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2nd Michigan Forest Bioeconomy Conference
Sustainable Futures
Institute
Understanding Sustainability of the Circular EconomyThrough Systems Analysis
David R. Shonnard, Ph.D.
Feb. 13, 2019The H Hotel, Midland, MI
Professor and Robbins Chair in Sustainable Use of MaterialsDepartment of Chemical EngineeringDirector, Sustainable Futures Institute
Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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Comparing Linear to Circular Economy
A Systems Analysis Framework
Case Studies:
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Questions
2
Overview
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Linear Economy (Material Flow Diagram)
VirginFeedstock
Production and Use
Collected for Recycle
Closed-LoopRecycling
Recycle ProcessLosses
Open-LoopRecycling
Incineration /Energy Recovery
Wastes Landfilled
Leakage(Litter)
Linear Dominant Economy
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Circular Economy (Material Flow Diagram)
Production and Use
Collected and Processed for
Recycle/Reman.
Closed-LoopRecycling
Energy Recovery
Circular Dominant Economy
LandfilledVirginFeedstock
Wastes
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Systems Analysis Framework and Tools
MaterialsRecoveryProcesses
LCA (SimaPro)
TEA model,Regional Economics
Process simulation-optimization (Aspen
Plus, INL Model)
Mechanical RecyclingProcesses
ChemicalRecyclingProcesses
Environmental
Social
Economic
Sustainability Indicators
NPV, IRR, MSP,GHG Emissions, Fossil Energy Demand,Direct JobsRegional EconomicsToxic Materials
M/E Balance Databases
Simulations (Software tools)
Impact Assessment NPV = net present value.
IRR = internal rate of return MSP = minimum selling price
Research questions,New policies,trigger new analyses
Framework
Simulation ToolsProcess simulation, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Social LCA (SLCA), TEA, Regional Economics
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MI Forest Biomass Supply Chain
Feedstock Growth /
Cultivation
Feedstock Harvesting
Feedstock Transport
FeedstockConversion
ProductTransport
ProductUse
FuelChemicalsEquipment
FuelChemicalsEquipment
System BoundaryFunctional Unit: one green tonne of biomass
delivered to factory gate
Re-plantingLand-use change
Maintenance
Heat/PowerChemicalsEquipment
FuelChemicalsEquipment
Research Methods: Surveys of loggers and haulers
MI Economic Development CorporationUS Department of Energy
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MI Forest Biomass Harvesting ResultsGreenhouse gas emissions Fossil Energy Demand
kg CO2 eqgreen tonnea
kg CO2 eqdry tonne
MJ green tonne
MJdry tonne
A: Full Processor / Forwarder30% Cut (Selective) 14.7 29.4 197.2 394.470% Cut (shelterwood) 12.3 24.6 165.9 331.7Clearcutting 9.9 19.8 135.2 270.4B: Feller-buncher / Skidder / Slasher30% Cut (Selective) 26.3 52.6 337.0 674.070% Cut (shelterwood) 19.1 38.3 248.1 496.3Clearcutting 13.6 27.2 179.0 358.0C: Chainsaws / Skidder30% Cut (Selective) 24.3 48.6 304.2 608.570% Cut (shelterwood) 23.3 46.6 291.9 583.7Clearcutting 22.0 44.0 275.5 551.1
All 30% selective cut harvesting 20.9 41.8 270.8 541.6All 70% shelterwood harvesting 16.3 32.5 213.3 426.6All Clearcut harvesting 10.3 20.6 139.6 279.2All harvesting activity 17.8 35.7 233.1 466.1
a – ‘tonne’ refers to metric tonne
More intensive = more efficientBestMid-input, high productivity
High input, high productivity
Low input, low productivity
Aggregated harvesting/forwarding
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Process diagram of the IH2® process
26 wt. % biofuel
yieldSolid feed
hopper
Hydroconversion reactor
Fluid bed hydropyrolysis
reactor
SteamReformer
Sour water
stripper
H2S scrubber Oxidation
Char Ash Steam
Steam Water
Gasoline/Diesel blend
Biomass Liquid
hydrocarbons
CO2
H2O
C1-C3 hydrocarbons
H2
Ammonium sulfate
Water
Char boiler
SteamElectricity
(used internally)
Cyclone
Compressor
Separator
Wastewater
NH3-Water
Biomass Processing
Case 1
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Process diagram of the IH2® Plus process
38 wt. % biofuel
yieldSolid feed hopper
Hydroconversion reactor
Fluid bed hydropyrolysis
reactor
SteamReformer
Separator
Sour water stripper
H2S scrubber Oxidation
Char Ash Steam
Steam Water
Gasoline/Diesel blend
Biomass Liquid hydrocarbons
CO2
H2OC1-C3
hydrocarbons
CH4
H2
Ammonium sulfate
Water
Char boiler
SteamElectricity
(used internally)
Dry Reformer
Fischer-Tropsch
Liquid hydrocarbons
Cyclone
Compressor
Syngas
NH3-Water
Wastewater
Biomass Processing
Case 2
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Methodology – LCA System boundary IH2® Plus
Hydropyrolysis Hydroconversion Separator
Fischer-Tropsch
Sour water stripper
Ammonium sulfate
Biofuel
Wastewater
Biomass Processing
Dry Reformer
H2SScrubber
Steam Reformer
WaterInputs
Natural Gas
Energy
Electricity
Outputs
CO2
H2C1-C3
hydrocarbons
Syngas
System Boundary
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Results – GHG emissions for IH2® vs IH2® Plus
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Case 1 Case 1(FC) Case 2 Case 2(FC)
gCO
2eq/
MJ f
uel b
lend
94.94 94.69
41.52
12.42
60% reduction in GHG emissions relative to fossil gasoline
)
Fuel use
Fuel Transport
Waste treatment
Ammonia credit
H2 Production
Fuel Production
Feedstock
Case 1: IH2®, wood residueCase 2: IH2® Plus, woody residue
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Pyrolysis-Based Hydrocarbon Biofuel Pathway
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Process Flowsheet with Three Co-Product Options
• Modeled in Aspen Plus
• Design basis of 1,000 metric tons/day of dry feed to the pyrolysis unit
Burn to Displace Coal
Soil Amendment
Activated Carbon
$49.60 per ton (US EIA)
$352 per ton (Pacific Biochar)$111 per ton (del Campo 2015)
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Techno-Economic Inputs to aDiscounted Cash Flow Analysis
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LCA System Boundary
System Boundary
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Economic and Environmental Results
Trade-off plot showing the effect of different co-products for all heat integration scenarios with displacement allocation
(120)
(80)
(40)
0
40
80
120
$2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 $4.00 $4.50 $5.00 $5.50 $6.00 $6.50
GHG
emis
sion
s, g
CO
2 eq
uiv p
er M
J of f
uel
MSP, $/gal
1 step 2 step sc 1Burn CharSoil AmendmentActivated Carbon
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Summary and Conclusions
• A systems analysis framework is useful for evaluating sustainability of a circular forest bioeconomy
• A systems analysis framework • Based on a set of predictive models• Driven by research questions and policy/process alternatives• Inclusive of several sustainability indicators
• Forest-based biofuels achieve large GHG savings compared to fossil fuels, but
• Minimum selling prices are higher than fossil fuels for current market conditions.
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Acknowledgements• Funding Sponsors
• Richard and Bonnie Robbins Endowment at Michigan Tech• Michigan (MEDC-DOE) Center of Energy Excellence• National Science Foundation grant MSP/CHE-ENG/ECCS-1230803
• Students-Postdocs-Faculty• Robert Handler• Olumide Winjobi• Daniel Kulas• Bethany Klemetsrud• Wen Zhou
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References• Shonnard, D.R., Tipaldo, E., Thompson, V., Pearce, J., Caneba, G., Handler, R.M., 2019,
Systems analysis for PET and olefin polymers in a circular economy, Procedia CIRP, 26th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference.
• Handler, R.M., Shonnard, D.R., Lautala, P., Abbas, D., Srivastava, A., (2014), Environmental impacts of roundwood supply chain options in Michigan: Life-cycle assessment of harvest and transport stages, Journal of Cleaner Production, 76, 1 August, Pages 64–73.
• Winjobi, O., Tavakoli, H., Klemetsrud, B., Handler, R.M., Marker, T., Roberts, M., Shonnard, D.R., 2018, Carbon Footprint Analysis of Gasoline and Diesel from Forest Residues and Algae using Integrated Hydroyrolysis and Hydroconversion Plus Fisher Tropsch (IH2® Plus Cool GTL™), ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02091.
• Kulas, D. Winjobi, O., Zhou, W., Shonnard, D.R., 2018, Effects of Co-product Uses on Environmental and Economic Sustainability of Hydrocarbon Biofuel from One- and Two-Step Pyrolysis of Poplar, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6 (5), pp 5969–5980, DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04390
• del Campo, B. G. Production of activated carbon from fast pyrolysis biochar and the detoxification of pyrolytic sugars for ethanol fermentation. PhD Dissertation, Iowa State University, 2015
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2nd Michigan Forest Bioeconomy Conference
Sustainable Futures
Institute
Sustainable Forest BioeconomyRe
new
able
Biod
iver
sity
Carb
on N
eutr
al
Zero
Was
te
Eart
h Sy
stem
s
Syst
ems A
naly
sis
Entr
epre
neur
ial
Circ
ular
Eco
nom
y• Contact Information:
• David R. Shonnard: • [email protected]
Thank you for your attention!