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THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE
TUG USE IN PORT A Practical Guide
2nd edition
by Captain Henk Hensen FNI
CONTENTS
. . Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 11
... Foreword .......................................................................................................... in
Author's Preface ................................................................................................... iv
Tug Use in Port . The Overview ....................................................................... v
Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................... vi
List of figures ........................................................................................................ ix
Chapter
.. Tug design factors ........................................................................................ 1
................................................................................... Types of harbour tug 9
Assisting methods ...................................................................................... 33
................................................................ Tug capabilities and limitations 43
Bollard pull required ................................................................................. 68
Interaction and tug safety ........................................................................ 80
Towing equipment ................................................................................. 94
Training and tug simulation ..................................................................... 117
Escort tugs ................................................................................................ 134
Tug developments ................................................................................... 163
References ........................................................................................................... 174
Appendices
1 Port authorities & towing companies which provided information ..... 178
2 Safety of tugs while towing ..................................................................... 180
3 Rules for escort vessels ......................................................................... 182
Index ............................................................................................................ 187
Aarts Autohook
added mass ....................................... 73. 81 additional towing point ........................... 1.1
Aegean Sea ........................................ 134 .. 135 aids to ni~vig;~liun ................................... 135 aircraft carricrs
Bureau of Shipping (ABS) .......... 51. 154 Society for Testing and
escort tug .................................... 04. 144 reverse~tractor tug 47. 55. 56. l27. 128. 140. 143. 144. 169. 170 reversetractor t v ~ c ............................ 152 . . reverse-tractor-tug .............................. 143 tug ... 9. 13. 27. 29. 32. 36. 37. 38. 1.5. ..... 46 . 48 . 49 . 52 . 53 . 54. 57 . 58 . 59 .
reverse-tractor .......... 34. 80. 84 . 8.5 assisting mrlhuds ...................... .. ........ 6 . 33
Europe ................................................... 36 134 158 107
Australian Maritime College ................... 122 automatic
berthing system ................................... 172 release system ................................... 101
99 Aware 158 azimuth
bow thruster ................... 19, 29, 54, 172 propellers 25, 49, 54, 56, 61, 86, l63 propulsion ....................... 120, 144, 172 stern drive tugs ................................... 143 thrusters ... 26, 29, 32, 61, 7.5, 80, 117, ................... ........ 163, 165, 166, 171
tractor Lug ........... 26, 27, 120, 148, 152
INDEX
Bernoulli
lheory .................................................... 82 berth construction ................................ 68. 73
bollard pull ...... 20. 30. 56. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 74.75. 76. 78. 91. 99. ......
100. 108. 110. 111. 118 120 139 146 ... . . . . . . . . 154. 159. 166. 169. 170 171 ........................ .
sakly faclor ................... .... .............. 69 bollards ....................................................... 96
Bosr bow
cushion r l lc ls ................... .. ....... 80. 81 thruster ................... 17. 10. 40. 84. 163
........................................ retractable 9
Braer ......................................................... 135 braking
and steering forces ............................. 147 Ibrces ................. 61, 138, 144, 146, 159 holding
bulb and box keel .................................... 144
C H . Cvtcs & Sons ..................... 55. 112. 170
Canada .............. 34. 38. 123. 159. 163. 170 Canship U land Limited .......................... 159
......................... 16 Outer Port Dcsign B .......................... 168
Castill" De nellver ....................................... 134 centre of pressure ........................................ 47
Clydc Consulli~nls UK ....................... .... 31
Coanda effect .................................... 75, 132 cvmbi
combincd joystick control ..................................... 26 thruster control ..................................... 25
119
common assist modes ................................ 170 communications ................................... 89, 90
composition of towlincs ........................... 106 compulsory escort areas ........................... 1.54 computer
generated image (CGI)
control of lrans ........................ 78
..................................... 15, 21, 26, 61, 88, 1.15 control systems ........................ .. ...... 14
controls logicill 11 towing ......................................... I1
conventions fibres .................................................. 104 tug .... 30, 36, 38, 45, 46, 52, 54, 56,
57, 58, 59, 65, 75, 84, 123, 127, .........
cross
current coefficient ...................................... 71
cycloidal propellers ....................................... 51, (il prupulriun s rlcm ....................... 21 120 VS propeller 2
Damen ASD Tug 2477 ...................................... 170 Shipyards ............................. 59. 122. 170
dead
deckhouse con . ............................. 170 default matrix option .............................. l59 design consequences ....................... .... 65 dcsktop computer simulntiun ..58. 119. 156 Det Norske Veritas (DNV) ............... 30. 136.
147. 148. 150. 154. 156. 157 .......................
TUG USE IN PORT 187
................................ escort tug rulcs 147 direct
Dutch inland waters .................................... 35 dynamic
............................ p ~ s i t i o ~ ~ i r ~ g systems 165 ....................................... stability 49. 170
towline pull crileria .............................. 51 ...... 104 10.5 107 114 149.
154 150
economic factor pres3 ................................ ....
effrcl ................................... of current forces 72
..................................... of water deplh 132 effective
................................ ~om~nunication 119 ......................... shiphandling with tugs 43
......................... eight stl-and plaited ropes 103 ...................................... elastic limit 110. 111
emergency towing ............................. arrangcmmta 114. 149
...................... equipment ........... 113. 158 115 l66 111
............... ..................... engine noise ... 129 ..... environmental conditions 3. 34. 62. 68.
................ 72. 108. 118. 119. 120. 123. 144. 156 166
escort
.................................................... speed 147 ........... lug 134. 13.5. 140. 143. 147. 151 cilpbilities 136, 148
............................... class notillion 136 ......................... free sailing specd 147
....................... purpose built 136, 157 .................................... regulations 158
....................... requirements 13.5, 157 .......... suitability .................... .. 136
....................... tethered 146, 147, 158 escortinrr
U
...................................... at high speeds 172 response vessel (ERV) ....................... 158
................................................ trainill& 13 9 tug positions ....................................... 138
....................................................... E. rpeprrunro 36 ................... ................... Esso Terminal .. 160
..................... ................ Europe .... 38. 139 Euronoort ................................................. 37
fibrc .................... differcnccs in properties 10.5
lines ........................ snap-back danger 105
................................................ pennant 106 ........ . . ............... towlincs .. 106 107 11 1
pitcl, propeller ................................... 88
..................... irllluer~ce around a ship 131
..................................... Maritime 134. 151 ...................................... Transom Link 151 ....................................... free sailing speed 147
....................... frequrncy-contrulled winch 99 friction
for 109 or ............................... 98
full mission bridge simulatorl25. 128. 129. 130. l36
.......................................... sitnulator ... 156 ................................. full scale escort trials 161
grooved bolla~ds .............................. .. ............. 106
............................................... fairleads 106 ............................. ................. Guard .... 158
guard plates and struls ........................... 163
. .................................. H~shaped bullilrd 95 96
Hendrik 1: Goedkoop ..................................... 9. 5 ............................. Hesnes Ncptun Group 165
high
pcrfurmance fibres ...................... .-- . IIinchinbrook Enlri~ncr ............................
HMPE ..................... fibres -10.1. 1.19. 150. 151
......... HMPE (High Modulus PolyEtI~ylene) ................................................... 104 . 105
...................... ....... 113 ..................... horizontal tug accclcrilliuns 110
Il~tll
hydraulically ........ ......................... driven winch ... Y Y
........................... operated towing pins 96 hydrudy~iaxnic
........... furccs 44 52 55 163 167 168 mags 73 moment ................................................. 44
ice conditions ............................................... 38
..... ................................................ India ... 111 indirect
.............................. towing mudc 144. 148 ................... influence of wind and current 44
.................................... illfornl assisting tugs 91 infurmi~lion exchange
pilots and tug ci~plains ....................... 152 ....... Inapated Schottel Nozzlc (ISN) 23. 25
.................................... ir~teractian 14. 80. 122 ............................. due to tug fendwing R0
.......................... cffcctr 83. 85. 92. 118
1 0 0 TUC h l A l I T l P A l I h l C T l T l I T E
7 8
of tug prope ers ........................ .. .... 80 ship prapellcr/ship hullLtug ................ 80 tug hullLship hull .................................. R0
........................... 127. 172 International Maritime Organizatiori (IMO)
.............................
J Jan Kooren Towing Company ................... 96
Kinsman Hawk Kirsten. Plofessor ...................................... 21 Kort. Mr . Ludwig nozzle ............................ 15
L
lateral centre of gravity ........................... .... 67 centre of pressure ..43. 44. 45. 50. 167 Iurcc cucfficicnt .................................... 71 resistance ...................... 50 . 63. 170. 171 underwater resistance .......................... 76 wind coefficient .................................... 70
lay
limitations of tug types ............................. 118 linlils olsi~lcly fin Lindscv Foss ............................ 146 . 149 . 158
.. Long Brach ........................................... l i 2 longitudinal forces ....................................... 59 1.ouisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOW ..... 159 Lynn Marie .................. .. .................... 140
M Maasbank ........................... .. ........... 96. 148
simulation programs fast-time ........................................ 123
manufacturer's recurnmcndcd continuous rilling (MCR) ...................................... 30
mdrino ovcrlay finish ................................ 105 Marine Towing of Tampa ......................... 166 Marinesafety International ............. 122. 125 Maritime Simulation Centre .................... 122
25 system .................................................. 66
111 maximum
heeling mgle ....................................... 56 mean towing pull ................................ 148
Multratug 72 ...................................... 168. 169
N
nurnher of crew members ........................ 111 nylon
104 107 107
objectives of escorting .............................. 137 OCIMF ......................... 71. 72. 78. 92. 107.
............... 157
omnid~rec rona propulsiorl ................. 56. 120. 138. 163 prupulsiun systems .............................. 171 propulsion tugs ................................... 64
stern drive tugs .................... .. ............ V2 thrust performance ............................... 46
optimum inforrnaliun exchange ........................ 119 tug placement ................................... 120
optional class natation ............................ 154 outward hlrning mornenl .......................... R4
P
Panama Canal ..................................... 35, 36 Pmcll , George Q ...................... .. ......... 42 part task simulators .................... ... ....... 123 passive escorting ...................... 146, 1.52, 153 Peposus ..................................................... 17 pennimt .................. 107, 109, 114, 147, l50 performance enhancing device ............... 165
communication ............................. 93 coopel.ation ....................... ............. 93 information exchange ................... 93
. . pulycster/polypropylene stretchers ........ 107 polypropylene fibre ................................. 10.1
......................... with mninlv terminals 2 pre~cscort
checklist ............................................... 154 conference .................................. 154, 159
RinceWilliamSound 134. 152. 153. 157. 158
propeller
wvnlt ..................................... 30. 69. 86 propulsiun s y r t r ~ ~ ~ s
dienelklectric 14 protection plate ............................................ 21 Profedor 158 Puget Sound ........... 134, 1.51, 153, 157, 158
Tanker Escort Plan ............................. 158 . ~~
......................... pull/speed characteristics 100 ........................... pulling effectiveness .--- .. 66
yush~pull
point ................................. 43. 44 . 50. 59
quick release controls ......................................... 101 hook ................................ -53, 91, 96, 112
. "l echanism 100 s tnp ................................................. 100
... system ....................... .- 29, 88, 94, 101 ............................ ....... towing book .--- 52
radial hook 50, 65, 04, l63
.............. ........................ system .. 94, 167 54 97
............... rns 123 6.5
.................................... 69 relationship between tug
37 22 22 70 47
.................................. dynamic stability 51
............. retractable arimuth bow thrusters l9 revelse
.................................. arrest mode 61. 62 tractor Lug .................................................. ... 26, 27, 28, 30, 36. 37, 38, 4.5, 49, ..... 52, . 53, 54, 57, 61, 63, 6.5, 75, 92,
and heeling arm curves ....................... 51 moment 166
risk assessment study 135
......................... pulyurethnne cuilting 105 ropes
............................... braid~on-braid 104 ................................... douhlc braidcd 104 ............................ ROTOR escurt tug .... l65
.................................. Rotterdam 2, 37, 165
S/R Benicia 1'39 iafety
and perfurmancc 94 ............ during tug operations 81, 86, I R O
................................. factors 2, 111, 150
................................... Monuvec rudder
...................................... contrullahility 171 ..................... littings lur w e with t u p 149 ..................... mnnoeuvri~~g simulators 172
........................... manoeuvring space 108 .................. mooring lines as tuwlines 111
............................ simulation progl.arn 123
side
simulated escort tug ................................. 156
single ......................... or double druln winch 98
.......................... ... hydrofoil sbaped .- 148
......................... of compact tugs .-- ..... 170 standard
97 66
static furces .................................................. 110 stability ................... .... .................. 49
............... 1 stability curve requircmentr 51 Statoil Terminal ......................................... I 60 sleel
............................... and libre towlines 101
submarines ...................... .. ......... 11 . 13 . 92
linfs heat damage ................................. 100
................................ 143
t c m towing .......................................... 1.13 tension
................................ 30
bow and stern .............................. 76. 118
on a line ............................... 52. 64. 171 ............................ in ice conditions 3Y
114 148
point ....................... .... .43. 44. 15. 94 varying locatiun ............................. 94
.......... ................................ staple .... 166 winch .............. 53. 116. 97. 98. 100. 172
towline .................................................... 10 and/or fender characteristics ............ 129 close behind a ship's stern .................. 88
............................................... elaslicily 110 furcc ........... 46. 50. 53. IOU. 132. 147. .......................................... 167 . I 68 . 172 . .
handling ....................................... 92. 11 1 ....... length 81. 100. 108. 109. 119. 149
luwing un :l line ........................... 107 load reducing system ........................... U9
.................... ....... safety factors .. 110 tension control .................................... 149
.................................. system 18. 32. 56
........... 57. 63. 65. 75. 84. 87. Y2. 143. 152 training ........................................ 117. 120
and pilotage ........................................ l 56 .......................... for a new type of tug 120
................................. lor specific ships 120 ............. in thruster and tug handling 165
............................................... manuals 119 ......... objectives 117. 119. 123. 124. 130
programs .................................... delinition 131
transit route 3 transverse
..................................... approach speed 73
.................................................. tripping 8 89 tug
....................... assist in station keeping 78 ............................... assist manoeuvres 14.7
assistancc in ice
manoeuvring space .............................. 10
operating at the ship's side .................... 6
...................................... single screw 6. 17 .................................. stabilit 13. 90. 172
...................................... type suitability 65 ...................... underwater resistance 110
Voith~Schnoider .................................... Y
................... with azimuth propellers aft 6 ...................... ...... working method ... 1
'TUGSIM .................... prrlonnance graphs 61. 143
simulation YIU'T* .............................. 5Y . U
Tugz International LLC ............................ 28 ...................................... tunnel bow thruster 17
lure and Monestad terminals ................... 151 " turning
diameter ................................................ 44 moment .................................. 43. 45. 55
........................................................ Twaron 104 .................................. twelve strand braids 103
U ................................ UHMW polyethylene 13
............................ UK IY. 134. 146. 154. l 60 ............................................ UK P&I Club 135
IJlstein ........................................................... 25 Ultra Hieh Module PnlvEthvlene IUHMPEl
unsafe situations ................... .. ................. U0 ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~
................... ................................. URS ... 101 IJS Coast Guard (USCG) ......... 51. 134. l 58
.......... USA 14. 19. 21. 29. 34. 38. 48. 58.
TI lC I ICE Ihl DnRT 101
............ 100. 102. 122. 123. 134. 139. 1.50.
................................................... 152. 154. 166 federal rules ................................ 153
................. ledcrd rules fur escurting 161 . ................................................ ports 3.5 36
Valdez
.............................. towline angle 109. 110 .................................. tug acceleration 110
vessel ................... escort and response plan 152
.... escort and response plan (VEKP) 158 ..................................... traLliic services 135
VS
................... ..... reverse-tractor tug .. 154 ........ tractortug 26. 27. 30. 46. 52. 57.
.............. 64. 65. 95. 144. 1.58. 1.59. 171 ....... tug 21. 22. 23. 2.5. 32. 3.5. 37. 38.
.......... 4.5. 48. . 51. . 59. 61. 66. 75. 123.
................. 143. 144. 14b. 154. 158. 16Y design .......................................... 65
W ................... ........................ WJ. Tratt~r ........ 92
...................................... WarringtorllSeale 106 ........................... Washingion Tanker Law 1.58
water depth restricted ........................ .. .................... 4
waterlight duurs ........................................... 93 wave
.............................................. conditions 64 ....................... ....................... forces .. 72
.................................................... p.lilrm 82 wilvcs
influence on tug pelformance ..........I31 1 4
10 10 . ...............................
wijsm. dler . ..........................I.. Engineering Milrin Harbour Towage Arnstfrdam ...............
winch ....................... ...........a groove profile ..
waterfall R wind
........................................ and currcnt Y 0
70
............................... yarn-to-yarn friction 105 .................................. yaw moment 69. 71. 75
z
192 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE