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Unit 1, Chapter 3
CPO ScienceFoundations of Physics
Chapter 9Chapter 9
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Unit 1: Measurement and Motion
3.1 Speed
3.2 Observations of Motion
3.3 Analyzing Motion with Graphs
Chapter 3: Models of Motion
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Chapter 3 Objectives1. Calculate time, distance or speed when given
two of three values.2. Identify the variables in an experiment.3. Design an experiment where all the variables
but one are controlled.4. Draw and interpret graphs of experimental data
including speed versus position, speed vs. time, and position vs. time.
5. Use a graphical model to make predictions that can be tested by experimenting.
6. Determine speed from the slope of a position versus time graph.
7. Determine distance from the area under a speed versus time graph.
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Chapter 3 Vocabulary Terms
speed distance time variables model initial
speed angle friction
experimental variable
control variables trial experimental
technique procedure dependent variable y-axis x-axis independent
variable
graphical model graph position origin rate slope average speed instantaneous
speed
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3.1 SpeedKey Question:
What is speed and
how is it measured?
*Students read Section 3.1
AFTER Investigation 3.1
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3.1 Speed
v = d t
Distance traveled (m)
Time taken (sec)
Speed (m/sec)
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3.1 Calculate speed
A bird is observed to fly 50 meters in 7.5 seconds.
Calculate the speed of the bird in m/sec.
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3.1 Calculate distance
How far do you go if you drive for 2 hours at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour?
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3.1 Calculate time and distance A space shuttle is traveling at
a speed of 7,700 m/sec. How far does the shuttle
travel in kilometers in one hour?
At an altitude of 300 kilometers, the circumference of the shuttle’s orbit is 42 million meters.
How long does it take the shuttle to go around the Earth one time?
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3.1 Units for Speed
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3.1 Calculating Speed
Why the letter v is used for speed...— We use the letter v to represent speed in a
formula. — If this seems confusing, remember that v
stands for velocity.Speed is a single measurement that tells how fast you are going, like 100 km/h.
Velocity means you know both your speed and your direction.
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3.2 Observations of MotionKey Question:
Can you predict the speed of a ball rolling down a ramp?
*Students read Section 3.2 AFTER Investigation 3.2
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3.2 Observations of Motion Variables that can affect the speed of a marble.
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3.2 Observations of Motion Experimental Techniques
— Control and experimental variables are important in controlled experiments.
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3.2 Observations of Motion Experimental Techniques
— Experimental technique is how you actually do the experiment.
— Each time you run the experiment is called a trial.
Data for three trials
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3.2 Observations of Motion Scientific results
must always be repeatable.— A procedure is a
collection of all the techniques used to do an experiment.
— Writing good procedures is the best way to ensure that others can repeat and verify your experiments.
A sample procedure
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3.2 Graphical Data To a scientist, a
graph is a language that shows the relationship between two variables.
By convention, graphs are drawn a certain way just like words are spelled certain ways.
This graph shows the relationship between speed and distance.
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3.2 Graphical Data Speed, the
dependent variable goes on the y-axis.
Distance is the independent variable and goes on the horizontal or x-axis.
This graph shows the relationship between speed and distance.
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3.2 Using graphical models
If the graph is created from accurate data, the prediction will also be accurate.
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3.2 Recognizing relationships in data Cause and effect
Patterns indicate relationships
Strong relationship between variables
NO relationship between variables
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3.2 Recognizing Relationships in Data
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3.3 Analyzing Motion with GraphsKey Question:
How do you model motion?
*Students read Section 3.3 AFTER Investigation 3.3
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How to make a graph
1. Decide what to put on the x and y axes.
2. Make a scale by counting boxes to fit your largest value (multiples of 1, 2, 5 or 10 are best).
3. Plot your points.4. Draw a best fit curve.5. Create a title and label
each axis.
Speed vs. Distance
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3.3 Position time graph
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3.3 Interpret a position time graph The position versus time
graph shows a boat traveling through a long canal.
The boat has to stop at locks for changes in water level.— a) How many stops does
the boat make?— b) What is the boat’s
average speed for the whole trip?
— c) What is the highest speed the boat reaches?
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3.3 Slope The slope of a line is the ratio of the “rise” (vertical
change) to the “run”(horizontal change) of the line.
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3.3 Constant Speed
On this graph, a constant speed is a straight horizontal line.
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Application: Slow-motion Photography