Download - Unit 1: APES
1
Unit 1: Unit 1: APESAPES
J.R. Arnold High SchoolLiving in the Environment by Miller, 14th Edition
2
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
3
IntroductionIntroduction Environment
External conditions that affect living organisms
Ecology Study of relationships between
living organisms and their environment
Environmental Science Interdisciplinary study that
examines the role of humans on the Earth
Environmentalism A social movement dedicated to
protect the earth’s life support systems for us and other species.
4
Environmental scienceEnvironmental science
… is an interdisciplinary field, drawing on many diverse disciplines.
5
Environmental scienceEnvironmental science
… is NOT the same as environmentalism.
It is science, NOT advocacy.
6
The nature of scienceThe nature of science A systematic process for learning about the world and
testing our understanding of it
A dynamic process of observation, testing, and discovery
And the accumulated body of knowledge that results from this process
7
Applications of scienceApplications of science
Policy decisions and management practices are applications of science.
Prescribed burning, used to restore forest ecosystems altered by human suppression of fire.
8
Applications of scienceApplications of science
Technology is another application of science.
Energy-efficient methanol-powered fuel cell car from DaimlerChrysler
9
Solar Capital and Natural CapitalSolar Capital and Natural Capital Solar Capital
Energy from the sun Provides 99% of the energy used
on earth Natural Capital
Natural Resources and Economic Services
10
11
SustainabilitySustainability The ability of a
specified system to survive and function over time
$1,000,000 10% interest Live on up to
$100,000 per year
12
Sustainable Resource HarvestSustainable Resource Harvest Certain quantity of
that resource can be harvested each year and not be depleted over a specified period
Sustainable supply of fish or timber
13
Easter IslandEaster Island
•A unsustainable societyA unsustainable society
•Used up the trees resourcesUsed up the trees resources
•A lesson to us to use theA lesson to us to use the
worlds resources sustainablyworlds resources sustainably
14
Sustainable EarthSustainable Earth Earth’s supplies of
resources Processes that make
up earth capital are used and maintained over a specified period
15
Sustainable SocietySustainable Society Manages economy and
population size without exceeding all or part of the planet’s ability to Absorb environmental
insults Replenish resources Sustain human and other
forms of life over a specified period (100’s-1,000’s of years)
16
Linear GrowthLinear Growth Quantity increases by
a constant amount per unit of time
1,2,3,4,5, … 1,3,5,7,9, … When plotted on a
graph, growth of money yields a fairly straight line sloping upward
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1960 1980 2000 2020
17
Exponential GrowthExponential Growth Starts off slowly, doubles
a few times, then grows to enormous numbers
Quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time as each increase is applied to the base for further growth
18
Exponential GrowthExponential Growth Growth yields a
J-shaped curve Describes the
human population problem that disturbs the environment today
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Population Growth
19
Rule of 70Rule of 70 How long does it take to double?
Resource use Population size Money in a savings account
Rule of 70 70 divided by the percentage growth rate =
doubling time in years 70 / 7% means it takes ten years to double
Homework: YouTube- rule of 70- Albert Bartlett Homework: YouTube- rule of 70- Albert Bartlett ““Most important video you will ever see” 9 min.Most important video you will ever see” 9 min.
20
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Population Growth
PopulationGrowth
100 197 387 761 1497 2753
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
21
22
Global human population growthGlobal human population growth Our population has
skyrocketed to over 6 billion.
The agricultural and industrial revolutions drove population growth.
The industrial revolution entailed a shift to an urban society powered by fossil fuels.
The world’s population is growing exponentially at a rate of about 1.25% a year
23
Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)(1766-1834)• Population growth will
lead to starvation, war, disease.
• Death rates check population unless birth rates are lowered.
• Today, Paul Ehrlich (The Population Bomb, 1968) is called “neo-Malthusian.”
24
25
Developed Countries Developed Countries (1.2 billion people)(1.2 billion people)
They include the US, Canada, Japan, the former Soviet Union, and European countries.
They have high average GNPs per person. They are highly industrialized. They make up about 19% of the world's
population. They use about 88% of the world's
resources. higher average life expectancy
26
Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries (5.2 billion people) (5.2 billion people)
They are primarily in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
They tend to be highly agricultural They makeup about 81% of the worlds
population They use about 12% of the world's
resources. higher percentage of the population under
age 15
27
Wealth GapWealth Gap The gap between the
per capita GNP of the rich, middle-income and poor has widened
More than 1 billion people survive on less than one dollar per day
Situation has worsened since 1980
28
Natural resourcesNatural resources
Renewable resources like sunlight cannot be depleted. Nonrenewable resources like oil CAN be depleted.
Resources like timber and clean water are renewable
only if we do not overuse them.
29
30
Nonrenewable ResourcesNonrenewable Resources Nonrenewable/Exhaustible Resources
Exist in a fixed quantity in the earth’s crust and can be used up
Mineral Any hard, usually crystalline material that is formed
naturally
Reserves Known deposits from which a usable mineral
can be profitably extracted at current prices
31
BiodiversityBiodiversity Genetic Diversity
Variety in a genetic makeup among individuals within a single species
Species Diversity Variety among the species or distinct types of
living organisms found in different habitats of the planet
Ecological Diversity Variety of forests, deserts, grasslands, streams,
lakes, oceans, wetlands, and other communities
32
The tragedyThe tragedyof the commonsof the commons
Garrett Hardin, 1968:
In a “commons” open to all, unregulated use will deplete limited resources.
33
Environmental DegradationEnvironmental DegradationCommon Property Resources Tragedy of the Commons Resources owned by none, but
available to all users free of charge
May convert potentially renewable resources into nonrenewable resources
34
The “ecological footprint”The “ecological footprint”
The “ecological footprint” is the area of land and water needed to produce the resources a person or population uses, plus the amount needed to dispose of their waste.
35
Ecological Footprint Ecological Footprint
What is your ecological footprint? www.ecofoot.org/ How many Earth’s does it take to support
you lifestyle? Complete quiz and print results bring in
tomorrow.
37
PollutionPollution Any addition to air,
water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms
Solid, liquid, or gaseous by-products or wastes
38
Point Source PollutantsPoint Source Pollutants From a single,
identifiable sources Smokestack of a
power plant Drainpipe of a meat-
packing plant Exhaust pipe of an
automobile
39
Nonpoint Source PollutantsNonpoint Source Pollutants Dispersed and often difficult to identify sources
Runoff of fertilizers and pesticides Storm Drains (#1 source of oil spills in oceans)
40
Negativity of PollutantNegativity of Pollutant Chemical Nature
How active and harmful it is to living organisms
Concentration Amount per unit
volume or weight of air, water, soil or body weight
Persistence Time it stays in the air,
water, soil or body
41
Solutions: Solutions: Pollution PreventionPollution Prevention Input Pollution Control
or Throughput Solution Slows or eliminates the
production of pollutants, often by switching to less harmful chemicals or processes
42
SolutionSolution: : Four R’s of Resource Four R’s of Resource ManagementManagement
Refuse (don’t use) Reduce (limit use) Reuse
Using a resource over and over in the same form
Recycle Collecting and reprocessing a
resource into new products
43
Solution: Solution: Pollution cleanupPollution cleanup Output Pollution
Cleanup Involves cleaning
up pollutants after they have been produced
Most expensive and time consuming
44
Air PollutionAir Pollution Global climate
change Stratospheric ozone
depletion Urban air pollution Acid deposition Outdoor pollutants Indoor pollutants Noise
45
Water PollutionWater Pollution Sediment Nutrient overload Toxic chemicals Infectious agents Oxygen depletion Pesticides Oil spills Excess heat
46
Biodiversity DepletionBiodiversity Depletion Habitat destruction Habitat degradation Invasion of nonnative
species Extinction
Biodiversity loss is perhaps our biggest environmental problem, because we cannot correct our mistakes later: Once a species is extinct, it is gone forever.
47
ClimateClimate• Global climate change may be our most pressing
pollution challenge.
• It likely contributes to glacial melting, sea-level rise, impacts on wildlife and crops, and increased destructive weather.
• Since the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have risen by 31% to a level not seen in over 400,000 years.
48
Food Supply ProblemsFood Supply Problems Overgrazing Farmland loss and
degradation Wetlands loss and
degradation Overfishing Coastal pollution Soil erosion
49
Food Supply ProblemsFood Supply Problems Soil salinization Soil waterlogging Water shortages Groundwater
depletion Loss of biodiversity Poor nutrition
50
Waste ProductionWaste Production Solid Waste Hazardous waste
51
Environmental TragediesEnvironmental Tragedies Bhopal, India-1984 Union Carbide pesticide plant
exploded caused lots of problems largest industrial accident of all time, resulted in 20,000 deaths.
Love Canal, NY- 1978 chemicals buried in old canal and school & homes built over it causing birth defects & cancer
Chernobyl, Ukraine- 1986 Nuclear power plant explosion worst ever
Three mile Island, PA-1979 nuclear power plant melt down
Lake Erie- Declared dead in 1970
52
Major Causes to Environmental ProblemsMajor Causes to Environmental Problems Population growth Poverty Unsustainable resource use Poor environmental accounting Ecological ignorance
53
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews How people think the
world works What they think their
role in the world should be
What they see as right and wrong environmental behavior (environmental ethics)
54
Planetary Management WorldviewPlanetary Management WorldviewIncreasingly common
during the past 50 years.We are the planet’s most
important speciesWe are in charge of the rest
of nature
55
Planetary Management WorldviewPlanetary Management WorldviewThere is always moreAll economic growth is
goodPotential for economic
growth is limitlessOur success depends on
how well we manage earth’s system for our benefit
56
Earth-Wisdom WorldviewEarth-Wisdom Worldview Nature exists for all of the
earth’s species, not just for us
There is not always more Not all forms of economic
growth is beneficial to the environment
Our success depends on learning to cooperate with one another and with the earth
57
Working with the EarthWorking with the EarthEarth Wisdom
Learning as much as we can about how the earth sustains itself
Adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions
Integrating such lessons from nature into the ways we think and act
58
UtilitarianismUtilitarianism Is the belief that something is right if it produces
the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time.
Is the management of a resource to make certain to produces the greatest benefit to humans in the future.
Is the concept that the land should be kept in its natural state-never touched or developed
ConservationConservation
PreservationPreservation
59
Environmentally-Sustainable Economic Environmentally-Sustainable Economic DevelopmentDevelopmentEnvironmentally-Sustainable Economic Environmentally-Sustainable Economic DevelopmentDevelopment
Fig. 1-13 p. 17Fig. 1-13 p. 17Decision making in asustainable society
Decision making in asustainable society
Social Economic
Environmental
SustainableSolutions
Traditionaldecision making
Traditionaldecision making
Environmental
Social Economic