UNDERSTANDING RISK AND UNDERSTANDING RISK AND RISK REDUCTION FOR THE RISK REDUCTION FOR THE
EBOLA VIRUSEBOLA VIRUS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA Virginia, USA
APPLYING WHAT WE KNOW APPLYING WHAT WE KNOW INNOVATIVELY AND INNOVATIVELY AND
STRATEGICALLY TO ACHIEVE STRATEGICALLY TO ACHIEVE SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY
A FRAMEWORK FOR LIVING WITH THE A FRAMEWORK FOR LIVING WITH THE INSTABILITIES CAUSED BY THE ONSET OF INSTABILITIES CAUSED BY THE ONSET OF
INFECTIOUS DISEASES,INFECTIOUS DISEASES,
ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES, AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES, AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE
THE VISION THE VISION IS IS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF
LIFE LIFE IN EVERY COMMUNITYIN EVERY COMMUNITY
THE VISION THE VISION IS IS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF
LIFE LIFE IN EVERY COMMUNITYIN EVERY COMMUNITY
BOOKS OF
BOOKS OF
KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE
- Perspectives
- Perspectives
On Science, Policy,
On Science, Policy,
And Change
And Change
EDUCATION
UNDER-STANDUNDER-STAND
IDENT-IFY
IDENT-IFY
HEARHEAR
PERSON-ALIZE
PERSON-ALIZE ACTACT
PERIOD OF PERIOD OF INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION
WINDOW OF WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY
PERIOD OF PERIOD OF IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION
EDUCATION EDUCATION
GOAL: GOAL: SOCIETAL SOCIETAL
SUSTANABILITYSUSTANABILITY
PRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR
PUBLIC SECTOR
ACADEMIAACADEMIA
FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL NETWORKING NETWORKING
CHANNELSCHANNELS
INFORMATION INFORMATION NETWORKING NETWORKING
CHANNELSCHANNELSORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION NETWORKING NETWORKING
CHANNELSCHANNELS
INNOVATIONINNOVATION
COMMUNITY COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERSSTAKEHOLDERS
YOUR YOUR COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
YOUR YOUR COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES
AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK REDUCTIONRISK REDUCTION
•PREVENTION-MITIGATION•PREPAREDNESS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY•ADAPTATION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
EVERY COMMUNITY IS AT RISK EVERY COMMUNITY IS AT RISK AND HAS AN URGENT NEED AND HAS AN URGENT NEED FOR PUBLIC POLICIES AND FOR PUBLIC POLICIES AND
STRATEGIC PLANS TO STRATEGIC PLANS TO MONITOR, PREVENT, MITIGATE, MONITOR, PREVENT, MITIGATE,
AND PREPARE FOR THE AND PREPARE FOR THE INEVITABLEINEVITABLE
ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE BASED ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF BASED ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF
WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT FROM HAPPENING AND CAUSING A FROM HAPPENING AND CAUSING A
DISASTERDISASTER. .
ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE BASED ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF BASED ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF
WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT FROM HAPPENING AND CAUSING A FROM HAPPENING AND CAUSING A
DISASTERDISASTER. .
A DISASTER IMPACTS ALL A DISASTER IMPACTS ALL SOCIETAL ELEMENTSSOCIETAL ELEMENTS
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITYINSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY
GOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDAGOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDA(CA) OF TECHNICAL (CA) OF TECHNICAL
AND POLITICAL SOLUTIONSAND POLITICAL SOLUTIONS
GOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDAGOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDA(CA) OF TECHNICAL (CA) OF TECHNICAL
AND POLITICAL SOLUTIONSAND POLITICAL SOLUTIONS
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSTECHNICAL TECHNICAL SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS POLITICAL POLITICAL
SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSPOLITICAL POLITICAL
SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSCACA
OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASESINFECTIOUS DISEASES
WATER-BORNE WATER-BORNE DISEASESDISEASESAIR-BORNE AIR-BORNE DISEASES DISEASES PEOPLE-BORNE PEOPLE-BORNE DISEASESDISEASESETC.ETC.
SURPRISE!SURPRISE!THE EBOLA VIRUS IS ONE OF THE EBOLA VIRUS IS ONE OF
THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES THAT THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES THAT THE WORLD IS NOW URGENTLY THE WORLD IS NOW URGENTLY
CONCERNED ABOUTCONCERNED ABOUT
AT PRESENT, NO KNOWN AT PRESENT, NO KNOWN CURE EXISTSCURE EXISTS
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OFTHE ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OFTHE EBOLA-ZAIRE VIRUSEBOLA-ZAIRE VIRUS
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMSSYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
ELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS OF THE 5 FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS OF THE 5 FORMS OF THE EBOLA VIRUSFORMS OF THE EBOLA VIRUS
Fever, Vomiting, Muscle pain, Bleeding.
LOCATION: AFRICA WITH ITS LOCATION: AFRICA WITH ITS PROBLEMS AND HAZARDSPROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
LOCATION: AFRICA WITH ITS LOCATION: AFRICA WITH ITS PROBLEMS AND HAZARDSPROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
POLITICAL POLITICAL INSTABILITYINSTABILITY
FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS ON AIR, IMPACTS ON AIR, WATER, AND SOILWATER, AND SOIL
ENDANGERED ENDANGERED SPECIESSPECIES
HEALTH CONCERNSHEALTH CONCERNS
POLITICAL POLITICAL INSTABILITYINSTABILITY
FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS ON AIR, IMPACTS ON AIR, WATER, AND SOILWATER, AND SOIL
ENDANGERED ENDANGERED SPECIESSPECIES
HEALTH CONCERNSHEALTH CONCERNS
Ebola emerged in Guinea in March and has since spread to Sierra Leone and Liberia, with a suspected cluster in Nigeria.
EBOLA LOCATIONEBOLA LOCATION
The current Ebola outbreak is the largest and longest ever
recorded for the disease, which has a death rate of
about 50 percent and has so far killed at least 961 people, according to the U.N. health
agency.
Scientists say the disease can only be spread through direct
contact with bodily fluids.
VULNERABILITIESVULNERABILITIES
The virus is spread by contact The virus is spread by contact with a stricken person’s fluids: with a stricken person’s fluids: blood, sweat, tears, and blood, sweat, tears, and diarrhea. diarrhea.
FIGHTING EBOLAFIGHTING EBOLA
FIGHTING NATURAL FIGHTING NATURAL HAZARDSHAZARDS
COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY
COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY
MONITOR MONITOR (REAL-TIME (REAL-TIME KNOWEDGE OF WHAT KNOWEDGE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING IN IS HAPPENING IN SPACE AND TIMESPACE AND TIME) )
PREVENTION PREVENTION (CONTROL THE (CONTROL THE SOURCE)SOURCE)
MONITOR MONITOR (REAL-TIME (REAL-TIME KNOWEDGE OF WHAT KNOWEDGE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING IN IS HAPPENING IN SPACE AND TIMESPACE AND TIME) )
PREVENTION PREVENTION (CONTROL THE (CONTROL THE SOURCE)SOURCE)
COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR SOCIETAL SUSTAUNABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAUNABILITY
COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR SOCIETAL SUSTAUNABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAUNABILITY
MITIGATION MITIGATION (REDUCE (REDUCE SOCIETAL SOCIETAL IMPACTS)IMPACTS)
PREPAREDNESS PREPAREDNESS (BE READY FOR (BE READY FOR THE INEVITABLE THE INEVITABLE AND THE UN-AND THE UN-THINKABLE)THINKABLE)
MITIGATION MITIGATION (REDUCE (REDUCE SOCIETAL SOCIETAL IMPACTS)IMPACTS)
PREPAREDNESS PREPAREDNESS (BE READY FOR (BE READY FOR THE INEVITABLE THE INEVITABLE AND THE UN-AND THE UN-THINKABLE)THINKABLE)
OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMESENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES
FLOODSFLOODS SEVERE SEVERE
WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS
BUILDING IN FLOOD PLAIN
FLOODSFLOODS
INUNDATION AND SCOUR
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
EFFECTS OF WATER ON STRUCTURE & CONTENTS
INCREASED POTENTIAL FOR HEALTH PROBLEMS, INJURIES,
AND DEATH
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
VULNERABILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE
SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS
STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
POOR WORKMANSHIP
IGNORING NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING )
IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS
FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE
POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM
IGNORING NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
FLOODING
NO WARNING, OR INADEQUATE WARNING
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMESENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES
DROUGHTSDROUGHTSVOLCANIC VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSERUPTIONSLANDSLIDESLANDSLIDESWILDFIRESWILDFIRES
PROLONGED LACK OF PRECIPITATION
DROUGHTS DROUGHTS
LOSS OF SOIL MOSTURE
LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
DEPLETION/POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER
LOSS OF VEGETATION
INSECT INFESTATION
PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF LAND BY DESERTIFICATION
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA)
IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION)
IN PATH OF LAVA FLOWS
IN PATH OF LAHARS
IGNORING WARNING TO EVACUATE
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION OR GROUND SHAKING
BARE, OVERSTEEPENED SLOPES
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
LIGHTNING STRIKES
WILDFIRESWILDFIRES
MANMADE FIRES
PROXIMITY OF URBAN-WILDLANDS INTERFACE
WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED
DEFORESTATION
DENUDED SLOPES
HOT, DRY WEATHER
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
EUROPE’S HAZARDSEUROPE’S HAZARDS EUROPE’S HAZARDSEUROPE’S HAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE SEVERE SEVERE
WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE SEVERE SEVERE
WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS
LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS
HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSIMPACTS
HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSIMPACTS
SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS
SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS
HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSIMPACTS
HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSIMPACTS
PACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDSPACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDSPACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDSPACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDS
SEVERE SEVERE WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS WILDFIRESWILDFIRES
SEVERE SEVERE WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS WILDFIRESWILDFIRES
ASIA’S HAZARDSASIA’S HAZARDS ASIA’S HAZARDSASIA’S HAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: 26 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: 26 DECEMBER 2004DECEMBER 2004
NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSNORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDS NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSNORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
UNNATURAL UNNATURAL GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE EFFECTSEFFECTS