of USA housing market
• Triggered panic in financial institutions around the world
• Caused economies to slow down or shrink
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS – UNFAVOURABLE POLITICAL SITUATIONS
• Eg: War, civil war, political riots
• Poses a danger to residents as well as tourists
• May cause disruptions to services and damage to infrastructure
• Discourages tourists from travelling
• Governments may issue travel advisories to discourage their citizens from travelling
• Who else will issue travel advisories?
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS – UNFAVOURABLE POLITICAL SITUATIONS
• Examples – Little India, Egypt and Bangkok
• What effects will these activities have on the surrounding environment?
• What kind of impact does it have on the tourism of the country?
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS – OUTBREAKS OF DISEASES• A sudden and widespread occurrence of
disease in an area
• Discourages tourists from travelling, do not want to risk getting infected
• May cause cancellation of large-scale MICE activities
• Governments may issue travel advisories to discourage their citizens from travelling
• Travel advisories may also be issued from international organisations eg. WHO
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REGIONAL FLUCTUATIONS – OUTBREAKS OF DISEASES• Eg: SARS in HK, Singapore (2003)
• Infected 8,000 in 25 countries and killed 775
• Eg: H1N1 Influenza outbreak (USA, Mexico, Spain)
• Widespread cancellation of bookings by tourists from USA, Canada and Europe
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CHECKPOINT
Pg 53
Questions
• 2
• 6
• 10 (Open-ended question)
• 12 (Open-ended question)
• 13 (a), (b)
• 14 (a), (b)