Unification of Theories Requires a Postulate Basis in Common
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 1
A primary challenge of natural sciences in the new millennium is to cure the gap between metaphysics and empiricism – and puzzle out the obstacles to a unified theory and an understandable picture of reality. Antique science flourished via its strong philosophical impact but faded away due to the lack of supporting empirical science. The fast development of mathematical physics has led to the other opposite; theories are diversified, they are more like mathematical descriptions of observations; they provide precise predictions but lack a solid metaphysical basis and an understandable picture of reality.
Anyway, modern science has increased our understanding of physics from elementary particles to cosmological structures and produced information that allows reevaluation of the basis. In the presentation, we show that by switching from an observer-oriented perspective to a system perspective, any local energy object is related to the rest of space and relativity appears as a direct consequence of the conservation of total energy in the system – without scarifying the absolute time and distance essential for human comprehension. Such a holistic approach has led to the Dynamic Universe (DU) theory. After maturing for the last twenty years, DU produces precise, well-tested predictions for local and cosmological observables and an uncontradictory linkage to quantum mechanics.
Tuomo Suntola
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 1
Classical mechanics - Newton’s laws of motion - Newton’s gravitation - absolute time - force a base quantity - mass the measure of inertia - Galilei relativity
FLRW cosmology - General relativity: gravitation by spacetime metric
- Cosmological principle - Reciprocity principle -”Planck dilution” - Hubble flow - Dark matter, dark energy - Inflation hypothesis
General relativity - equivalence principle - Spacetime concept - relativity principle - proper time, proper distance - constancy velocity of light - mass as manifestation of energy - relativistic mass due to velocity
Special relativity
Quantum mechanics - Planck’s equation - Compton wavelength - de Broglie wavelength - wave function - Schrödinger equation - uncertainty principle - wave–particle duality
The big puzzle
Electromagnetism Maxwell’s equations - Electromagnetic interactions - Electromagnetic waves - conservation of charge
Honors
conservation
of energy
Honors
conservation
of energy
Honors
conservation
of energy
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 2
General relativity - equivalence principle - Spacetime concept - relativity principle - proper time, proper distance - constancy velocity of light - mass as manifestation of energy - relativistic mass due to velocity
Ignores
conservation
of energy
Ignores
conservation
of energy
Observer oriented reality or
system oriented reality
Local approach: observer oriented reality
Eudoxus, the father of the epicycle model, considered epicycles as a
geometric tool for the illustration of planetary motions.
In his Metaphysics, Aristotle describes Eudoxus’s model as the real mechanism of
planetary motions.
Distorted time and distance as the explanation for the relativity of observations
are considered real properties of nature.
v
“Length contraction "really" exist, in so far as it doesn't exist for a comoving observer; though it "really" exists, i.e. in such a way that it could be demonstrated in principle by physical means by a non-comoving observer.”
A. Einstein, Physikalische Zeitschrift 12: 509–510 (1911)
Antique observations on planets did not fit with circular orbits …
Late 1800’s: Observations on light and fast moving objects did not fit with linear space and time …
From observer-oriented to system-oriented reality
By setting Earth at the center, Ptolemaic astronomers lost the structure of the planetary system and the observer’s motion in the system.
Copernicus introduced a system-oriented perspective of the Sun and the planets which uncovered the effect of observer’s location and motion in the system.
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus Mercury
Moon Sun
We are now looking for a system-oriented perspective for whole space in order to reorient ourselves in the system and uncover a possible hidden motion we are subject to in the system.
= −4
"GMmR
mmE
2c mc= =p
Þ Newton’s laws of motion Þ Start of mathematical physics…
Þ We need a metric 4th dimension for closing space as the 3D surface of a 4D sphere!
"M
gE
Þ Dynamic Universe Þ A major step towards unification
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 5
Dynamics of spherically closed space
= 20mE mc
= −4
"g
GME m
REnergy of Gravitation
Energy of motion
time
In spherically closed space gravitation tends to pull the structure towards the center …
4
"GMc
R= ±
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 6
- The rest energy of matter is the energy of motion obtained against release of gravitational energy in the contraction phase.
- Local, gravitationally bound systems expand in direct proportion to the expansion of space.
- The velocity of light is linked to the 4D velocity of space and the rest mass to motion in space.
- The reduced frequency of atomic clocks by motion and gravitation is explained by the quantum mechanical solution of characteristic frequencies.
- The energy of matter in space was created in a quantum jump (against release of quantum potential?).
- Space is expanding – local systems (galaxies, planetary systems) conserve their dimensions.
- The velocity of light and the rest mass of matter are conserved and considered as natural constants.
- The reduced frequency of atomic clocks by motion and gravitation is explained with dilated flow of time.
Standard cosmology Dynamic Universe
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 7
t R4
Re
Im
¤c mc c= + =i p p
The energy of motion of mass m moving in space
Motion of space and motion in space
mc
( )21p mv v c= −
( )− 21mc v c mc
Δmcmv
rad radE c= p
Im
Re
=E c p
Rep
¤c= p ( )2 2totE c mc p= +
Δmvmv
( )ΔE c mc mc= +
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 8
The energy of electromagnetic radiation propagating in space
Inertial work made against the global gravitation
Im
=E c p
Re
The energy of motion of mass m at rest in space
Imp
¤restE c mc c= =i p
( )0restE
0c
( )0gE
The effect of local gravitation and motion on the rest energy
( )0gE
c
ffv
0c
The effect of motion and gravitation on the rest energy ( ) ( ) ( ) 2, 0 1 1rest restE E= − −δ β δ β
( ) ( ) ( )" "0 2
0
1 1mg g
GME E E
c r
⎛ ⎞= − = −⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠δ δ
( ) ( ) ( )0 1rest restE E= −δ δ
( )gE β
Im β
( ) ( )2
0 1rest restE E= −β β
v p
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 9
The system of nested energy frames
Homogeneous space for the frame around mass M1
M1
M2 M3
R1
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )= − − −δ δ δ δ1 2 3,0 3,0 1 1 1rest restE E
( ) ( )2 20 0,
1
1 1n
i irest n ni
E m c=
= − −∏ δ β
Homogeneous space for the frame around mass M2
Homogeneous space for the frame around mass M2
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 10
The system of nested energy frames
Hypothetical homogeneous space
( )2
0 00,0restE m c=
( ) ( ) ( ) 20,0 1 1XG XGrest XG restE E δ β= − −
( ) ( ) ( ) 21 1MW MWrest MW rest XGE E δ β= − −
( ) ( ) ( ) 21 1S Srest S rest MWE E δ β= − −
( ) ( ) ( ) 21 1E Erest E rest SE E δ β= − −
( ) ( )21 Arest A rest EE E β= −
( ) ( )21 Ionrest Ion rest AE E β= −
( ) ( )2 20 0,
1
1 1=
= − −∏n
i irest n ni
E m c δ βUnification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 11
4D profile of space in Solar system
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Sun
Imδ
The local velocity of light is locked to the local 4-velocity
of space in the local dent
Back to the puzzle
FLRW cosmology - General relativity: gravitation by spacetime metric
- Cosmological principle - Reciprocity principle -”Planck dilution” - Hubble flow - Dark matter, dark energy - Inflation hypothesis
Quantum mechanics - Planck’s equation - Compton wavelength - de Broglie wavelength - wave function - Schrödinger equation - uncertainty principle - wave–particle duality
Honors
conservation
of energy
General relativity - equivalence principle - Spacetime concept - relativity principle - proper time, proper distance - constancy velocity of light - mass as manifestation of energy - relativistic mass due to velocity
Special relativity Ignores
conservation
of energy
The big puzzle
Honors
conservation
of energy
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 14
Ignores
conservation
of energy
Classical mechanics - Newton’s laws of motion - Newton’s gravitation - absolute time - force a base quantity - mass the measure of inertia - Galilei relativity
Honors
conservation
of energy
Cosmology Zero-energy principle in spherically closed space
Þ Solves the energy build-up in space
Þ Discloses the system of nested energy frames
Mechanics Þ Recognizes the motion of space as an
orthogonal component to any motion in space
Þ Stabile black holes
Þ Explains inertia and Mach’s principle
Honors
conservation
of energy
[ ]λE h f J= ⋅
1 single electronN ⇒
0 1 one-wavelength dipolezλ⇒
20h cλ
= ⋅
[ ]kg
( )3 2
01.1049 1.1049 2λ AJ
E π e µ c fcycle=
⎡ ⎤= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
21.1049 Hertzian 4D(isotropic)
3⇒ ⇒
0λE h c f= ⋅ ⋅
2 2 2 403
012N e z ω J
P Wπε c s
⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦
232 0 2
0223λ
P JE π e µ c f
f cyclez
Nλ
⎡ ⎤= = ⋅ ⋅ ⎢ ⎥
⎛⎟⎝ ⎣⎞⎠ ⎦
⎜
[ ]λE fh J= ⋅
Δ ΔΔ Δ mx p h x λ≥ ⇒ ≥
20λE h λ c= ⋅
0 mm h λ=0mλ h m=
Quantum mechanics - Planck’s equation - Compton wavelength => - de Broglie wave => momentum wave - wave function => mass wave - Schrödinger equation - Heisenberg uncertainty: - wave–particle duality => mass wave structures
Electromagnetism Maxwell’s equations - Electromagnetic interactions - Electromagnetic waves - conservation of charge
Honors
conservation
of energy
2λm c=
FLRW cosmology - General relativity: gravitation by spacetime metric
- Cosmological principle - Reciprocity principle -”Planck dilution” - Hubble flow - Dark matter, dark energy - Inflation hypothesis
Quantum mechanics - Planck’s equation - Compton wavelength - de Broglie wavelength - wave function - Schrödinger equation - uncertainty principle - wave–particle duality
Honors
conservation
of energy
General relativity - equivalence principle - Spacetime concept - relativity principle - proper time, proper distance - constancy velocity of light - mass as manifestation of energy - relativistic mass due to velocity
Special relativity Ignores
conservation
of energy
The big puzzle
Honors
conservation
of energy
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 15
Ignores
conservation
of energy
Classical mechanics - Newton’s laws of motion - Newton’s gravitation - absolute time - force a base quantity - mass the measure of inertia - Galilei relativity
Cosmology Zero-energy principle in spherically closed space
Þ Solves the dynamics of expansion
Þ System of nested energy frames
Mechanics Þ Recognizes the motion of space as an
orthogonal component to the motion in space
Þ Stabile black holes
Þ Explains inertia and Mach’s principle
[ ]λE h f J= ⋅
1 single electronN ⇒
0 1 one-wavelength dipolezλ⇒
20h cλ
= ⋅
[ ]kg
( )3 2
01.1049 1.1049 2λ AJ
E π e µ c fcycle=
⎡ ⎤= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
21.1049 Hertzian 4D(isotropic)
3⇒ ⇒
0λE h c f= ⋅ ⋅
2 4 2 2 2 3 20 0 0
3 20
Π 412 3
ω N e z µ π f c JP W
πε c λ s⋅ ⎡ ⎤= = =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦
232 0 2
0223λ
P JE π e µ c f
f cyclez
Nλ
⎡ ⎤= = ⋅ ⋅ ⎢ ⎥
⎛⎟⎝ ⎣⎞⎠ ⎦
⎜
[ ]λE fh J= ⋅
Δ ΔΔ Δ mx p h x λ≥ ⇒ ≥
20λE h λ c= ⋅
0 mm h λ=0mλ h m=
Quantum mechanics - Planck’s equation - Compton wavelength => - de Broglie wave => momentum wave - wave function => mass wave - Schrödinger equation - - wave–particle duality => mass wave structures
Electromagnetism Maxwell’s equations - Electromagnetic interactions - Electromagnetic waves - conservation of charge
Honors
absolute
time
Honors
conservation
of energy
Atomic clocks
Unified expression of energy
The characteristic frequency of atomic oscillators
( )2Δ ,Δ ,= = ⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦
eE m cf F α n jh h
( )0
,Δ ,= ⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦em c F α n jh
The frequency is directly proportional to the speed of light
The frequency is directly proportional to the rest mass of
electron …
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 17
The fine structure constant is a numerical constant 𝛼=1/(1.1049∙4π3)
( ) ( ) ( ) 2, 0,0 1 1= − −β δf f δ β
… and the state of gravitation!
… and the state of motion!
0h c
Planck’s constant is expressed as h=h0c
Satellite in Earth gravitational frame (ECI frame)
( ) ( ) 2 2 40 0
2,0 ,0
11 1
2 281 1 1DUf f fδ β δ δβ ββ⎛ ⎞= − − ≈ − − −⎜⎝
+ ⎟⎠
( )2 2 4
0 02
,0 ,011
2 8 2
11 2 1GRf f fδ β δ δβ ββ⎛ ⎞= − − ≈ − − −⎜⎝− ⎟⎠
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0,8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
GR DU
� 2 = �
1
f�,� /f
Near-Earth clocks
A C S R Q C A M L DU-kirjat
Unifying the relativity tests
1970s >> Global Positioning System (GPS)
f e
1976 Gravity Probe A Hydrogen maser to 10 000 km.
Maser transmitter
receiver
f' f"
Maser transmitter
0f
”Rest clock” in the ECI frame
0f
1971 (Hafele-Keating) Caesium-clocks in airplanes.
Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 2016 19
In the vicinity of the Earth the velocity of light is locked to the
ECI-frame (Earth Centered Inertial frame)
- not to the observer
Michelson-Morley experiment (1887)
Michelson-Gale experiment (1925)
The “Sagnac-effect” adds the effect of the motion of the receiver in the ECI-frame
The local velocity of light is locked to the
local 4-radius of space
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 19
”Lepokello” laboratoriossa
1938 (Ives, Stilwell), ionisuihku (H2
+, H3+)
”canal-ray”
0f
1960s Mössbauer kokeet
0f
1Further, omitting the effect of motion on the ”relativistic” mass:
Force and acceleration, F=ma ?
Newton’s second law of motion
( )Newton
dm
dt= = ⋅p
F a
Omitting the effects of gravitational state on the local velocity of light, and the effect of motion on the rest mass:
1 m
SR: Correction obtained with time dilation and length contraction
¤0 +mE c mc= ⇒p i
Newton’s second law of motion is not a general law of nature but an approximation omitting the effect of the rest of space!
( ) ( ) 3 221SR
dm β
dt
−= = − ⋅p
F a
Effect of the local gravitational state on the velocity of light
Effect of local motion on the rest mass
Effect of local motion on the “relativistic” mass
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 20
( )1 3 22 20
01
1 1n
ii
cm β βc
− −
=
= − ⋅ − ⋅∏ aδDU
ddt
= pF
Unified expression of energy
00 4 0 0rest
m
hE c c mc c c
λ= = =p
00 0 0= = =λ λλ
hE c c c c m cpA unit cycle of radiation
The rest energy of mass
Coulomb energy 1 2 0 0c 0 1 2 0 0 c4 2q q h
E c c N N c c c m cr rµ α
π π= = =
ic ic
( )0 0= Δ = Δ + Δkin totE c c m c c mpKinetic energy ( )0gE
mc
m=p v
0mc Im
Re
( )m m= + Δp v
mcΔ'm c
( )0gE( )g vE
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 21
Cosmological consequences
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 22
Dynamic Universe GR, Berry, Weber, …
r/rc = 20 e = 0.5
Development of elliptic orbit in GR and DU
Mercury r/rc = 20 e = 0.5
Mercury ≈300 000 years ≈300 000 years
( )( )
( )( )
20 0
0 20
1 6 1 cos1 cos 1
ca e err
e eδ δ
δδ
ϕ ψϕ ψ− − −Δ⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦= +
+ − Δ −
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 23
Orbital periods near Sgr A* black hole
SagittariusA*:M�4millionsolarmassesrc(DU)�5.7millionkilometers
0
20
40
60
0 4 8 1062 r /rc
min.
Observed16.8minrotationperiodatSgrA*[R.Genzel,etal.,Nature425,934(2003)]
( )
2=Schwc DU
r cPrr
π
( ) ( )3
2
1
=⎛ ⎞
−⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
DU
c DU c DU
r cPr rr r
π
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 24
Expanding and non-expanding objects in DU-space.
Electromagnetic objects, like atoms, conserve their dimensions
R0
R0
Gravitational systems expand with the expansion of space
R0(1) emitting object
R0(2)
t(2)
t(1)
The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation propagating in space increases in direct proportion to the expansion of space
time
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 25
Day / year according to coral fossil data
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 Time back in millions of years
Days in a year
320
340
Length of a year in current days
Days in a year
⎡ ⎤≈ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦0 ms dayΔ100 2.4
centuryD
YD
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= − −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
1 3
00
0
Δ1 1 Δ
100t
dD DtD D t
t Y
DU prediction
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 26
Prediction based on non-expanding solar system
Collection of data: K. Nilsson et al., Astrophys. J., 413, 453 (1993)
Angular size of galaxies and quasars, observations / predictions
log
(LA
S)
0.01 0.1 1 10 z 0.001
(d)
Standard model
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0
20
1 11 1 1 2
z
H m
rdz
R z z z z zθ
Λ
⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ + +Ω − + Ω⎣ ⎦
∫
Ωm= 1 Ω L= 0
log
(LA
S)
0.01 0.1 1 10 z 0.001
(d)
Dynamic Universe, Euclidean
0
4
1rR z
θ =
Open circles: galaxies, filled circles: quasars
Ω m= 0.3 Ω L= 0.7
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 27
30
35
40
45
50
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10z
m
Data:A.G.Riess,etal.,Astrophys.J.,607,665(2004)
DynamicUniverse
( )25log 2.5 log 110 pc
µ ⎡ ⎤= + +⎣ ⎦HR z z
Magnitude versus redshift: K-correctedSupernova observations
ScientificModelsandaComprehensivePictureofReality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 2016 28
( )( ) ( ) ( )0 2
15log 5 log 110 pc 1 1 2
µΛ
⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= + +⎢ ⎥+ +Ω − + Ω⎣ ⎦
∫zH
m
R z dzz z z z
Standardmodel(FLRW)Wm=1,WL=0
Standardmodel(FLRW)Wm=0.3,WL=0.7
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 28
SUMMARY:
• Dynamic Universe allows an understandable picture of reality with absolute time and distance
• Gives at least as precise predictions to cosmological observations as the standard cosmology model – with essentially simpler mathematics
• Opens a new perspective to understanding of quantum phenomena
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 29
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 30
Its an exceedingly ungrateful task to propose a paradigm change,
anyway,
somebody has to do it …
Unification in Physics and Philosophy, Helsinki, May 11, 2019 30
Thank you for your attention!