(Formerly known as Bhushan Steel Limited)
Plant: NarendrapurKusupangaMeramandaliDhenkanal _ 759 121 Odisha India Tel (O) 06762 300000/ 660002 / 660000
Regd. Office: Ground FloorMira Corporate SuitesPlot No. 1&2 Mathura Road Ishwar Nagar New Delhi – 110065
CIN No.: L74899DL1983PLC014942
TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-26/2020-01/45
1st June, 2020
The Additional Director General of Forests (C)
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change,
Regional Office (EZ),
A/3, Chandrasekharpur
Bhubaneswar-751023
Sub: Half yearly environment clearance compliance report for fly ash disposal into mine void
of quarry-IV of Jagannath opencast mine of M/s MCL in Talchar of Tata Steel BSL
Limited for the period Oct’19 to Mar’ 20.
Ref: 1. EC vide letters no. Z-11013/43/2011-I-A.II (M) dated 19th April, 2017.
2. Your office letter no.106-12/EPE dated 11.05.2020.
Dear Sir,
As per EIA notification 2006 and its subsequent amendments, we have mailed soft copies
of the half yearly compliance status of the Environmental Clearance for fly ash disposal into
the mine void of quarry-IV of Jagannath opencast mine for the period from Oct’19 to Mar,
20 to the mail ID [email protected] on dated 01.06.2020 from the mail ID:
In case of non-receipt of our half yearly status report through email, request you to inform
us, so that we will be happy to submit hard copies in your good office by hand.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully, f: Tata Steel BSL Limited
KC Das
Head Environment
Hard copies submitted by post to:
1. The Member Secretary, CPCB, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun nagar, Delhi-110032
2. The Member Secretary, SPCB, Parivesh Bhawan,A/118,Nilakahanta Nagar, Unit- VIII,
Odisha, Bhubaneswar-751012.
HALF YEARLY COMPLIANCE REPORT
for the period
Oct,19 to Mar,20
Letter no.: Z-11013/43/2011-I-A.II (M) dated 19thApril, 2017 granted in
favour of Tata Steel BSL Limited (Formerly Bhushan Steel Ltd.) for fly
ash disposal into mine void of quarry-IV of Jagannath opencast mine
of M/s MCL in Talchar
TATA STEEL BSL LIMITED
Narendrapur, Kusupanga, Meramandali, Dhenkanal, Odisha
HALF YEARLY COMPLIANCE REPORT Oct’19 to Mar’20
Page 1 of 3
Tata Steel BSL Limited, Narendrapur, Meramandali, Dhenkanal, Odisha (Formerly known as Bhushan Steel Limited)
Environment Clearance of Jagannath Mine Void
Letter no.: Z-11013/43/2011-IA.II (M) dated 19th April 2017
SL
STIPULATED CONDITIONS COMPLIANCE STATUS
i A pilot project shall be explored for implementation for Cenosphere extraction from fly ash and manufacturing of by-products in consultation with organization like CSIR, ISM (IIT) Dhanbad.
We have contacted the IMMT-CSIR, Bhubaneswar and discussed the issue with them. Details are being worked out and outcome will be communicated shortly.
ii As recommended by NEERI, Ash characterization, hydro-geological studies, leachability of trace metals, monitoring of trace elements in the supernatant, pH of the water and the piezometers on a quarterly basis and reports shall be submitted to the Ministry and its Regional office annually.
NEERI, Nagpur has been assigned to study the ash characterization, hydro-geological studies, leachability of trace metals, monitoring of trace elements in the supernatant water and the piezometers on a quarterly basis.
iii Radio tracer studies shall be continued once in six months and the findings of the study shall be submitted to the Ministry and its Regional Office annually.
Radio tracer studies has carried out by the Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, BARC, Mumbai and report was submitted to the ministry vide letter no.TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-06A/2019-02/161 dated 02th Dec, 2019. The summary of BRIT study is as below;
Good spatial and temporal spread of the labeled fly ash was observed in the pond water with respect to time of disposal.
Scandium-46 leached out from labeled fly ash could not be detected in the bore wells surrounding the quarry number 4 of Jagannath OCP indicating no leachates are reaching the groundwater aquifers from the time of injection.
Further dumping of fly ash could be continued into the mine void to push particulate matter towards the boundaries of the void forcing the labeled fly ash towards the bore wells and to ascertain the impact of leachates in future.
The final report of Radiotracer study is attached as Annexure-I.
HALF YEARLY COMPLIANCE REPORT Oct’19 to Mar’20
Page 2 of 3
Tata Steel BSL Limited, Narendrapur, Meramandali, Dhenkanal, Odisha (Formerly known as Bhushan Steel Limited)
iv Bioaccumulation and bio-magnification tests shall be conducted on surrounding flora and fauna (tree leaves, vegetation, crop yields and cattle population etc.) during pre-monsoon and post monsoon to find out any trace metals escaped through groundwater or runoff.
NEERI, Nagpur has been assigned to study the bioaccumulation and biomagnification on surrounding flora and fauna (tree leaves, vegetation, crop yields and cattle population etc.) with special emphasis on heavy metals. NEERI,Nagpur report has already been submitted vide letter no. TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-06A/2019-02/161 dated 02th Dec, 2019. Interim report of NEERI study is attached as Annexure-II.
v
Surface runoff and supernatant water, in any case shall not be let into surroundings. It shall be collected by providing adequate drains around the mine. As proposed the supernatant water along with surface runoff shall be treated and re-used for ash mixing and plant operations. Surface and groundwater quality along with existing piezometers wells shall be monitored quarterly and the reports shall be submitted to the Ministry annually.
It is a huge exhausted mine pit where runoff from the surrounding areas get accumulated during rainy season. This accumulated mine water is being used for slurry making and ultimately finds its way into the pit with slurry without any chance of going out.
Surface and groundwater quality in the area along with existing piezometers wells are being regularly monitored by engagement of NEERI, Nagpur.
vi After the mine void reaches its full capacity, 30 cm sweet soil lining and proper compacting be provided on the top to avoid any wash off during monsoon. Reclamation activities along with greenbelt development shall be carried out in consultation with M/s MCL in accordance with approved Mine Closure Plan.
Only 2.5% of the void has been filled till date. Necessary reclamation measures as mentioned shall be undertaken after the mine void reaches its full capacity.
vii Only decanted water from mine, make up water from treated effluents such as cooling tower blowdown and treated sewage water shall be used for making ash slurry.
Only mine water is being used for making ash slurry.
viii Mercury in fly ash shall be periodically monitored by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Mercury in fly ash is being periodically monitored by NEERI, Nagpur.
ix Details of month wise quantity of fly ash disposed and water consumption along with nature of water shall be submitted to the Ministry.
Till now 446535 ton of fly ash has been filled in the Jagannath OCP.
Fly ash disposal has been discontinued since February’ 2016.
HALF YEARLY COMPLIANCE REPORT Oct’19 to Mar’20
Page 3 of 3
Tata Steel BSL Limited, Narendrapur, Meramandali, Dhenkanal, Odisha (Formerly known as Bhushan Steel Limited)
x Half-yearly compliance report for all the stipulated conditions in this permission shall be submitted to the Ministry and its Regional Office.
Last half yearly compliance report for stipulated conditions was submitted vide letter no. TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-06A/2019-02/161 dated 02th Dec, 2019.
xi The fly ash utilization shall be in compliance with Fly Ash Notification and its amendments issued from time to time by the Ministry.
We are complying with fly ash Notification and its amendments there of by achieving 100% utilization.
xii Third party evaluation/Environment Audit shall be conducted annually for reviewing the compliance conditions stipulated in the clearances along with the baseline data / studies to be carried out during the period of temporary permission.
Annual review including the base line data and findings of the studies conducted by NEERI.
xiii Compliance of EC / amendment conditions, Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Rules and MoEF&CC Notifications issued time to time shall be done by an Environment Officer to be nominated by the project head of the Company who shall be responsible for implementation and necessary compliance.
Head of Environment Management Department is nominated for implementation and necessary compliance to all MoEF&CC guidelines.
Final Report
on
RADIOTRACER STUDY
of
Fly-ash disposal into mine void
in
Quarry No. 4 of Jagannath OCP
for M/s. Bhushan Steel Ltd.
By
Isotope Application Services
Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology
Department of Atomic Energy
Government of India
December 2019
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to BRIT
1.2 Theory of radiotracer study
1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of using radiotracer technique
1.4 Safety issues
2. SCOPE OF WORK
2.1 Description about site
2.2 Narrative of the problem
2.3 Geology and Hydrogeology
2.4 Targeting the task
3. EXPERIMENTAL
3.1 Selection of radiotracer
3.2 Laboratory studies
3.3 Neutron Irradiation
3.4 Preparations at site
3.5 Labeling bulk fly ash
3.6 Disposal of radiotracer
3.7 Radiation safety monitoring
4. OBSERVATIONS
4.1 Radiotracer Monitoring in surface water
4.2 Schedule of ground water sampling
4.3 Analysis of bore well samples
5. RESULTS
5.1 Iso-count mapping in the mine void water
5.2 Progress of radiotracer in the ground water
6. DISCUSSIONS
7. CONCLUSIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to BRIT
Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT) was carved out of
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Department of Atomic Energy, Government of
India to undertake commercial activities of radioisotope and radiation
applications. In other words it is a commercial wing of Department of Atomic
Energy. Few of the industrial applications of radioisotopes like Gamma column
scanning, blockage, void, corrosion detection in pipelines, identification of location
of leakage in underground pipelines, residence time distribution analysis in
reactor vessels of any kind, flow rate estimation and flow-meter calibration,
effluent dispersion studies in surface waters and sediment transport studies on
river/sea bed, bore-well interconnection studies for groundwater, studies for the
enhanced recovery of oil from the oil wells, reservoir development,
interconnection between oil wells, monitoring secondary recovery of oil and its
effectiveness, etc are undertaken by BRIT. BRIT also supplies industrial
irradiators for the irradiation of surgical items for sterilization, food grains for
removal of pests and enhancement of their shelf life, etc. Gamma chambers of
various capacities are supplied for research purposes. Indigenous radiography
cameras (Industrial gamma radiography exposure device) are supplied for
industrial radiography and the radioisotopes are provided for the imported
radiography camera. For diagnosis and therapy, radioisotopes are produced and
supplied to the hospitals in India and abroad. BRIT has laboratories for
radiopharmaceutical distribution at various locations throughout India.
Out of the above activities undertaken by BRIT/BARC, radiotracer studies
for dilution and dispersion of pollutants in surface waters is helping various
agencies to decide upon the outfall design and its efficacy.
1.2 Theory of Radiotracer Study
The basic principle of tracer investigation is to label a substance, an object or a
phase and then to follow it through a system or to carry out a quantitative assay
of the tracer after it has left the system. The requirements of tracer are that:
it should behave in the same way as the material under investigation, it should be
easily detectable at low concentrations, detection should be unambiguous,
injection, detection and/or sampling should be performed without disturbing the
system, the residual concentration in the system after the study period should
be minimal. All these criteria can be met using radioisotopes as tracer and by
careful selection of the most appropriate tracer for a particular application.
Factors which are important in the selection of radiotracer are: Half life – should
be long enough to allow time to transfer the tracer from the nuclear reactor to
the work site, prepare the tracer for use and complete the measurements. In
order to reduce the level of residual tracer in the system short or optimum half-
life tracer is desirable. Type and energy of radiation – should be detectable at
lower concentrations either by sampling or in-situ detection, will have direct
bearing on the total amount of activity which can be accommodated safely within
given system. After injection, self-absorption by water present in the system may
reduce the level of radiation to the levels which should be within the legal limits.
Physico-chemical form – should be compatible with the material being traced both
in physical form and chemical form and preferably behave same as the material
being traced in the system. The ideal tracer in these circumstances is
undoubtedly the irradiated material itself i.e. irradiated fly ash.
The final choice of radiotracer for an investigation is made after consideration
of all of the above factors, many of which may be mutually exclusive.
Preferably, highly sensitive detectors which are pre-calibrated are used to track
the progress and strength of the radiotracer. In the current scenario, in order
to understand and establish the transport of heavy metals and other trace
elements from the fly-ash to the surrounding environment, Scandium-46 (with
half-life of 84 days and emitting 0.887MeV and 1.119MeV gamma rays) is selected
as a radiotracer.
Radioactive methods can help in investigating suspended sediment dynamics,
providing important parameters for better designing, maintaining and optimizing
disposal of suspended load in to the surface water bodies. Radioisotopes as
tracers and sealed sources have been useful and often irreplaceable tools for
such studies.
For the study of the behavior of the suspended load, the material being disposed
is labeled with the radioactive isotopes such as Au-198/Sc-46 and injected in the
water body. In this study the fly ash was labeled with Sc-46 isotope in chloride
form. The detection of the radioactive cloud is achieved by towing immersed
detectors at different depths.
There are three main transport mechanisms active in the transport of suspended
particles:
1. Advection(currents)
2. Dispersion(turbulences)
3. Decantation(specific weight and volume of particles)
1.2.1 Dispersion Coefficient
Dispersion coefficient can be calculated by the method of moments:
Assuming the obtained steady state cross plume concentration profiles follows
normal distribution (Gaussian), then lateral dispersion coefficient between two
section, Dy is defined as:
𝐷𝑦 =𝜎𝑦2
2 − 𝜎𝑦12
2(𝑡2 − 𝑡1)𝑚2/𝑠
Where 𝜎𝑦22 and 𝜎𝑦1
2 are the variance of cross plume concentration profiles at the
sections 1
& 2 and 𝑡1 & 𝑡2 are time elapsed from the discharge point to the corresponding
section.
Similarly, longitudinal dispersion coefficient can also be estimated using method
of moments.
1.2.2 Decantation rate
The quantity of suspended matter at any moment can be obtained from
𝑀(𝑡) = 𝑀0. 𝑒−𝑤(𝑡−𝑡0)
𝐻.𝜑
Where: t=time
t0= time of injection
w= sinking speed of suspension particles
H=water depth
M0=total mass of suspension tracer
Φ= dimensionless function in Rouse’s theory
Φ = ∫[
aH
(1 −aH)
.(1 − z̕′′′)
z′′′̕
wk.u1
aH
dz
z ̕=z/H reduced height above bed
a= height of detector above bed
k= van Karman coefficient
u= shear stress velocity
Variation of M with respect to time gives decantation rate:
𝜃 =1
𝑀|
𝑑𝑀
𝑑𝑡| gm/sec-ton suspension
Case studies show that flocs are formed during slack water. When currents
induced due to wind are active, flocs disintegrate and tend to become
homogenous.
1.2.3 Transport Velocity
From the iso-count contours, a plot between cumulative of product of count rate©
and length of lateral spread (Y)( i.e. 𝐶1 = ∑ 𝐶. 𝑦) for different locations(x) along
the axis of movements is plotted against x, so that contour map is reduced to one
dimension. The count distribution diagram so generated are called as ‘transport
diagrams’. For each diagram, the location of the weighted centre of gravity along
the axis movements is found out using
𝑋 =∫ 𝐶1. 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝐶1. 𝑑𝑥
Successive tracking in time make it possible to establish many centers of gravity
and the mean velocity of movement (Vm) is calculated from the shifts in the
centre of gravity between two successive trackings.
Radioactive tracers are the only unequivocal method of direct real time
assessment of distribution of suspended matter in the surface water as well as
ground water. Radiotracers are more sensitive and provide more accurate
parameters than conventional tracers. In recent decades, many radiotracer
studies for the investigation of suspended sediment transport in natural systems
have been conducted worldwide, and various techniques for tracing and monitoring
the suspended sediment have been developed by Isotope Application Services of
BRIT. In addition to radiotracers, sealed source techniques can provide
information on the density of suspended sediments in a channel of navigation as
well as on the concentration of sediments circulating in suspension.
The environmental, economic and social benefits from the application of
radiotracer and sealed source techniques can be enormous.
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of using radiotracer technique
Radiotracer technique is carried out without disturbing the system i.e. online. The
radiotracer as the name suggests is used in trace quantity in comparison with the
material in the system as it can be detected at very low concentrations using the
highly sensitive radiation detectors. The detection does not depend upon physical
or chemical changes during the study period as the nuclear properties of the
radiotracer do not change during the course of the study. Since the properly
selected radiotracer either in the same form of the material being traced or
labeled on the traced material follows intended flow paths and undergoes same
changes as the material being traced, ideally it follows the same flow dynamics of
the mother material including leaching, sorption, desorption, flocculation, de-
flocculation, floatation and settling. The conventional tracers like dyes, salts,
fluorescents, etc. often are interfered by other physical or chemical parameters
but radiotracers have no such adverse effect of the suppressing parameters.
Disadvantage of using radiotracers is, it requires trained manpower, additional
training for handling of radioisotopes and knowledge of radiation safety.
Contamination due to the use of radiotracers in powder as well as liquid form
requires huge efforts to deal with.
1.4 Safety Issues
Since the water body of mine void is huge and the labeled fly ash being disposed
should truly represent the bulk fly ash, the quantity of radiotracer theoretically
arrived at is about 5 Ci. The selected radiotracer i.e. scandium (powder of ScCl3)
in sealed aluminum can needs to be brought to the site by road in a lead container
weighing about 800kg. with proper regulatory approvals of transportation and
usage. The vehicle transporting this will be properly labeled with necessary safety
signs.
After it arrives at the site it will be kept secured in a locked room. The handling
for making it in to chloride form will be done using long handled tongs. The
radioactive scandium chloride will be remotely transferred to the fly ash
conditioner using a peristaltic pump. After sufficient time given for labeling, the
fly ash will be disposed off in to mine void.
In general principle of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) will be strictly
followed while performing the entire operation. Similarly the operations of
handling the radiotracers will be carried out in minimum possible time, keeping
the safe distance between source and personnel and using maximum possible
shielding wherever required.
2. SCOPE OF THE WORK
2.1 Description about the Site
M/s. Bhushan Steel limited (BSL) and M/s. Bhushan Energy limited (BEL) are
located at Narendrapur village in Meramandali approx 20 km from Angul town
under the jurisdiction of Dhenkanal district and about 140 km from Bhuvaneshwar
in Odisha. (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Location map of study area
M/s. Bhushan Energy limited has in-house thermal power plant (TPP) generating
883MWof electricity. Burning of coal in the plant generates 5000 tons per day
of fly-ash (1.65 MTPA) which is proposed to be disposed off in a mine void about
25 km. from the plant. The fly-ash disposal site is located in the micro watershed
covered between latitudes 20°52’00’’ N and 20°59’00’’ N and longitudes 85°07’30’’
E and 85°15’30’’ E. The area of study experiences tropical climate with mild winter
and hot summer with an average rainfall of 1250mm during June-Sept (monsoon).
It is characterized by uneven topography, some scattered hillocks, forest blocks
and rocky outcrops. The altitude ranges from 58m to 139m AMSL and the slope
is towards the south east direction.
2.2 Narrative of the problem
Safe disposal of fly ash is a major issue as it contains several toxic chemical
constituents which may pollute the environment. Although, utilizing fly-ash for
manufacturing bricks and cement could take care of this issue partially, the cost
of transporting fly-ash to concerned factories limits its utility.
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) has accorded permission for disposal
of fly ash from the BSL TPP at the disused quarry No. 4 of Jagannath opencast
mines of Mahanadi Coalfields limited (MCL). The mine void is located 25km from
the TPP and covers an area of 119Ha. The fly-ash generated in the TPP is brought
to the quarry in closed vehicles (bulkers) in dry form and is disposed into the mine
void after conditioning and making 60% slurry with water. BSL has been disposing
fly-ash to the mine void since March, 2014. In order to assess the environmental
impact of the fly-ash disposal in the vicinity of the mine void, National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute {NEERI (CSIR)} undertook a
project to survey the underground and surface water quality in the pre and post
monsoon seasons.
Their findings for the ground water showed that the current concentrations of
all the cations, anions except the nitrate and fluoride concentrations were within
the allowable limits prescribed by Beuro of Indian Standards (BIS). The
concentration of all heavy metals except Al, Mn and Ni were also found to be
within the permissible limits of BIS. Their petrographic study indicated presence
of Fluoride and Aluminum containing minerals in the rocks, hence it was concluded
that the higher concentrations of fluorides and Al was geogenic in nature. A
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and water extraction test was
used to study the leaching of heavy metals from the fly ash. The findings of TCLP
and water extraction test showed that the leaching was well within the acceptable
international limits. They also concluded that the plume movement is at a pace of
maximum 700m in 30 years starting from March 2014 using a groundwater mass
transport model MT3D. However, to comply with condition No.-3 (Incorporation
of Radioactive tracer studies for heavy metal) of Environmental Clearance,
Bhushan Steel Limited approached Board of Radiation and Isotope
Technology(BRIT) to carry out the Radiotracer study to understand the leaching
of heavy metals from fly ash in to the surface water and surrounding ground
water.
2.3 Geology and Hydrogeology
The area is largely covered by sedimentary rocks of karhabari and barakar
permocarboniferous formation having large deposits of coal belonging to
Gondwana group overlying Talchir formation consisting of very thick sandstone
and shale sequence. These Gondwana group are overlain by recent alluvium and
valley fill materials mainly along the river courses. A small part of granitoid rock
of the Eastern Ghats is also exposed in the S-E and S-W part (Figure 2). The
sandstones are pale brownish yellow in color, massive, medium to coarse grained
and contains Talchir shale, all held together loosely by a clay matrix bearing a
slightly greenish tint. The barakar formation which overlies karhabari, is
characterized by a thick and conspicuous conglomerate horizon at its base. The
conglomerate members form low ridges in the southern and northern part parts
of the coalfield. The basal conglomerate unit is overlain by a thick sequence (more
than 500m) of medium to coarse grained grayish feldspathic sandstone, grey to
dark grey shale, carbonaceous shale, thick coal seams mostly inter bedded with
shale.
Figure 2 Geological map of study area
The area falls under the Brahmani tributary. The ground water reservoir in the
area is semi-consolidated Gondwana formations comprising mainly of sandstone,
shale and crystalline rock of Precambrian age. The weathered and fractured
sandstone constitute good aquifer and rainfall and seepage from the river
Brahmani are the major sources of groundwater replenishment in this area.
Groundwater occurs under water table condition in the weathered zone and under
semi confined and confined condition in the fracture zone. The depth of dug wells
in these formations ranges from 7.2m to 10.5m BGL.
2.4 Targeting the task
A radiotracer study was conducted for the same purpose during October 1996
which concluded that the radiotracer is not appearing in the surrounding
borewells of the mine void. To reconfirm the findings and to ascertain the
efficacy of fly ash disposal, the radiotracer study was repeated as per the
directive of Ministry of Environment and Forest.
Figure 3 Picture of mine void (west half and east half joined together)
On the upstream side (south side of the void) there was an approach road to the
void area. On the south bank of the void towards the western corner on a flat
plain ground there were fly ash conditioners and auxiliary water storage facility
and various pumping facilities were available as was there in the previous study.
Figure 4 Fly ash conditioner
When bulker used to arrive with a load of fly ash, it was connected to the
conditioner. The fly ash used to get transferred to the conditioner from bulker
pneumatically. In the conditioner fly ash was properly made in to the slurry using
water flow with the help of an agitator.
Figure 5 Agitator in the conditioner
agitator
The homogenized slurry in the proportion of 70%water+ 30% fly ash was disposed
in to the mine void at a constant outflow rate. The additional water jets were
spread on the outlet through the nozzles to increase the fluidity of the slurry.
Since the fly ash is disposed off in to the void water, the fly ash may leach in to
the void water. The leachates may contain heavy metals which could get
percolated in to the ground water contaminating the ground water in the
surrounding bore wells. To study the extent of leached heavy metals with respect
to time, it was proposed to label the fly ash with a suitable radiotracer while
disposing it in to the mine void and to study its spatial and temporal distribution
in the water of mine void and its subsequent progress in to the surrounding bore
wells.
3. EXPERIMENTAL
3.1 Selection of Radiotracer
Ideally, irradiated fly ash would serve as the best tracer for the proposed study.
For this fly ash would be irradiated in nuclear reactor to generate various
radioisotopes and disposing this irradiated fly ash in to the water of mine void to
study dynamics of leachates both in surface and ground water. However,
irradiation of the fly ash would generate radioisotopes of various heavy metals
present in the fly-ash and would pose a serious environmental problem of long
lived radio-isotopes like Zn-65 (half life: 244 days). Please see the following
figure no. 6 for the nuclear properties of Zn-65.
Figure 6 Nuclear properties of Zn-65 radioisotope
Hence, it was decided to carry out the radiotracer study by fly-ash labeled with
Sc-46 (Gamma energies: 0.89, 1.1 MeV, Half-life: 84 days).
For studying ground water movement in the two close bore wells, Mo-99 (average
gamma energies: 730 KeV, Half life: 2.7 days) as sodium molybdate was proposed.
3.2 Laboratory studies
Fly ash is labeled efficiently with scandium as scandium chloride in acidic medium.
Therefore in the laboratory, a study was carried out to estimate the molarity and
quantity of HCl required to efficiently label scandium from scandium chloride
powder.
From the laboratory studies it was estimated that 3 litres of concentrated HCl
is required to be mixed with 15 cubic meter of water and 2000kg of fly ash in
slurry.
3.3 Neutron Irradiation
The optimum quantity of radioactivity of Sc-46 was estimated to be 5 Ci which
would be sufficient to be detected after the leaching and dilution in both water
in the mine void and ground water. The Weight of ScCl3 powder was calculated to
get the required activity (5 Ci of Sc-46 at the time of injection) after irradiation
for one week and pile factor of 13 in Dhruva research reactor at BARC.
1.23 grams of Sc-45 in the form of ScCl3 powder was irradiated for one week to
obtain approximately 5 Ci of activity.
3.4 Preparations at Site
In order to monitor the percolation of radiotracer through the groundwater, and
for better understanding about the groundwater movement the bore wells which
were available during the last study were examined for their efficacy (cleaned
and stagnant water was removed) and regular water samples were drawn.
On the flat plain ground i.e. the injection point of the study area, there were 3
fly ash conditioners out of which the east side conditioner was used for the
proposed activities.
Figure 7 Locations of the bore wells for sampling underground waters
All the material required to carry out the activities like opening of the lead
container, removal of can from the container, cutting the can, remotely
transferring the radioactive powder of scandium chloride to the conditioner,
agitation of the slurry and its disposal were arranged and safety precautions were
taken to tackle any spillage or contamination due to radiotracer if it occurs. The
area was covered with polythene sheets and absorbent sheets above them. The
radiotracer lead container was kept in the vicinity of the laboratory.
About 2000kgs of fly ash was loaded in to the conditioner. Water was filled in
the conditioner in 70:30 ratios to make the slurry.
A rowing boat was also procured to monitor the injected plume movement in the
water of mine void.
3.5 Labeling bulk fly ash
All the material required to carry out these activities were arranged and
necessary safety precautions were taken. 4 liters of concentrated HCl was safely
poured in to the conditioner tank. Before actual handling of the radiotracer,
cutting of dummy aluminum can and related transfers were practiced. The entire
operation was imitated by transporting the water in to the conditioner. After
conducting all the dummy trials, actual handling was done.
A can containing radioisotope Sc-46 as scandium chloride powder was removed
from the transport container using long handled tongs.
The can was placed in a lead die and sheared at the lid of the can remotely using
a long handled cutting tool as shown in figure 11.
Figure 8 Fly ash being loaded in to the conditioner
The irradiated scandium chloride powder was transferred from the cut open can
in to the agitated slurry inside the conditioner tank so that the fly ash remains
in suspension and comes in maximum contact with the radiotracer molecules for
effective labeling of fly ash with Sc-46.
3.6 Disposal of radiotracer
After 2 hours of mixing the batch of labeled fly ash slurry was ready for the
disposal. Flap of the conditioner was opened to dispose the scandium-46 labeled
slurry (radiotracer) in to the mine void.
Figure 9 Disposal of labeled slurry
While disposing the slurry constant water flushing was done and in addition
sprinklers were used to further enhance the disposal. Water flushing was
continued till the radioactivity level on the surface of conditioner was brought
down to the background level.
3.7 Radiation Safety monitoring
Before starting the preparations, all the personnel present and would be involved
in the operations were given thorough briefing of the total activity planned.
Wherever the radioactivity was in use, the polythene sheets were spread and
covered with absorbent sheets. From beginning to the end of the entire
operation, radiation monitoring was continuously carried out. After the
radioactive handling job was finished all the personnel and area under use was
specifically monitored.
Figure 10 Monitoring of the contamination
The area was thoroughly flushed with copious amount of water so that there are
no traces of radioactivity.
Figure 11 flushing the area with water
4. OBSERVATIONS
4.1 Radiotracer monitoring in surface water
Since the radiotracer was disposed off on 31/01/2019 in the void, monitoring of
its spread in the water of mine void was carried out on 1/02/2019. 1” diameter
x1” height sodium iodide scintillation detector connected by about 25 meters
cable to a scaler-ratemeter was inserted in a PVC pipe of about 3 meters length.
The pipe was lowered in the void water from a rowing boat. The detector was
moved from surface to the different depths at various locations in the water and
the corresponding count rate was recorded with respect to the position of the
monitoring boat. The position was determined by a GPS device. Thus the count-
rate data was obtained at various lateral and longitudinal locations and at various
depths.
Figure 12 Data being recorded
4.2 Schedule of ground water sampling
Figure 13 Sample collection from a bore well
In the bore wells already available for monitoring Sc-46 radiotracer injected on
31/01/2019 the frequency of sampling was decided to be every month till the
breakthrough is achieved. After the breakthrough, this frequency could be
increased to once in a week till the depletion in the count rate observed in each
of the bore well sample.
4.3 Analysis of bore well samples
The samples received from each bore well were filtered and filled in a standard
counting container. The container was placed in a highly shielded 3” x3” sodium
iodide scintillation detector coupled to a multichannel analyser as shown in figure
18.
Figure 14 Bore well samples being analyzed
It was ensured that the background count rate is minimal. Each bore well sample
was assayed for 10,000 seconds. In multichannel analyser a spectrum of all the
available energies is obtained. In the spectrum few peaks like K-40, Pb-210 are
obtained which are naturally present in the background. Existence and Location
of the peaks ensures the quality of counting. When the injected radiotracer will
appear in the sample, distinct peaks corresponding to those radioisotopes will be
observed. Area under the specific peaks is recorded and compared with the
standards to estimate the quantity of radiotracer present in the sample. Various
samples collected so far from the date of injection are tabulated in the
ANNEXURE 1 and subsequently their assay results are also attached.
5. RESULTS
5.1 Isocount mapping in the mine void water
The count-rate data received at a given lat/long location was plotted with respect
to various depths to get isocount contours for that depth. From the isocount
contours the spread of radiotracer at various depths can be estimated. The
spread of radiotracer (velocity of transport of radiotracer in the surface water)
in the mine void with respect to time could be obtained when the second and third
tracking conducted on 21/03/2019 and 24/05/2019.
During the first tracking, it was observed that the radiotracer remained
in the vicinity of injection point within 110meters radius on the surface,
94meters at 2 meters depth and 81meters at 5 meters depth.
During the second tracking, it was observed that the radiotracer spread
was within 256meters around the injection point on the surface,
151meters at 2 meters depth and 96meters at 5 meters depth.
During the third tracking, it was observed that the radiotracer spread
was within 377meters around the injection point on the surface,
199meters at 2 meters depth and 102meters at 5 meters depth.
5.3 Progress of radiotracer in the ground water
Water samples are drawn as per schedule from all the designated bore wells every
month for the assay of Scandium-46. As soon as the samples are received at
‘Radioanalysis Laboratory Vashi, those are assayed on gamma ray spectrometer
(multichannel analyser) to determine the radiotracer content. However, samples
assayed till 21/10/2019 have not shown any traces of the presence of scandium-
46.
6. DISCUSSION
The injected Sc-46 radiotracer needs to be homogenously spread throughout the
water in the mine void so that it can have maximum surface contact with the rocks
and its fractures surrounding the void and thus percolating through them to reach
to the observation bore wells in the same manner as the groundwater. It has been
observed that the injected radiotracer follows the form of a plume in the void
water near the injection point which is evident from the isocount contours
obtained at various depths. Heavier particles from the fly ash could be settling
on the bottom surface with a localized spread. Column of the plume rises to the
surface with confined dimensions and the good amount of spread of the
radiotracer is observed on the surface indicating lighter particles tend to float
on the surface.
However, leaching process of the radiotracer (labeled fly ash) may be in action
at various depths in the water due to physical churning of the fly ash with water
molecules. The same could be in place when the finer particles escape through the
cracks in the surrounding rock of the mine void and fractures. Due to their
physical friction with the soil particles Sc-46 may appear in the water samples
drawn from the bore wells. In the period from 01/02/2019 to 21/10/2019 the
presence of Sc-46 in water samples could not be observed as tabulated in
Annexure I.
7. CONCLUSION
Good spatial and temporal spread of the labeled fly ash was observed in the pond
water with respect to time of disposal.
Scandium-46 leached out from labeled fly ash could not be detected in the bore
wells surrounding the quarry number 4 of Jagannath OCP indicating no leachates
are reaching the groundwater aquifers from the time of injection.
Further dumping of fly ash could be continued in to the mine void to push
particulate matter towards the boundaries of the void forcing the labeled fly ash
towards the bore wells and to ascertain the impact of leachates in future.
Annexure-I
Groundwater samples sent by TATABSL to RAL, BRIT for analysis
Samples assayed between 17/03/2019 - 22/03/2019
Counting time for each sample (as well as for background): 5000seconds
Sl.No Sample
Id
Sample description Background
Count-rate
cps
Sample
Count-rate
cps
1 BPZ-3 Adjacent to inject Bore well 2456 2455
2 BPZ-4 Near railway line 2993 2990
3 BPZ-5 Near MCL workshop 2891 2899
4 BPZ-6 Adjacent to pit downstream 2778 2845
5 BPZ-7 Near MCL CHP 2655 2650
6 BPZ-8 Ambedkar Nursery 2463 2461
7 BG-1 Pani hating near anganwadikendra 2921 2889
8 BG-2 Dera village (inside primary school) 2435 2455
9 BG-22 South balanda near Dispensary 2656 2665
10 BG-24 Beside Kalimandir Near Nehru
Satabdi Hospital
2757 2881
11 CP-3 Padmabatipur village inside upper
primary school
2994 2996
Groundwater samples sent by TATABSL to RAL, BRIT for analysis
Samples assayed between 23/05/2019 - 29/05/2019
Counting time for each sample (as well as for background): 5000seconds
Sl.No Sample
Id
Sample description Background
Count-rate
cps
Sample
Count-rate
cps
1 BPZ-3 Adjacent to inject Bore well 2564 2571
2 BPZ-4 Near railway line 2939 2954
3 BPZ-5 Near MCL workshop 2819 2876
4 BPZ-6 Adjacent to pit downstream 2888 2801
5 BPZ-7 Near MCL CHP 2335 2380
6 BPZ-8 Ambedkar Nursery 2455 2462
7 BG-1 Pani hating near anganwadikendra 2299 2289
8 BG-2 Dera village (inside primary school) 2567 2555
9 BG-22 South balanda near Dispensary 2682 2680
10 BG-24 Beside Kalimandir Near Nehru
Satabdi Hospital
2757 2784
11 CP-3 Padmabatipur village inside upper
primary school
3001 3010
Groundwater samples sent by TATABSL to RAL, BRIT for analysis
Samples assayed between 11/07/2019 - 16/07/2019
Counting time for each sample (as well as for background): 5000seconds
Sl.No Sample
Id
Sample description Background
Count-rate
cps
Sample
Count-rate
cps
1 BPZ-3 Adjacent to inject Bore well 2118 2180
2 BPZ-4 Near railway line 2221 2121
3 BPZ-5 Near MCL workshop 2352 2355
4 BPZ-6 Adjacent to pit downstream 2201 2240
5 BPZ-7 Near MCL CHP 2504 2583
6 BPZ-8 Ambedkar Nursery 2765 2786
7 BG-1 Pani hating near anganwadikendra 2584 2523
8 BG-2 Dera village (inside primary school) 2979 2981
9 BG-22 South balanda near Dispensary 2874 2798
10 BG-24 Beside Kalimandir Near Nehru
Satabdi Hospital
2651 2615
11 CP-3 Padmabatipur village inside upper
primary school
2789 2711
Groundwater samples sent by TATABSL to RAL, BRIT for analysis
Samples assayed between 26/08/2019 - 31/08/2019
Counting time for each sample (as well as for background): 5000seconds
Sl.No Sample
Id
Sample description Background
Count-rate
cps
Sample
Count-rate
cps
1 BPZ-3 Adjacent to inject Bore well 2456 2449
2 BPZ-4 Near railway line 2323 2361
3 BPZ-5 Near MCL workshop 2486 2495
4 BPZ-6 Adjacent to pit downstream 2765 2755
5 BPZ-7 Near MCL CHP 2846 2896
6 BPZ-8 Ambedkar Nursery 2555 2559
7 BG-1 Pani hating near anganwadikendra 2689 2680
8 BG-2 Dera village (inside primary school) 2758 2760
9 BG-22 South balanda near Dispensary 2231 2236
10 BG-24 Beside Kalimandir Near Nehru
Satabdi Hospital
2125 2131
11 CP-3 Padmabatipur village inside upper
primary school
2833 2839
Groundwater samples sent by TATABSL to RAL, BRIT for analysis
Samples assayed between 10/10/2019 - 17/10/2019
Counting time for each sample (as well as for background): 5000seconds
Sl.No Sample
Id
Sample description Background
Count-rate
cps
Sample
Count-rate
cps
1 BPZ-3 Adjacent to inject Bore well 2678 2699
2 BPZ-4 Near railway line 2963 2899
3 BPZ-5 Near MCL workshop 2525 2529
4 BPZ-6 Adjacent to pit downstream 2685 2681
5 BPZ-7 Near MCL CHP 2486 2491
6 BPZ-8 Ambedkar Nursery 2873 2879
7 BG-1 Pani hating near anganwadikendra 2591 2588
8 BG-2 Dera village (inside primary school) 2664 2659
9 BG-22 South balanda near Dispensary 2989 2978
10 BG-24 Beside Kalimandir Near Nehru
Satabdi Hospital
2245 2249
11 CP-3 Padmabatipur village inside upper
primary school
2685 2683
Groundwater samples sent by TATABSL to RAL, BRIT for analysis
Samples assayed between 20/11/2019 - 24/11/2019
Counting time for each sample (as well as for background): 5000seconds
Sl.No Sample
Id
Sample description Background
Count-rate
cps
Sample
Count-rate
cps
1 BPZ-3 Adjacent to inject Bore well 2868 2869
2 BPZ-4 Near railway line 2911 2901
3 BPZ-5 Near MCL workshop 2425 2426
4 BPZ-6 Adjacent to pit downstream 2899 2912
5 BPZ-7 Near MCL CHP 2552 2549
6 BPZ-8 Ambedkar Nursery 2682 2689
7 BG-1 Pani hating near anganwadikendra 2986 2988
8 BG-2 Dera village (inside primary school) 2753 2761
9 BG-22 South balanda near Dispensary 2519 2523
10 BG-24 Beside Kalimandir Near Nehru
Satabdi Hospital
2632 2640
11 CP-3 Padmabatipur village inside upper
primary school
2999 3006
1
Draft Final Report
Hydro geological study, ash characterization, trace metal leachability, mine water analysis, bio accumulation and bio magnification, surface and ground water monitoring in 10km area from the mine void of Jagannath OCP of MCL (Coal Mine area, Talcher)
M/s Tata Steel BSL Limited
Meramandali, Dhenkanal District, Odisha-759121
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
Under Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
Nehru Marg, Nagpur – 440 020 ISO 9001:2008
June 2020
2
Chapter I
Introduction
3
1.1 Preamble
The plant has captive thermal power plant (TPP) generating 883 MW of electricity (both
BSL and BEL). The Power plant is located approximately 140 km from Bhubaneswar in
Dhenkanal district of Odisha. The Steel Plant has an annual capacity of 5.6 MTPA. BSL and
BEL generate about 5000 tons of ash per day (1.65 MTPA). MoEF has accorded permission
for disposal of the ash at the mine void of Jagannath Opencast Mines (OCP) of the Mahanadi
Coal Fields Limited (MCL). Total capacity of the mine void is 17 million tons. The mine
void is located at an approximate distance of 25 km from the TPP and covers an area of 119
Ha. The ash is brought to the disposal site by covered vehicles (bulkers) in dry form. At the
disposal site, the ash is conditioned and slurrified by mixing the ash and water in the ratio of
60% and 40%. The disposal of ash in the mine pit started in March 2014. In view of the large
quantity of ash dumping in the mine void, it is essential to assess the impact of the ash
disposal on the groundwater and surface water quality in the vicinity of the mine void and
surrounding villages. M/S Tata Steel BSL Limited desires CSIR-NEERI to carry out Hydro
geological study, ash characterization, leachability studies, mine water analysis, bio
accumulation and bio magnification studies, surface and ground water monitoring in 10km
area from the mine void of Jagannath OCP of MCL (Coal Mine area, Talcher).
The task has been assigned with the following objectives:
Assessment of the groundwater and surface water quality of the existing sources, mine water
analysis, biological studies and fly ash characterization in 10km buffer area of the mine void
of Jagannath opencast mine pit.
1.2 Approach of the study
Keeping in view the objectives of the study, maximum primary data have been collected
from the study area. Secondary data have also been collected for the purpose.
Delineation of the study area on the basis of watershed principle.
A network of observation wells has been set up for water level measurement and
groundwater sampling. The monitoring has been carried out for December 2017, April
2018, June 2018, Nov 2018, Feb 2019, June 2019, October 2019. The samples have
been analyzed for major cations, anions and trace elements.
4
Mine Pit samples have been collected and analysed for trace elements in December
2017, April 2018, June 2018, November 2018, February 2019, June 2019, October 2019
and February 2020 to study the trend of concentration of key trace elements.
Particle Size Analysis of the fly ash samples
Chemical characterization of the fly ash for parameters namely Na2O, MgO, SiO2,
Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, K2O, P2O5, SO3, Cr2O3, MnO2, NiO, CuO, ZnO, Rb2O,SrO
etc.
Trace elements in the fly ash for parameters namely Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,
Pb, Hg, Zn, Se, B.
Ground water level and flow direction for post monsoon and pre monsoon seasons.
Analysis of trace elements like Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Hg, Zn, Se, B
and other parameters pH, EC, Turbidity, TDS, Total hardness and major cations/anions
like Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na+ , Alkalinity, No3-, So4
-, Cl- and F- for mine pit water.
Bioaccumulation and Bio-magnification studies for trace elements
Analysis of soil samples for parameters namely Hydraulic conductivity, pH, EC,
Organic carbon, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K), total fluoride, trace elements
Leachability analysis (TCLP and SPLP) to study the hazardous nature of fly ash and
bottom ash.
As suggested by the Environmental Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of
Environmental and Forest (MoEF) vide letter dated Z-11013/43/2011/IA-II(M) dated
19.04.17, various issues recommended by the EAC have been addressed in the study.
1.3 Tasks Undertaken
The present study is based on the extensive primary and secondary data.
Delineation of the study area has been carried out on the basis of watershed principle
A network of observation wells has been set up for water level measurement in the post-
monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. It was also attempted that samples are located in
10km buffer zone from the mine void of Jagannath OCP.
Groundwater sampling and analysis has been carried in the observation well network
5
Mine pit water has been collected and analyzed for major cations/anions and trace
elements
Mercury analysis in fly ash
Analysis of soil in the study area
Analysis of flora and fauna has also been carried out
Bioaccumulation and Bio-magnification studies for trace elements
1.4 Report Layout
The report is presented as follows:
Chapter 2: It gives brief introduction to the study area
Chapter 3: The methodology of data collection is presented. A detailed description is
provided about the methodology of sampling groundwater, mine water, surface water and
Bioassay studies
Chapter 4: The results and discussions in respect of Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and
Ash characterization are presented in Chapter 4.
Chapter 5: The results and discussions pertaining to Bioaccumulation test and Bio-
magnification are presented in Chapter 5.
Chapter 6: The findings and recommendations are presented in Chapter 6.
6
Chapter II
Study Area
7
2.1 Location
The Tata steel BSL Limited is located at Narendrapur village in Meramandi which is under the
jurisdiction of Dhenkanal district in Odisha. It is approximately 18 km from the Angul town
(Figure 2.1). However, the ash disposal site is located in the microwatershed covered between
latitudes 20° 52’ 00” N to 20° 59’ 00” N and longitudes 85° 07’ 30” E and 85° 15’ 30” E. It is
covered by Survey of India Toposheet (F45 T/1 and F45 T/5 on 1:50,000 scale).
Figure 2.1: Location map of the study area
The ash disposal site, i.e. the Jagannath mine void (Figure 2.2) is located approximately 25 km
from the Tata Steel BSL Plant at Meramandali. The disposal site covers an approximate area of
0.22 sq km. The fly ash is brought to the site by covered bulkers. Subsequently, the ash is mixed
Tata Steel BSL
8
with water pumped from the reservoir and made to a slurry form which is disposed (Figure 2.3)
on the abandoned Jagannath Mine pit.
Figure 2.2: Jagannath Abandoned Mine Void
Figure 2.3: Ash disposal at the Jagannath abandoned Mine void in slurry form
9
2.2 Climate
The study area experiences tropical monsoon climate with mild winter and hot summer. The
average annual rainfall of the study area is approximately 1250 mm of which major amount is
received during the four months extending from June to September.
2.3 Physiography and Landuse
The study area constitutes northern part of Angul district. The area is mainly drained by the river
Brahmani. The area constitutes various physiographic features such as alluvial plain, mountain
ranges, flood plains and water bodies. The slope is towards the southeast direction.
2.4 Geological set up
The study area is mostly characterized by the rocks of the Gondwana Super Group (Figure 2.4).
The Gondwanas comprise of sandstone, carbonaceous shale and coal bands with pink clay and
pebbly sandstones. Gondwana rocks are overlain by recent alluvium and valley fill materials at
places. It is observed that granitoids of Precambrian age appeared in South East and South West
patches of the study area (Figure 2.4). In addition, the laterites occur as patches capping over the
country rocks and attain a limited thickness.
2.5 Hydrogeology
The area falls in the Brahmani tributary. The principal ground water reservoir in the area is
consolidated crystalline rock of Precambrian age and semi consolidated Gondwana formations
comprising of mainly sandstone and shale. The weathered and fractured sandstone form a good
aquifer. Groundwater occurs under water table conditions in the weathered zone and under semi-
confined to confined condition in the fracture zone.
10
Figure 2.4 Geological map of the study area (after GSI, 2010)
11
Chapter III
Methodology for data collection
12
3.1 General
The study envisages addressing the objectives by undertaking the following tasks:
Delineation of Watershed and setting up the observation well network
Hydrogeology
Hydrochemistry
Analysis of Mine Pit water at different period
Soil analysis
TCLP Analysis
Chemical characterization of fly ash
Bio-magnification and Bioaccumulation tests
Accordingly, primary data has been generated by undertaking extensive field survey in the
months of December 2017, April 2018, June 2018, November 2018, February 2019, June 2019
and October 2019. Secondary data has been collected through interaction with Tata Steel BSL
Limited officials, Officials of the Rural Water supply and sanitation Department, Odisha and the
local villagers in and around the study area.
3.2 Delineation of the watershed and observation well network
The delineated watershed covers an area of 89.35 sq. km (Figure 3.1). A network of observation
wells (15 nos.) has been set up in the study area. The observation well network consisted of India
Mark II hand-pumps as well as open wells (Table 3.1). The network also consisted of the Piezo
metres set up by the Tatasteel BSL. The observation wells were distributed in a representative
manner in the study area and are spread over different land use pattern in the study area.
13
Figure 3.1: Base map of the study area
14
Table 3.1: Observation Wells in the study area surrounding the Jagannath opencast mine pit
S.No. Sample Code
Longitude Latitude Source Type
Remarks
1. BHG-1 85° 10ʹ 11.5ʺ 20° 56ʹ 26.0ʺ HP Panihating, beside Aanganwadi
Kendra, downstream of the Jagannath mine pit
2. BHG-2 85° 09ʹ 55.1ʺ 20° 56ʹ 54.8ʺ HP Dera village, inside primary
school, LHS of the road towards Jagannath mine pit
3. BHG-3 85° 11ʹ 37.1ʺ 20° 54ʹ 50.0ʺ HP
Jagannathpur village, RHS of the road towards bikrampur, beside kuna bhai house, slum
huts, after canal
4. BHG-4 85° 12ʹ 04.6ʺ 20° 55ʹ 58.9ʺ HP On LHS of the road from Talcher station to Hatatota
5. BHG-5 85° 10ʹ 32.0ʺ 20° 54ʹ 19.4ʺ HP
RHS of the road towards NALCO, opposite to shri
ganesh petrol pump, bidyuth colony, bikrampur
6. BHG-6 85° 10ʹ 32.9ʺ 20° 55ʹ 07.1ʺ HP
Inside Tentulei village, opposite naresh Chandra patnaik house,
RHS of the road towards NALCO
7. BHG-7 85° 14ʹ 19.7ʺ 20° 57ʹ 17.7ʺ HP Talcher town, beside jagannath
mandir, LHS of the road towards talabeda village
8. BHG-8 85° 12ʹ 59.5ʺ 20° 54ʹ 19.5ʺ HP LHS of the road towards TTPS, beside talcher thermal railway
station
9. BHG-9 85° 13ʹ 57.8ʺ 20° 54ʹ 43.3ʺ HP Santhapada village, LHS of the
road towards bolhar village
10. BHG-10 85° 10ʹ 48.4ʺ 20° 56ʹ 06.3ʺ HP Ghantapada village, LHS of the road towards Chalagarh village,
beside pawan biswal house
11. BHG-11 85° 09ʹ 18.4ʺ 20° 55ʹ 11.0ʺ HP Laxmanpur village near
Balanda village, RHS of the road, beside the temple
12. BHG-12 85° 10ʹ 17.5ʺ 20° 58ʹ 09.7ʺ HP Naraharipur, LHS of the road,
evacuated village
13. BHG-13 85° 09ʹ 42.7ʺ 20° 59ʹ 06.1ʺ HP Naraharipur village, RHS of the
road towards Dera village
14. BHG-14 85° 12ʹ 20.2ʺ 20° 58ʹ 28.3ʺ HP Talabeda village, RHS of the
road towards Talcher road
15. BHG-15 85° 14ʹ 00.8ʺ 20° 55ʹ 09.7ʺ HP Santhapada village, RHS of the road towards Brahmani River
15
16. BHG-16 85° 08ʹ 58.4ʺ 20° 53ʹ 19.0ʺ HP Kukudanga village, LHS of the
road towards gobara, beside grinding mill
17. BPZ-1 85° 09' 0.5"E 20° 56' 53.7"N PZ Upstream of Jagannath mine
pit, near by BSL mine pit office.
18. BPZ-2 85° 8'59.90"E 20°56'53.73"N PZ Upstream of Jagannath mine
pit, near by BSL mine pit office.
19. BPZ-3 85° 9'43.69"E 20°56'3 9.7"N PZ Entrance of the road towards BSL mine pit office, besides
railway track.
20. BPZ-4 85° 8'53.29"E 20°56'37.84"N PZ RHS of the road towards
Jagannath mine pit, Beside NTPC ash pond.
21. BPZ-5 85° 8'41.54"E 20°56'32.18"N PZ Behind Jagannath Colliery
office.
22. BPZ-6 85° 8'57.07"E 20°56'26.16"N PZ
RHS of the road towards Jagannath mine pit, in the
premises of Jagannatha colliery office.
23. BPZ-7 85°10'7.71"E 20°56'13.83"N PZ Behind Medical college, inside
BSL garden.
3.3 Groundwater sampling and analysis
Groundwater samples (Table 3.1) and few surface water samples have been collected from the
identified sources (Figures 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) in the study area. The co-ordinates (latitude/longitude)
of the observation wells were noted with the help of hand held GPS of Garmin make (Figure
3.4). The water level from observation well network was obtained using Electric Contact Gauze
(water level meter – Solinst 101). The groundwater level has been obtained with respect to below
ground level (bgl).
For physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal analysis, the samples were collected in pre-
cleaned 500 ml and 100 ml polyethylene bottles respectively. Concentrated HNO3 was added to
the heavy metal samples for preservation. Parameters namely, pH and temperature were
measured in the field itself.
16
Figure 3.2: Groundwater sample collection from Piezo metre
The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed by following the standard protocols (APHA,
2012). The heavy metal analysis was done by using ICP-OES (Model: iCAP 6300 DUO, Make:
Thermo Fischer). The detection limit for Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu are 0.0062 ppm, 0.0014
ppm, 0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 0.002 ppm, 0.02 ppm and 0.005 ppm respectively. The parameters
namely Na and K were analyzed by Flame Photometer (Model: CL361, Make: ELICO).
17
Figure 3.3: Surface water sample collection
Figure 3.4: GPS measurement of observation well in the study area
18
3.4 Mine Pit water Sampling
Mine pit water samples (2 nos) were collected from the mine pit (Figure 3.5). The samples were
collected from different points at different depths (Table 3.2) by using a depth sampler.
Table 3.2 Water samples collected at different depths from Jagannath Mine pit
S.No. Sample Code Depth (in m)* 1. JP-1 Depth 1m 2. JP-2 Depth 7m 3. JP-3 Depth 9m 4. JP-4 Depth 8m
*Depth at which the sample was taken
Figure 3.5: Sampling locations in Jagannath Mine Pit
3.5 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
The fly ash and bottom ash samples were collected at the four ash generation units and analyzed
using the TCLP test. A commonly used test for the determination of the leaching characteristics
of fly ash is the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) established by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA, 1992). The TCLP is designed to determine the
mobility of both organic and inorganic analyses present in liquid, solid and multiphase wastes.
The procedure is carried out in an assembly (Figure 3.6) which has an orbital shaker with fixed
19
rotations per minute (RPM). This procedure provides a uniform method to compare the tendency
of inorganic elements to leach out from fly ash samples into moderate-to-highly acidic aqueous
environments. The testing methodology is used to determine if ash is characteristically
hazardous (D-List) or not. The extract is analyzed for substances appropriate to the protocol. The
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was conducted as per United States
Environmental Protection Agency protocol (US EPA SW-846 method, 1311), where 10 gram of
ash samples was taken with extraction fluid in 1:20 ratio (m/v). The extraction assembly at room
temperature was tightly closed and kept in orbital shaker at 30±2 rpm for 18 hours. The
suspension was filtered and filtrates for heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-MS. The TCLP
extraction fluid was prepared by mixing 5.7 ml of glacial acetic acid, 500 ml of deionized water
and later 64.3 ml of 1N NaOH was added and the volume was made up to 1 Liter. The pH of
extraction fluid was maintained at 4.9.
Figure 3.6: Orbital shaker for TCLP
20
3.6 Chemical Characterization of the fly ash samples:
The ash samples were collected at six (06) locations in the study area (Table 3.1). They were
analyzed for elements like Na2O, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, K2O, P2O5, SO3, Cr2O3,
MnO2, NiO, CuO, Cr2O3, MnO2, NiO, CuO, Rb2O, SrO, ZrO2, BaO and Cl. The analysis was carried
out at IBM (Indian Bureau of Mines), Nagpur.
3.7 Soil Analysis
3.8 Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in Flora and Fauna
Plants are the primary biological absorbent of trace elements as they are the producers in any
food chain. These trace elements may not be toxic to the plant but there are evidences of
bioaccumulation of trace metals/elements in plant may cause blight, spots in leaves and stunted
growth. These plants are food to various other herbivorous animals that ingest them and in turn
taken in a dose of these trace elements that may lead to bio magnification. Keeping requirement
of TOR as proposed and background the monitoring for trace metals in plants, fishes and milk
samples was carried out in Dec., 2017; April., 2018 and Dec., 2018, February 2019, June 2019.
3.8.1 Sampling
Sampling for biological material to monitor and assess bioaccumulation of trace metals in flora
and fauna in the study area was carried out in three different seasons falling in different months
i.e. December 2017, April 2018 and July 2018, December 2018, February 2019 and June 2019.
Bioaccumulation samples were to be represented from plants (wild plants, horticulture plants)
and fishes for fauna as well as milk samples. The samples of plants (wild as well as agriculture
crops) were collected using stratified random sampling from the delineated study area falling in
mine void as well as from villages situated at varying distances from the mine void to understand
the impact of distance (Figure 3.7). A detailed list of plants collected from individual locations
is presented in Annexure I.
21
Figure 3.7:Common plants found and collected around the mine void
Crops and horticulture plant samples were collected from the villages as per TOR (Figure 3.8).
A detailed list of plants collected from individual locations is presented in Annexure I, II and
III. Plant leaves were collected as per TOR provided. The plants, after identification were
collected in polyethylene bags, well dried using bloating paper to avoid fungal growth and
22
contamination and were carried back to NEERI Nagpur for further analysis. Collected samples of
plants were analyzed after air drying.
23
Figure 3.8 Prominent vegetable crops collected from the villages around the mine void
In order to study the effect of bio-accumulation of trace elements and heavy metals in fish fauna
as per TOR (Brahmani, Nandira and Mine void). Fishes are the most sensitive animal species in
any Aquatic ecosystem. Any form of change in the water body would vastly affect the biological
pattern of the fishes. In this case we chose the species Tilapia. Tilapia is the common name for
nearly a hundred species of cichlid fish from the tilapiine cichlid tribe. Tilapia are mainly
freshwater fish inhabiting shallow streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes, and less commonly found
living in brackish water. The fishes were caught from the banks of the void and rivers using a
fishing net and preserved in the 125 ml sampling bottle. Fish samples were immersed into 100
ml of formalin in the sampling bottle and were stored in icebox and brought back to NEERI,
Nagpur for further analysis.
24
Labeo bata (bata fish Juvinile)
Labeo rohita (Rohu fish Juvinile)
Figure 3.9: Fishes collected from Brahmini, Nandira river and mine void
Milk samples were collected from villages as per TOR within 10 kilometers distance from the
mine void. Cowshed from a random household in each village was selected and milk was
collected in 125ml sampling bottles as per standard protocol of International Dairy Federation
(IDF) (Figure 3.10). Milk samples collected in sampling bottles and preserved in 10% formalin.
20ml of formalin was added to 100 ml of milk to stop any form of bacterial degradation.
25
Figure 3.10 Milk samples collected from the study area as brought to lab for analysis
The sampling locations for plants have been marked using GPS (Garmin hand held GPS Model –
Montana 650) for December 2017, April 2018 and July 2018 sampling (Figures 3.11, 3.12 and
3.13 respectively).
26
Figure 3.11: Map showing co-ordinates of plant sampling around Jagganath mine void area, Dec., 2017
27
Figure 3.12: Map showing co-ordinates of plant sampling around Jagganath mine void area, April 2018
Figure 3.13: Map showing co-ordinates of plant sampling around Jagganath mine void area, July 2018
28
3.8.2 Sample Preparation
Heavy metal analysis in plants was preceded by sample preparation using the digestion
technique. Hence, samples were washed thoroughly to clean the dirt and dust from their surface
followed by air-drying of the samples for complete drying of the organic matrix and avoid any
kind of fungal or microbial growth. Dried plant samples were stored in tight zip-lock plastic bags
for further digestion and sample analysis. Pre-weighted plant samples of 1gm using digital
balance (AG204 Delta Range, METTLER TOLEDO) were digested using conc. HNO3 and
HClO4 in the ratio of 2:1 inside the fume hood. The samples were digested when clear solution
was obtained and white fumes subsides (APHA 2017, Rice et al, 2017). For preparation of milk
samples for heavy metal analysis, the oven dried milk samples were digested by taking 0.5gm of
dried sample of the milk and to it 10ml of HNO3 and 1ml of H2O2 was added and kept over-night
for pre-digestion. Later samples were heated at 70-80°C on hotplate until the solution turned
colorless (Anastasio et al., 2006).
(i) Sample Analysis
The digested samples were maintained up to required volume of 15 ml and analyzed by ICP-
OES instrumentation techniques. The standards of different concentration (1ppm, 2ppm, 3ppm,
5ppm and 10ppm) from multi-element standard solution, for every metal, were prepared using
the standard equation of normality calculation.
N1V1 = N2V2
Where, N1= Concentration of stock solution.
N2= Concentration of solution to be prepared.
V1= Volume of solution to be calculated. (Unknown)
V2= Volume of solution to be prepared.
Multiple element standards of various concentrations pertaining to each metal were prepared for
heavy metal analysis by single standard of various concentrations was prepared for heavy
analysis. (APHA, 2013). Sterilized, clean falcon tubes were used for storing the stock solution
and the standards. Calibration curve plots of prepared standards were plotted with an accuracy of
29
99.999%. Heavy metal analysis of various plant, cow dung and fishes are analyzed for every
heavy metal using ICP-OES (Thermo Fisher Model- iCAP6300 DUO).
The trace elements studied for understanding bioaccumulation (Al, As, Co, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cd,
Se, Pb, Zn, Ni and B) were divided into 3 subgroups for ease of understanding viz. Toxic, Semi-
toxic and non-toxic elements. The given chart below shows the classification the trace metals in
3 subgroups (Table 3.3).
Table 3.3: Category of Trace Metals as per their toxicity
Category of heavy metals Metals
Non-toxic B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn Se, Zn
Semi-toxic Al
Toxic As, Cd, Pb, Ni
(Source: Patil et al., 2013)
The trace elements studied for bioaccumulation (Al, As, Co, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cd, Se, Pb, Zn, Ni
and B) were compared to the permissible limits given below to produce an inference from the
results. So, far there is no published literature on standards of heavy metals in soil and plants but
we have tried to look to the information published elsewhere internationally in reputed journals
and sources and tried to see our results. See the source of permissible limits provided in Table
3.4.
Table 3.4 Trace Metals and their permissible limits as per literature surveyed
*Shah et al, 2013; *World Health Organization, 1998; ** DIRECTIVE 2002/32/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL 2002)
Trace elements
Al* As** B* Cd* Co Cr* Cu* Fe* Mn* Ni* Pb* Se Zn*
Permissible limits (ppm)
20 2 - 0.3 - 1.5 10 20 200 1.5 10 - 50
30
Chapter IV
Results & Discussion
(Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry)
31
4.1 Groundwater Level
Groundwater level conveys useful information about the groundwater system. The temporal
variation of the groundwater level conveys the characteristics like its recharge potential due to
precipitation. The groundwater level has been measured in the observation well (22 nos) network
during the seasons Dec 2017, Apr 2018, Jun 2018, Nov 2018 and Feb 2019. It is observed
(Figures 4.1 (a) to 4.1 (e) & Table 4.1) that the season Dec 2017 water level (bgl) varied from
1.15 m (BHG-5) to 27.26 m (BPZ-1), the season April 2018 water level (bgl) varied from 1.37 m
(BHG-4) to 27.75 m (BPZ-1), the season June 2018 water level (bgl) varied from 1.91 m (BHG-
1) to 27.48 m (BPZ-1), the season Nov 2018 water level (bgl) varied from 1.57 m (BPZ-7) to
24.33 m (BPZ-2) and the season Feb 2019 water level (bgl) varied from 1.53 m (BHG-5) to
25.37 m (BPZ-2), the season June 2019 water level (bgl) varied from 2.73m (BHG-1) to 26.87m
(BPZ-1), the season October 2019 water level (bgl) varied from 0.47 m to 16.76 m (BHG-8). It
indicated that the water level is at a deeper level in pre-monsoon as compared to the post-
monsoon level.
32
Table 4.1: Water level (bgl-m) in observation well network
S.No. Sample Code
DTW(m)
Dec
(2017)
MP(m)
Dec
(2017)
BGL(m)
Dec
(2017)
BGL(m)
Apr
(2018)
BGL(m)
Jun
(2018)
BGL(m)
Nov
(2018)
BGL(m)
Feb
(2019)
BGL(m)
June
(2019)
BGL(m)
Oct
(2019)
1. BHG-1 3.73 1.1 2.63 2.65 1.91 2.29 2.63 2.73 2.01
2. BHG-2 17.0 0.78 16.22 26.23 20.07 12.81 18.98 21.76 10.07
3. BHG-3 9.13 0.77 8.36 10.44 - - -
4. BHG-4 - 0.8 - 1.37 2.15 2.4 5.73 4.45 2.54
5. BHG-5 1.65 0.5 1.15 2.67 4.51 1.92 1.53 22.46 19.8
6. BHG-6 5.53 0.48 5.05 6.76 4.95 3.73 4.8 7.03 6.96
7. BHG-7 11.78 0.51 11.27 12.77 14.06 9.99 4.98 5.35 3.27
8. BHG-8 5.03 0.7 4.33 11.23 11.6 9.81 10.39 16.06 16.76
9. BHG-9 10.38 0.68 9.7 12.61 9.52 14.39 7.72 9.01 2.04
10. BHG-10 7.62 0.5 7.12 9.32 8.42 4.9 6.55 8 3.31
11. BHG-11 4.65 0.5 4.15 3.24 3.48 3.4 2.33 4.78 1.92
12. BHG-12 16.08 0.51 15.57 - 5.44 8.27 5.85 8.75 5.74
13. BHG-13 5.49 0.5 4.99 4.88 5.35 3.48 4.26 4.73 3.4
33
14. BHG-14 17.84 0.95 16.89 5.07 21.1 15.01 17.08 20.15 15.55
15. BHG-15 20.83 0.76 20.07 18.04 14.67 14.43 5.86 25.59 11.93
16. BPZ-1 28.28 1.02 27.26 27.75 27.48 24.13 24.07 26.87 24.14
17. BPZ-2 27.3 0.9 26.4 27.56 27.23 24.33 25.37 25.83 24.63
18. BPZ-3 11.7 0.7 11 11.69 11.66 2.61 9.56 10.35 5.74
19. BPZ-4 14.71 1.17 13.54 13.53 13.47 - -
20. BPZ-5 10.54 1.05 9.49 9.78 9.59 9.2 9.31
21. BPZ-6 17.43 0.9 16.53 17.15 16.43 14.96 16 16.06 14.39
22. BPZ-7 4.16 0.9 3.26 4.3 3.6 1.57 3.2 3.56 0.47
34
Figure 4.1 (a): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in December, 2017
Figure 4.1 (b): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in April, 2018
35
Figure 4.1 (c): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in June, 2018
Figure 4.1 (d): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in November, 2018
36
Figure 4.1 (e): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in February, 2019
4.2 Groundwater Quality (Physico-chemical Parameters)
The analysis of major cations, anions and trace elements of the groundwater samples (Tables
4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8) indicate the temporal variability of the different parameters.
The key parameters like TDS, Cl, NO3, F and SO4 (Table 4.2 & 4.3) were taken into
consideration for the analysis which show significant impact on groundwater quality. The
physico-chemical parameters (Table 4.2 & 4.3) were also analyzed and compared with the
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS: 10500-2012) (Table 4.4).
pH: pH is an important parameter for water quality assessment to know the acidic or basic nature
of water. The pH of the samples were found in between 5.6 (BHG-4) to 7.7 (BHG-15) during
December 2017 (Table 4.2), 5.9 (BHG-1) to 7.4 (BHG-8 & 15) in April 2018 (Table 4.3), 5.7
(BHG-1) to 7.2 (BHG-5, 11, 16) in June 2018 (Table 4.4), 5.8 (BHG-2) to 7.3 (BHG-15) in
November 2018 (Table 4.5), 6.7 (BHG-10) to 8.3 (BHG-12) in February 2019 (Table 4.6). 6.5
(BHG-1) to 7.7 (BHG-12 & BHG-15) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 6.8 (BHG-2) to 7.6 (BHG-5 &
37
BHG-12) in October 2019 (Table 4.8). Hence pH is found to be within acceptable range of 6.5
to 8.5 as per BIS standards (10500:2012).
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): (Figures 4.2 (a) to 4.2 (g)) - The estimation of TDS reveals that
values varied in the range 66 mg/L (BHG-1) to 827 mg/L (BHG-5) during Dec, 2017 quarter and
in the range of 130 mg/L (BHG-7) to 1356 mg/L (BHG-6) during Apr, 2018 quarter (Table 4.3),
147 mg/L (BHG-13) to 1174 mg/L (BHG-3) in June 2018 (Table 4.4), 93 mg/L (BHG-8) to 498
mg/L (BHG-2) in Nov 2018 (Table 4.5), 131 mg/L (BHG-1) to 1224 mg/L (BHG-6) in Feb,
2019 (Table 4.6), 84 mg/L (BHG-1) to 1422 mg/L (BHG-6) in June, 2019 (Table 4.7), 182
mg/L (BHG-1) to 1272 mg/L (BHG-6) in October, 2019 (Table 4.8). It was observed that the
TDS values (Tables 4.2-4.8) of all the sources are within the permissible limit as per BIS
standard (2012:10500).
Sulphate: From Figures 4.3 (a) to 4.3 (g) it is observed that Sulphate concentration varied in the
range 6 mg/L (BHG-12) to 195 mg/L (BHG-5) in the period of Dec, 2017 (Table 4.2) and in the
range of 5.2 mg/L (BHG-7) to 340 mg/L (BHG-6) during Apr, 2018 (Table 4.3), 4 mg/L (BHG-
13) to 263 mg/L (BHG-2) in June 2018 (Table 4.4), 13 mg/L (BHG-13) to 151 mg/L (BHG-6) in
November 2018 (Table 4.5), 3 mg/L (BHG-5) to 189 mg/L (BHG-6) in February 2019 (Table
4.6), 4 mg/L (BHG-5) to 445 mg/L (BHG-6) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 9 mg/L (BHG-13) to 210
mg/L (BHG-6) in October 2019 (Table 4.8). The Sulphate concentration in all the samples was
within the permissible limit of BIS standard (Tables 4.2-4.3).
Nitrate: From Figures 4.4 (a) to 4.4 (g) it is observed that the Nitrate concentration exceeding
the desirable limit was observed in samples namely 0 mg/L (BHG-3, 4, 6, 8, 10 & 13) to 91
mg/L (BHG-1) in Dec 2017 (Table 4.2), 0 mg/L (BHG-7, 13 & 14) to 46 mg/L (BHG-2) in
April 2018 (Table 4.3), 0 mg/L (BHG-7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15 & 16) to 56 mg/L (BHG-5) in June
2018 (Table 4.4), 1 mg/L (BHG-5, 8, 13 & 16) to 142 mg/L (BHG-2) in November 2018 (Table
4.5) and 2 mg/L (BHG-7 & 14) to 95 mg/L (BHG-2) in February 2019 (Table 4.6), 1 mg/L
(BHG-13) to 168 mg/L (BHG-2) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 1 mg/L (BHG-5) to 132 mg/L (BHG-
11) in October 2019 (Table 4.8). The major source for nitrate contamination may be due to the
38
land use and land cover pattern i.e., local habitation without proper sewerage and agricultural
practices in the study area.
Fluoride: (Figures 4.5 (a) to 4.5 (g)) - The Fluoride concentration varied in the range 0.35 mg/L
(BHG-2) to 3 mg/L (BHG-7) during Dec, 2017 quarter (Table 4.2) and in the range 0.1 mg/L
(BHG-1, 2, 11, 14 & 16) to 1.9 mg/L (BHG-15) during Apr, 2018 quarter (Table 4.3)
respectively. It varied in the range 0.03 mg/L (BHG-1 & 10) to 1.1 mg/L (BHG-15) in June 2018
(Table 4.4), 0.31 mg/L (BHG-2 & 7) to 4.3 mg/L (BHG-3) in November 2018 (Table 4.5), 0.09
mg/L (BHG-1) to 3.2 mg/L (BHG-2) in Feb 2019 (Table 4.6), 0.1 mg/L (BHG-1, BHG-2, BHG-
10) to 3.7 mg/L (BHG-5) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 0.1 mg/L (BHG-7) to 0.9 mg/L (BHG-5) in
October 2019 (Table 4.8). The samples namely BHG-7, BHG-9, BHG-14 and BHG-15 during
post-monsoon season and samples namely BHG-5 and BHG-15 during pre-monsoon season
showed higher values of fluoride. Excluding above mentioned samples, all the other samples
have fluoride concentration within the permissible limits as per BIS standards. It is revealed from
various studies carried out in past that the occurrence of high level of fluoride in the ground
water is in this region is lying in the basement crystalline and in the Gondwana sedimentary
(Talcher Coal Field).
Chloride: (Figures 4.6 (a) to 4.6 (g)) - Chloride concentration varied in the range 8 mg/L
(BHG-10) to 200 mg/L (BHG-5) in the period of Dec, 2017 quarter (Table 4.2) and in the range
of 18 mg/L (BHG-13) to 344 mg/L (BHG-3) during Apr, 2018 quarter (Table 4.3), 14 mg/L
(BHG-13) to 304 mg/L (BHG-3) in June 2018 (Table 4.4), 14 mg/L (BHG-1) to 280 mg/L
(BHG-6) in November 2018 (Table 4.5), 10 mg/L (BHG-13) to 370 mg/L (BHG-6) in Feb 2019
(Table 4.6), 20 mg/L (BHG-13) to 366 mg/L (BHG-6) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 16 mg/L
(BHG-13) to 350 mg/L (BHG-6) in October 2019 (Table 4.8). The average concentration was
observed to be approximately 101 mg/L and 61 mg/L during Dec, 2017 and Apr, 2018 quarters
respectively. The chloride concentration in all the samples was within the permissible limit of
BIS standard (Tables 4.2-4.8).
39
Figure 4.2 (a): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in December, 2017
Figure 4.2 (b): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018
40
Figure 4.2 (c): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018
Figure 4.2 (d): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018
41
Figure 4.2 (e): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019
Figure 4.2 (f): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019
42
Figure 4.2 (g): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019
43
Figure 4.3 (a): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in Dec, 2017
Figure 4.3 (b): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018
44
Figure 4.3 (c): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018
Figure 4.3 (d): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018
45
Figure 4.3 (e): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019
Figure 4.3 (f): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019
46
Figure 4.3 (g): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019
47
Figure 4.4 (a): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in December, 2017
Figure 4.4 (b): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018
48
Figure 4.4 (c): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018
Figure 4.4 (d): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018
49
Figure 4.4 (e): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019
Figure 4.4 (f): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019
50
Figure 4.4 (g): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019
51
Figure 4.5 (a): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in December, 2017
Figure 4.5 (b): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018
52
Figure 4.5 (c): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018
Figure 4.5 (d): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018
53
Figure 4.5 (e): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019
Figure 4.5 (f): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019
54
Figure 4.5 (g): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019
55
Figure 4.6 (a): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in December, 2017
Figure 4.6 (b): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018
56
Figure 4.6 (c): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018
Figure 4.6 (d): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018
57
Figure 4.6 (e): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019
58
Figure 4.6 (f): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019
59
Figure 4.6 (g): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019
60
Table 4.2: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – post-monsoon season (December, 2017)
Sr.N
o
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ard
ness
as
CaC
O3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHG-1 6.4 643 386 1.1 224 67 14 50 15 100 112 78 91 0.03 0.43
2 BHG-2 5.8 110 66 0.5 60 11 8 13 4 60 14 12 14 0.17 0.35
3 BHG-3 7.1 644 386 0.9 224 56 20 58 10 290 83 46 0 0.07 1.20
4 BHG-4 5.6 149 89 60.0 64 11 9 24 5 65 10 24 0 0.07 0.38
5 BHG-5 7.3 1379 827 0.6 616 136 67 59 17 415 195 200 31 0.10 1.10
6 BHG-6 7.5 1122 673 1.0 292 83 20 72 2 215 114 110 0 0.08 1.00
7 BHG-7 7.6 884 530 0.5 224 64 16 68 2 145 82 148 15 0.11 3.00
8 BHG-8 7.5 848 509 1.9 168 40 17 78 2 255 25 52 0 0.10 0.96
9 BHG-9 7.5 863 518 1.9 308 70 32 62 2 310 85 68 2 0.12 1.50
10 BHG-10 6.8 203 122 1.6 100 30 6 9 7 115 13 8 0 0.08 0.86
11 BHG-11 7.5 1163 698 0.9 420 107 37 68 6 225 159 108 50 0.08 1.40
12 BHG-12 7.1 537 322 1.8 248 42 35 32 13 315 6 30 3 0.11 1.30
13 BHG-13 6.9 282 169 2.2 152 40 13 8 6 175 19 10 0 0.08 1.00
14 BHG-14 7.1 928 557 1.1 444 64 69 51 16 475 111 44 2 0.08 1.80
15 BHG-15 7.7 1021 613 1.3 332 94 23 68 2 365 28 124 3 0.12 2.00
61
Table 4.3: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – pre-monsoon season (April, 2018)
Sr.N
o
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al H
ard
ness
as
CaC
O3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHG-1 5.9 226 136 1.7 72 22 4 20 10 80 30 24 12 0.3 0.1
2 BHG-2 6.2 719 431 8.8 192 58 12 47 31 75 62 90 46 0.2 0.1
3 BHG-3 7.1 2110 1266 3.9 812 203 73 89 1 425 199 344 8 0.1 0.5
4 BHG-4 7.3 944 566 1.5 340 54 49 55 3 350 51 70 19 0.2 0.8
5 BHG-5 7.3 1375 825 0.7 384 34 72 138 1 620 65 100 7 0.2 1.8
6 BHG-6 7.3 2260 1356 3.0 764 22 170 148 3 425 340 340 2 0.1 1.2
7 BHG-7 6.5 216 130 19 124 22 16 13 6 160 5.2 20 0 0.3 0.3
8 BHG-8 7.4 932 559 5.5 136 34 12 144 1 340 19 76 0.3 0.4 0.5
9 BHG-9 7.0 510 306 2.0 212 64 12 11 1 160 25 46 0.4 0.2 0.4
10 BHG-10 6.3 511 307 29 144 45 8 21 6 65 14 52 12 0.3 0.2
11 BHG-11 7.3 1214 728 2.3 300 59 36 115 2 425 66 112 15 0.2 1.1
12 BHG-16 7.3 853 512 5.4 256 46 32 30 6 248 66 50 0.3 0.1 1.1
13 BHG-13 6.6 262 157 22 120 34 9 33 21 150 6.1 18 0 0.2 0.5
14 BHG-14 6.9 263 158 2.7 420 67 60 111 1 465 52 46 0 0.2 1.1
15 BHG-15 7.4 982 589 2.6 296 77 25 84 1 365 21 98 2 0.1 1.9
62
Table 4.4: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – pre-monsoon season (June, 2018)
Sr.N
o
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ardn
ess
as C
aCO
3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHG-1 5.7 303 182 80 180 29 7 31 5 52 42 32 8.1 0.04 0.03
2 BHG-2 6.3 726 436 55 240 40 34 72 33 112 263 90 29 0.02 0.06
3 BHG-3 6.9 1957 1174 50 640 40 130 94 2 372 104 304 52 0.01 0.2
4 BHG-4 6.9 945 567 9.3 324 19 66 64 7 344 82 94 8.4 0.01 0.4 5 BHG-5 7.2 1571 943 1.2 472 11 107 127 4 408 127 180 56 0.02 0.9
6 BHG-6 7.1 1945 1167 0.8 540 21 117 145 7 404 220 300 0.3 0.0 0.7
7 BHG-7 5.8 216 130 370 472 16 12 16 7 120 6 22 0 0.0 0.2
8 BHG-8 7.1 855 513 3.2 132 34 12 145 2 396 8 44 0 0.04 0.2
9 BHG-9 7.1 512 307 0.8 480 43 28 37 1 184 23 54 20 0.01 0.2
10 BHG-10 6.1 262 157 700 220 21 2 31 9 84 16 50 0 0.0 0.03
11 BHG-11 7.2 1148 689 13 324 46 50 115 5 360 80 98 25 0.0 0.6
12 BHG-12 6.8 372 223 16 128 34 11 40 16 104 56 30 15 0.13 0.07
13 BHG-13 6.7 245 147 330 120 26 13 15 5 124 4 14 0 0.02 0.6
14 BHG-14 6.7 933 560 40 404 10 67 60 24 428 42 40 0 0.01 0.2
15 BHG-15 7.1 969 581 3.4 212 24 36 113 1 360 13 100 0 0.0 1.1
16 BHG-16 7.2 848 509 3.9 248 40 36 95 2 336 65 62 0 0.0 0.7
63
Table 4.5: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – post-monsoon season (November, 2018) Sr
.No
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ard
ness
as
CaC
O3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHG-1 6.5 604 363 3.2 184 35 23 45 9 88 122 14 8 0.63 1.0
2 BHG-2 5.8 830 498 6.9 212 48 22 57 42 96 111 80 142 0.59 0.31
3 BHG-3 6.7 805 483 2.3 200 48 19 114 8 100 131 140 8 0.60 4.3
4 BHG-4 6.1 630 378 1.7 304 101 12 62 11 288 125 80 42 0.28 0.97
5 BHG-5 5.1 233 140 4.7 56 16 4 98 2 56 18 140 1 0.36 3.5
6 BHG-6 5.9 354 212 5.1 648 48 127 121 5 332 151 280 55 0.11 1.4
7 BHG-7 5.4 550 330 8.4 152 34 16 20 14 108 72 36 3 0.30 0.31
8 BHG-8 6.5 154 93 3.1 140 14 25 148 3 340 33 34 1 0.50 0.61
9 BHG-9 5.9 260 156 5.5 208 40 26 20 2 160 33 46 50 0.26 0.52
10 BHG-10 7.1 429 257 320 144 34 14 28 12 120 61 50 21 0.12 0.31
11 BHG-11 7.1 675 405 5.8 200 51 17 128 14 328 131 88 38 0.24 1.3
12 BHG-12 7.2 559 335 4.8 168 40 16 46 12 92 72 46 62 0.38 0.52
13 BHG-13 6.1 243 146 4.2 140 32 14 9 4 120 13 16 1 0.38 0.60
14 BHG-14 6.9 765 459 230 400 24 82 58 19 392 80 54 2 0.09 1.4
15 BHG-15 7.3 418 251 4.4 168 18 30 76 6 252 41 90 2 0.24 1.7
16 BHG-16 6.1 294 177 4.6 256 19 50 80 3 284 57 60 1 0.25 1.3
64
Table 4.6 Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – pre-monsoon season (February, 2019)
Sr.N
o
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ard
ness
as
CaC
O3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHG-1 7.2 218 131 3.8 84 29 3 12 5 40 51 22 7 0.29 0.09
2 BHG-2 6.8 681 409 13 180 40 19 43 37 80 83 90 95 0.07 3.2
3 BHG-3 7.3 755 453 1.8 156 37 15 105 1 108 42 170 8 0.09 2.9
4 BHG-4 7.3 1046 628 4.6 392 59 59 49 4 312 92 136 26 0.05 0.73
5 BHG-5 7.6 582 349 2.2 44 16 1 104 2 48 3 180 3 0.07 0.13
6 BHG-6 7.3 2040 1224 0.8 780 59 152 174 4 400 189 370 18 0.22 1.1
7 BHG-7 7.2 298 179 0.6 108 29 9 16 15 144 5 30 2 0.03 0.13
8 BHG-8 7.6 799 479 2.4 220 32 34 161 1 432 11 22 3 0.29 0.39
9 BHG-9 7.3 506 304 3.7 220 58 18 14 1 152 23 24 32 0.18 0.33
10 BHG-10 6.7 360 216 30 116 26 12 20 12 104 31 52 5 0.05 0.16
11 BHG-11 7.3 1074 644 2.3 316 90 22 107 4 332 108 100 54 0.09 0.98
12 BHG-12 8.3 244 146 1.1 100 21 12 12 5 92 46 12 8 0.08 0.22
13 BHG-13 7.3 254 152 31 152 29 19 11 4 116 13 10 3 0.15 0.34
14 BHG-14 7.3 962 577 16 460 58 76 39 22 436 78 40 2 0.09 0.89
15 BHG-15 7.6 885 531 6.6 288 78 22 90 1 440 28 92 3 0.15 1.4
16 BHG-16 7.7 852 511 2.8 324 112 11 75 1 368 70 76 3 0.38 0.92
65
Table 4.7: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – pre-monsoon season (June, 2019)
Sr. No
Sample Code
pH
EC TDS (mg/l)
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al
Har
dnes
s a
s C
aCO
3
Cal
cium
as
Ca2+
Mag
nes
ium
M
g2+
Sod
ium
Pot
assi
um
Tot
al
alka
lini
ty a
s C
aCO
3
Pho
sph
ate
as
PO
4-2
Flu
orid
e as
F
-
Nit
rate
NO
3-
sulp
hate
chlo
ride
Unit - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)
6.5/8.5
- 500/ 2000
1/5 200/ 600
75/200
30/100 - - 200/600
- 1.0/1.5 45 200/400
250/ 1000
1 BHG-1 6.6 140 84 2.0 128 46 3 14 3 68 0.1 0.1 37 50 36
2 BHG-2 6.5 787 472 2.7 288 74 25 31 13 96 0.5 0.1 168 112 80
3 BHG-4 7.4 874 524 0.3 300 88 19 32 3 136 0.5 0.7 33 126 70
4 BHG-5 7.9 641 385 0.9 44 16 1 92 2 60 0.1 3.7 2 4 174
5 BHG-6 7.5 2370 1422 0.3 980 64 197 153 4 272 0.0 1.1 17 445 366
6 BHG-7 7.4 331 199 3.9 120 32 10 15 4 120 0.0 0.2 2 30 34
7 BHG-8 7.8 895 537 0.9 92 24 8 141 1 328 0.0 0.4 2 21 50
8 BHG-9 7.5 523 314 0.5 200 42 23 14 1 108 0.1 0.4 80 39 52
9 BHG-10 6.7 278 167 7.5 124 46 2 13 5 40 0.0 0.1 79 11 56
10 BHG-11 7.5 1189 713 0.3 232 51 25 93 3 156 0.0 1.5 149 139 100
11 BHG-12 7.7 333 200 4.4 132 27 15 12 6 72 0.4 0.3 34 60 30
66
Table 4.8: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – post-monsoon season (October, 2019)
12 BHG-13 7.0 260 156 13.5 104 16 15 8 3 112 0.3 0.5 1 13 20
13 BHG-14 7.2 1005 603 0.9 464 50 82 34 17 300 0.0 1.2 9 99 46
14 BHG-15 7.7 897 538 0.7 184 50 14 72 1 200 0.0 1.9 2 34 90
15 BHG-16 7.5 915 549 0.6 280 32 48 66 1 220 0.2 1.2 2 86 80
Sr. No
Sample Code
pH
EC TDS (mg/l)
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dnes
s a
s C
aCO
3
Cal
cium
as
Ca2+
Mag
nes
ium
M
g2+
Sod
ium
Pot
assi
um
Tot
al
alka
lini
ty a
s C
aCO
3
Pho
sph
ate
as P
O4-2
Flu
orid
e as
F
-
Nit
rate
NO
3-
sulp
hate
chlo
ride
Unit - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)
6.5/8.5
- 500/ 2000
1/5 200/ 600
75/200 30/100 - - 200/600
- 1.0/1.5
45 200/400
250/ 1000
1 BHG-1 7.2 304 182 0.2 116 16 18 12 3.1 68 0.8 0.8 23 44 22
2 BHG-2 6.8 1081 649 0.9 320 99 17 29 10 112 0.6 0.3 44 129 140
3 BHG-4 7.2 1146 688 0.3 400 144 10 28 2 120 0.6 0.5 29 120 116
4 BHG-5 7.6 623 374 0.9 40 11 3 78 1.6 60 0.7 0.9 1 13 70
5 BHG-6 7.2 2120 1272 0.3 816 112 129 145 3 232 0.9 0.2 12 210 350
6 BHG-7 7.5 324 194 0.9 108 32 7 12 3 72 0.8 0.1 3 35 40
67
7 BHG-8 7.8 892 535 0.9 148 40 12 130 1.2 304 0.8 0.7 2 32 50
8 BHG-9 7.4 586 352 0.5 232 72 12 12 0.7 120 0.6 0.7 68 22 70
9 BHG-10 7.4 458 275 0.9 160 48 10 13 4 44 0.8 0.5 66 12 60
10 BHG-11 7.5 1173 704 0.3 312 93 19 87 3 208 1.1 0.8 132 112 92
11 BHG-12 7.6 336 202 1 140 35 12 10 6 78 1.3 0.8 22 54 30
12 BHG-13 7.4 275 165 1 128 26 15 8 4 120 1.2 0.7 3 9 16
13 BHG-14 7.3 1117 670 0.9 368 80 40 31 15 300 1.5 0.4 9 89 40
14 BHG-15 7.5 901 541 0.7 300 66 23 68 0.9 196 1 0.3 12 23 80
68
4.3 Groundwater quality (Trace Elements)
The concentration of iron (Fe) during post-monsoon (December 2017) varied from 0.004 mg/L
(BHG-1 & BHG-5) to 0.9 mg/L (BHG-4 & BHG-13) and during pre-monsoon (April 2018) it is
varied from 0.004 mg/L (BHG-15) to 0.28 mg/L (BHG-13). It was observed that all the samples
are within the permissible limits as per BIS (10500:2012) standard (Tables 4.9 & 4.10).
The concentration of other heavy metals (Tables 4.9 & 4.10) such as Mn and Zn were also
within the permissible limit as per BIS standards (2012:10500). It is observed from the tables 4.9
& 4.10, that trace elements of concern like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not
detected or were below the detection limit during post-monsoon season (December 2017) and
pre-monsoon seasons (April 2018) respectively.
Table 4.9 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, post-monsoon season
(December, 2017)
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHG-1 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 2 BHG-2 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0004 0.0005 0.25 ND BDL 0.4 BDL 3 BHG-3 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.7 0.1 0.21 BDL BDL 0.25 BDL 4 BHG-4 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.8 0.9 0.01 ND ND 0.07 BDL 5 BHG-5 0.006 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.0004 0.005 BDL ND 0.18 BDL 6 BHG-6 0.003 BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.6 0.1 BDL ND 0.09 BDL 7 BHG-7 0.005 BDL BDL BDL 0.0004 0.7 0.008 ND ND 0.05 BDL 8 BHG-8 0.005 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.4 0.007 BDL 0.009 0.005 BDL 9 BHG-9 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.14 0.001 ND ND 0.02 BDL
10 BHG-10 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.48 0.2 ND BDL 0.14 BDL 11 BHG-11 BDL BDL 0.0002 BDL BDL 0.05 0.12 BDL BDL 0.15 BDL 12 BHG-12 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.26 0.17 BDL BDL 0.4 BDL 13 BHG-13 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.9 0.05 BDL BDL 0.002 BDL 14 BHG-14 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.001 BDL BDL 0.001 BDL 15 BHG-15 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0007 0.0005 BDL BDL 0.005 BDL
69
Table 4.10 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, pre-monsoon season
(April, 2018)
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHG-1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2 BHG-2 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.01 BDL ND BDL BDL BDL 3 BHG-3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.04 BDL BDL 0.5 BDL 4 BHG-4 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.2 0.03 ND BDL 0.1 BDL 5 BHG-5 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.07 BDL BDL 0.05 BDL 6 BHG-6 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 0.02 BDL BDL ND BDL 7 BHG-7 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.02 0.1 ND BDL ND BDL 8 BHG-8 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.2 0.1 BDL BDL 2.3 BDL 9 BHG-9 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.05 BDL ND BDL 1.6 BDL
10 BHG-10 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.07 BDL ND BDL 1 BDL 11 BHG-11 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.04 BDL BDL BDL 2.1 BDL 12 BHG-12 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.1 ND BDL BDL 2.8 BDL 13 BHG-13 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.28 0.002 BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 14 BHG-14 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008 0.004 BDL BDL 0.005 BDL 15 BHG-15 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.003 BDL BDL 0.04 BDL
70
Table 4.11 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, pre-monsoon season
(June, 2018)
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Sr.No Sample code As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHG-1 BDL ND ND BDL 0.1 ND BDL BDL BDL ND 2 BHG-2 BDL 0.002 0.02 0.007 0.04 0.06 BDL BDL 0.1 ND 3 BHG-3 BDL 0.001 BDL 0.01 0.01 0.05 BDL BDL 1.4 0.0002 4 BHG-4 BDL ND 0.04 BDL 0.04 0.1 BDL BDL 0.9 0.0001 5 BHG-5 BDL ND 0.03 0.008 0.01 0.01 BDL BDL 3.4 BDL 6 BHG-6 0.008 ND 0.01 ND 0.01 0.1 BDL BDL 3.2 0.00003 7 BHG-7 0.01 ND BDL 0.001 0.001 0.07 BDL BDL BDL BDL 8 BHG-8 BDL ND BDL 0.001 0.004 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 9 BHG-9 ND ND BDL 0.002 0.06 0.1 BDL BDL 0.1 ND
10 BHG-10 BDL ND BDL 0.003 0.005 0.09 BDL BDL 0.5 ND 11 BHG-11 BDL 0.001 BDL 0.004 0.004 ND BDL BDL 0.1 0.0001 12 BHG-12 ND ND BDL 0.002 0.07 0.05 BDL BDL 0.2 0.0003 13 BHG-13 ND ND BDL BDL 0.06 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 14 BHG-14 ND ND BDL ND 0.01 0.05 BDL BDL 5.6 BDL 15 BHG-15 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.05 0.01 BDL BDL BDL 0.0002 16 BHG-16 BDL ND BDL 0.001 0.1 0.1 BDL BDL BDL BDL
71
Table 4.12 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, post-monsoon season
(November, 2018)
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.13 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, pre-monsoon season (February, 2019)
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHG-1 0.581 BDL ND BDL ND 2.517 0.0030 0.0030 ND ND ND 2 BHG-2 0.046 BDL ND ND 0.0231 2.111 0.0465 0.0103 ND 0.95 ND 3 BHG-3 1.259 BDL ND ND ND 1.89 0.027 ND ND 0.789 0.0006 4 BHG-4 ND BDL ND ND ND 0.431 0.099 ND ND 0.055 0.0001 5 BHG-5 2.368 BDL ND ND ND ND 0.021 ND ND 0.032 BDL 6 BHG-6 ND BDL ND ND ND 0.3536 0.032 ND ND 0.135 0.00003 7 BHG-7 ND BDL ND ND ND 11.4 0.09 ND ND 0.573 BDL 8 BHG-8 ND BDL ND ND ND ND 0.031 ND ND 0.321 ND 9 BHG-9 0.071 ND ND ND ND 0.46 0.063 ND ND 1.10 0.0004
10 BHG-10 ND BDL ND ND 0.013 18.6 0.68 0.009 ND 8.05 ND 11 BHG-11 1.747 BDL ND ND 0.0021 ND 0.1245 ND ND 0.583 0.0001 12 BHG-12 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.0002 ND ND 0.0003 13 BHG-13 0.446 ND ND ND ND 37.34 0.169 ND ND 2.524 BDL 14 BHG-14 0.133 ND ND ND ND 16.90 0.085 ND ND 4.52 BDL 15 BHG-15 0.969 ND ND ND ND ND 0.0169 ND ND 1.21 0.0002 16 BHG-16 ND BDL ND ND ND 1.67 0.058 ND ND 0.068 BDL
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHG-1 0.406 BDL 0.001 0.012 0.003 1.059 0.009 0.004 0.002 0.009 BDL
2 BHG-2 2.565 BDL 0.001 0.006 0.015 4.590 0.111 0.014 0.001 0.302 ND
3 BHG-3 1.384 BDL 0.001 0.002 0.026 0.994 0.018 BDL 0.003 0.308 ND
4 BHG-4 0.836 BDL 0.001 0.002 0.001 1.094 0.093 BDL ND 0.045 ND
5 BHG-5 0.956 BDL BDL 0.001 ND 0.569 0.021 BDL ND 0.020 ND
72
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
6 BHG-6 1.422 BDL BDL 0.001 0.004 0.346 0.084 ND ND 0.486 ND
7 BHG-7 2.776 BDL BDL 0.040 ND 36.87 0.267 ND ND 0.116 0.0005
8 BHG-8 0.033 BDL BDL ND BDL 0.436 0.021 ND 0.001 0.007 BDL
9 BHG-9 1.674 ND BDL 0.001 0.012 0.495 0.019 BDL BDL 0.316 BDL
10 BHG-10 0.765 BDL BDL 0.010 0.002 9.14 0.695 0.014 ND 3.802 ND
11 BHG-11 2.179 BDL BDL 0.001 0.060 0.546 0.09 0.001 BDL 0.601 ND
12 BHG-12 2.603 ND BDL 0.001 0.001 0.349 0.004 0.001 ND 0.009 0.0003
13 BHG-13 ND ND BDL 0.029 0.013 26.13 0.189 ND ND 5.457 BDL
14 BHG-14 3.159 ND BDL 0.029 ND 26.18 0.09 ND ND 6.366 BDL
15 BHG-15 1.777 ND BDL BDL 0.002 0.304 0.012 BDL ND 0.737 0.0002
16 BHG-16 ND BDL BDL 0.001 BDL 0.843 0.047 BDL ND 0.076 BDL
73
Table 4.14 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, pre-monsoon season (June, 2019)
Sr.No
Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg
BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHG-1 0.241 BDL ND ND BDL 1.517 0.136 0.0001 BDL BDL ND
2 BHG-2 0.046 BDL 0.002 0.02 0.007 1.111 0.082 0.0022 BDL 0.110 ND
3 BHG-4 ND BDL ND 0.04 BDL 0.610 0.170 BDL BDL 0.921 0.0001
4 BHG-5 0.660 BDL ND 0.03 0.008 ND 0.015 BDL BDL 2.416 BDL
5 BHG-6 ND 0.008 0.0001 0.01 ND 0.541 0.102 BDL BDL 2.283 0.00003
6 BHG-7 ND 0.01 ND BDL 0.001 11.40 0.37 0.004 0.001 BDL BDL
7 BHG-8 ND BDL ND BDL 0.001 ND BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0002
8 BHG-9 0.071 ND ND BDL 0.002 0.461 0.233 BDL BDL 0.310 0.00001
9 BHG-10 ND BDL ND BDL 0.003 18.64 0.300 BDL BDL 0.260 ND
10 BHG-11 1.147 0.0002 0.001 BDL 0.004 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.086 0.0001
11 BHG-12 ND 0.004 ND BDL 0.002 13.34 0.44 0.003 0.006 0.2 0.0003
12 BHG-13 0.246 0.005 0.0001 BDL BDL 9.90 0.320 0.001 0.004 BDL BDL
74
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.15 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, post-monsoon season (October, 2019)
13 BHG-14 0.132 0.006 0.0003 BDL ND ND 0.051 BDL ND 5.60 BDL
14 BHG-15 0.369 0.004 BDL BDL 0.001 1.570 0.079 BDL BDL BDL 0.0002
15 BHG-16 ND BDL BDL BDL 0.001 ND 0.162 ND BDL BDL BDL
Sr.No
Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg
BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30 0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BG-1 0.01 BDL 0.0003 BDL 0.005 1.2 0.03 ND BDL 0.05 0.0001
2 BG-2 0.1 ND ND 0.01 0.008 6.7 0.02 BDL BDL 0.02 ND
3 BG-4 0.006 0.009 BDL BDL 0.003 1.6 0.03 BDL BDL 0.02 ND
4 BG-5 0.02 BDL 0.0003 BDL 0.003 1.7 0.04 BDL BDL 0.03 0.0002
5 BG-6 0.08 0.009 0.0006 BDL 0.01 2.6 0.03 BDL BDL 0.2 BDL
6 BG-7 0.03 0.009 0.0002 BDL 0.02 ND 0.07 BDL BDL 0.2 BDL
7 BG-8 0.1 ND ND BDL 0.009 ND 0.04 BDL BDL 0.1 BDL
75
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
8 BG-9 0.02 BDL BDL ND 0.002 0.03 0.01 BDL BDL 0.3 BDL
9 BG-10 0.4 ND ND BDL 0.005 4.5 0.01 BDL BDL 0.2 ND
10 BG-11 0.1 ND BDL 0.01 0.02 ND ND 0.008 BDL ND BDL
11 BG-12 0.02 ND ND BDL 0.04 ND 0.08 BDL BDL 0.2 0.0001
12 BG-13 0.02 0.007 BDL BDL 0.005 2.7 0.01 BDL BDL 0.05 BDL
13 BG-14 0.02 ND ND 0.02 0.01 ND 0.1 ND 0.009 ND BDL
14 BG-15 0.02 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.4 0.03 BDL BDL 0.8 ND
76
4.4 Surface water samples
The surface water samples have been collected in the study area and analysed for major cations, anions and trace elements in
December 2017 and April 2018), June 2018, November 2018, February 2019, June 2019 and October 2019 respectively. The results of
the parameters (Tables 4.16 , 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21, 4.22) are as follows:
pH: pH was found to be within the BIS limits of drinking water i.e., 6.5 to 8.5 in all seasons.
TDS: The estimation of TDS reveals that values varied in the range 64 mg/L to 276 mg/L December, 2017 (Tables 4.16 ), 65 mg/L
to 300 mg/L during April, 2018 (Table 4.17), 80 mg/L to 286 mg/L in June, 2018 (Table 4.18), 385 mg/L to 590 mg/L in November,
2018 (Table 4.19), 67 mg/L to 362 mg/L in February, 2019 (Table 4.20), 55 mg/L to 328 mg/L in October, 2019 (Table 4.22).
Sulphate: The concentration of Sulphate were within the permissible limits of BIS standards in all seasons (Tables 4.16-4.22).
Nitrate: The concentration of nitrate were within the permissible limits of BIS standards in all seasons (Tables 4.16-4.22).
Fluoride: The concentration of nitrate were exceeds the permissible limits of BIS standards for samples and the remaining are in BIS
permissible limits (Tables 4.16-4.22).
Chloride: The concentration of chloride were within the permissible limits of BIS standards in all seasons (Tables 4.16-4.22).
77
Table 4.16 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-post monsoon (December, 2017) Sr
.no
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al H
ard
ness
as
CaC
O3
Cal
cium
as
C
a+2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS Limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05
200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHS-1 8.4 453 272 0.8 164 43 14 49 9 200 76 32 2 0.07 2.20
2 BHS-2 7.9 107 64 3.6 60 16 5 8 3 65 16 4 1 0.00 0.84
3 BHS-3 8.0 215 129 0.7 100 24 10 16 4 95 51 10 0 0.02 0.86
4 BHS-4 8.3 460 276 0.6 192 48 17 46 9 170 124 30 2 0.09 2.70
Table 4.17 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-pre monsoon (April, 2018)
Sr.n
o
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al H
ard
ness
as
CaC
O3
Cal
cium
as
C
a+2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS Limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05
200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHS-1 8.4 499 299 0.9 152 38 13 37 13 110 75 52 8 0.3 2.1
2 BHS-2 7.9 109 65 1.3 56 18 3 6 1 55 3 10 0.6 0.3 0.2
3 BHS-3 7.8 109 65 1.2 64 19 4 5 1 50 5 8 0.7 0.2 0.2
4 BHS-4 8.0 500 300 0.8 188 48 16 35 9 150 92 40 3 0.2 2.5
78
Table 4.18 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-pre monsoon (June, 2018) Sr
.no
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ard
ness
as
CaC
O3
Cal
cium
as
C
a+2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS Limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05
200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHS-1 6.9 165 99 1900 72 19 6 12 5 68 41 10 3.2 0.21 0.3
2 BHS-2 6.9 133 80 7.3 60 14 6 17 3 60 16 10 0 0.0 0.2
3 BHS-3 6.9 139 83 7.5 56 16 4 9 3 52 18 14 0 0.01 0.2
4 BHS-4 7.3 477 286 80 192 50 16 36 4 132 65 20 0 0.01 0.9
Table 4.19 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-post monsoon (November, 2018)
Sr.n
o
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ard
ness
as
CaC
O3
Cal
cium
as
C
a+2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS Limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05
200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHS-1 5.9 507 304 1.2 160 27 22 52 10 184 53 40 3 0.3 1.1
2 BHS-2 7.1 385 231 3.3 84 24 6 11 2 80 29 16 2 0.66 0.59
3 BHS-3 7.2 518 311 6.9 112 24 12 45 7 104 33 40 2 0.28 0.97
4 BHS-4 7.2 590 354 1.9 156 27 21 68 8 204 75 30 3 0.32 1.5
79
Table 4.20 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-pre monsoon (February, 2019) Sr
.no
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ard
ness
as
CaC
O3
Cal
cium
as
C
a+2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS Limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05
200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BHS-1 7.5 604 362 0.8 200 51 17 32 15 164 93 60 19 0.09 1.5
2 BHS-2 7.8 111 67 0.95 59 12 7 11 2 64 13 10 3 0.05 0.25
3 BHS-3 7.8 170 102 0.75 80 13 12 10 3 80 21 10 3 0.13 0.28
4 BHS-4 7.7 528 317 0.5 232 64 17 26 11 200 103 42 12 0.33 1.8
Table 4.21 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-pre monsoon (June, 2019)
Sr. No
Sample Code
pH
EC TDS (mg/l)
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dnes
s
as C
aCO
3
Cal
ciu
m
as C
a2+
Mag
nesi
um
Mg2+
Sodi
um
Pot
assi
um
Tot
al
alka
linit
y
as C
aCO
3
Ph
osph
ate
as P
O4-2
Flu
orid
e as
F-
Nit
rate
N
O3-
sulp
hate
chlo
ride
Units - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)
6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000
1/5 200/ 600
75/200
30/100 - - 200/600
- 1.0/1.5 45 200/400
250/ 1000
1
2
80
Table 4.22 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-post monsoon (October, 2019)
3
4
Sr. No
Sample Code
pH
EC TDS (mg/l)
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dne
ss
as C
aCO
3
Cal
ciu
m
as C
a2+
Mag
nesi
um
Mg2+
Sodi
um
Pot
assi
um
Tot
al
alka
linit
y
as C
aCO
3
Ph
osph
ate
as P
O4-2
Flu
orid
e as
F-
Nit
rate
N
O3-
sulp
hate
chlo
ride
Units - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)
6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000
1/5 200/ 600
75/200 30/100 - - 200/600 - 1.0/1.5
45 200/400 250/ 1000
1 BHS-1 7.7 546 328 0.2 208 61 13 8.9 5 88 1.2 0.9 18 34 40
2 BHS-2 8 92 55 0.5 40 11 3 16 2 56 0.8 0.8 1 19 10
3 BHS-3 8 126 76 0.3 80 10 13 9 3 48 0.9 0.9 7 17 10
4 BHS-4 8 500 300 0.3 160 56 5 34 7 120 3 1 9 56 30
81
4.5 Heavy Metals in surface water samples:
It was found that the metals Fe, Mn, Zn were within the permissible limits of BIS standards
(Table 4.23). And it is observed from the table 4.23, that elements of concern like Al, As, Cd,
Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not detected or were below the detection limit during post-
monsoon season (December, 2017). During the pre-monsoon season (April, 2018), the elements
like Fe, Mn and Zn were within the permissible limits of BIS standards (Table 4.24). The
elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not detected or were below the detection
limit.
From Table 4.25, it is observed that the elements like Fe, Mn and Zn were within the permissible
limits of BIS standards. The elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not detected
or were below the detection limit during June, 2018. From Table 4.26, it is observed that most of
the elements were either not detected or were below the detection limit during November, 2018.
From 4.27, it is observed that the element Al is not in the BIS limits for all samples. The element
Fe shows the BIS limits for 2 samples. The elements like Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn are in the
acceptable limits of BIS. The elements like As, Hg were below the detection limit in February
2019.
It is observed from Table 4.29 the elements As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg were in below detection
limit. The elements Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn were in the acceptable limits of BIS (October, 2019).
Table 4.23 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, post-monsoon
(December, 2017)
*BDL-Below detection limit, all units in mg/L
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHS-1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0008 0.007 BDL BDL 0.002 BDL 2 BHS-2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.1 BDL BDL 0.003 BDL 3 BHS-3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.7 0.06 BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 4 BHS-4 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.04 BDL BDL 0.01 BDL
82
Table 4.24 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, pre-monsoon
(April, 2018)
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.25 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, pre-monsoon
(June, 2018)
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.26 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, post-monsoon
(November, 2018)
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHS-1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.2 0.02 BDL BDL 2.5 BDL 2 BHS-2 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.04 0.0003 BDL BDL 0.6 BDL 3 BHS-3 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 0.04 0.001 ND BDL 0.8 BDL 4 BHS-4 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.01 0.04 BDL BDL 2.2 BDL
Sr.No Sample code As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHS-1 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.04 0.1 BDL BDL 0.1 ND
2 BHS-2 ND ND BDL ND 0.04 0.07 BDL BDL 1.7 ND
3 BHS-3 ND ND BDL ND 0.01 0.01 BDL BDL 1.9 ND
4 BHS-4 ND ND BDL 0.009 0.007 0.2 BDL BDL 0.1 ND
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHS-1 0.056 BDL ND ND ND ND 0.0113 ND ND ND ND
2 BHS-2 ND BDL ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
3 BHS-3 ND BDL ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
4 BHS-4 4.95 BDL ND ND ND ND 0.019 ND ND ND ND
83
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.27 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, pre monsoon
(February, 2019)
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.28 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, pre - monsoon (June,
2019)
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection
Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BHS-1 2.795 BDL 0.024 0.020 0.006 1.809 0.032 0.002 0.033 0.009 0.0003
2 BHS-2 2.047 BDL 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.441 0.004 BDL 0.004 0.007 BDL
3 BHS-3 3.610 BDL 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.715 0.034 0.001 0.002 0.017 BDL
4 BHS-4 7.743 BDL 0.001 0.004 0.002 1.550 0.122 0.001 0.006 0.087 0.0002
Sr.No
Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn
BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001
1
2
3
4
84
Table 4.29 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, post - monsoon
(October, 2019)
4.6 Sampling at different depths piezometers - Analysis
The water samples were collected for different piezometers at various depths for 7 wells
locations namely BPZ-1, BPZ-2, BPZ-3, BPZ-4, BPZ-5, BPZ-6 and BPZ-7 during December
2017 , April 2018, June 2018, November 2018, February 2019, June 2019 and October 2019
respectively. The results of the parameters (Table 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33, 4.34, 4.35 & 4.36) are
as follows:
pH: The pH of the samples were found in between 3.0 (BPZ-1-T) to 7.4 (BPZ-7-B) during
December 2017 (Table 4.30), 5.9 (BPZ-6-T) to 8.1 (BPZ-2-T) in April 2018 (Table 4.31), 5.3
(BPZ-6-B) to 7.1 (BPZ-4-B) in June 2018 (Table 4.32), 5.9 (BPZ-3) to 7.2 (BPZ-6 & 7) in
November 2018 (Table 4.33), 6.7 (BPZ-6) to 7.5 (BPZ-3) in February 2019 (Table 4.34), 6.5
(BPZ-6-B) to 7.5 (BPZ-1-T) in June 2019 (Table 4.35), 7.4 (BPZ-1-T & BPZ-1-B) to 7.5
(BPZ-2-T & BPZ-2-B) in October 2019 (Table 4.36),. Hence pH is found to be within
acceptable range of 6.5 to 8.5 as per BIS standards (10500:2012).
Sr.No
Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni
BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30 0.02 0.01
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009
1 BHS-1 0.07 0.008 0.0004 BDL 0.003 0.2 0.03 BDL
2 BHS-2 0.02 BDL BDL BDL 0.003 0.3 0.03 BDL
3 BHS-3 0.01 BDL BDL BDL 0.003 0.3 0.03 BDL
4 BHS-4 0.06 0.009 BDL BDL 0.002 0.2 0.03 BDL
85
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): The values of TDS varied in the range 166 mg/L (BPZ-7) to
1385 mg/L (BPZ-1) during December 2017 (Table 4.30) and in the range of 59 mg/L (BPZ-7-B)
to 765 mg/L (BPZ-4-B) during April 2018 (Table 4.31), 113 mg/L (BPZ-7-T) to 743 mg/L
(BPZ-4-B) in June 2018 (Table 4.32), 66 mg/L (BPZ-2) to 418 mg/L (BPZ-7) in November
2018 (Table 4.33), 211 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 474 mg/L (BPZ-6) in February 2019 (Table 4.34), 123
mg/L (BPZ-7-T) to 523 mg/L (BPZ-6-B) in June 2019 (Table 4.35), 123 mg/L (BPZ-7-T &B) to
482 mg/L (BPZ-6-B) in October 2019 (Table 4.36). It was observed that the TDS values (Table
4.30 to 4.36) of all the sources are within the permissible limit as per BIS standard (2012:10500).
Sulphate: Sulphate concentration varied in the range 8 mg/L (BPZ-7-30m) to 591 mg/L (BPZ-6)
in the period of, December 2017 (Table 4.30) and in the range of 2 mg/L (BPZ-7-T) to 382 mg/L
(BPZ-6-T) during, April 2018 (Table 4.31), 9 mg/L (BPZ-7-T) to 613 mg/L (BPZ-4-B) in June
2018 (Table 4.32), 64 mg/L (BPZ-7) to 214 mg/L (BPZ-6) in November 2018 (Table 4.33), 120
mg/L (BPZ-2) to 220 mg/L (BPZ-6) in February 2019 (Table 4.34), 4 mg/L (BPZ-7-T & B) to
420 mg/L (BPZ-6-B) in June 2019 (Table 4.35), 21 mg/L (BPZ-3B) to 200 mg/L (BPZ-6B) in
October 2018 (Table 4.36). The Sulphate concentration exceeds for samples BPZ-4 (516mg/L),
BPZ-6 (591 mg/L) and 495mg/L (BPZ-6-30m) in December (Table 4.30) and the Sulphate
concentration in all the samples was within the permissible limit of BIS standard in the pre-
monsoon season (Table 4.31).
Nitrate: Nitrate concentration varied in the range 1 mg/L (BPZ-3 & BPZ-7-30m) to 499 mg/L
(BPZ-1) during December 2017 (Table 4.30), and in the range of 0.3 mg/L (BPZ-7-B) to 6mg/L
(BPZ-6-T & BPZ-6-B) in April 2018 (Table 4.31), 0 mg/L (BPZ-2 to 7) to 21 mg/L (BPZ-1-T)
during June 2018 (Table 4.32), 1 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 8 mg/L (BPZ-5) in November 2018 (Table
4.33), 3 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 6 mg/L (BPZ-6) in February 2019 (Table 4.34), 2 mg/L (BPZ-6-T) to
72 mg/L (BPZ-1-T) in June 2019 (Table 4.35), 1 mg/L (BPZ-2T & B) to 23 mg/L (BPZ-6-T) in
October 2019 (Table 4.36) Nitrate concentration was high for the sample BPZ-1(499 mg/L) in
December 2017 and the nitrate concentration was within the permissible limit of BIS standard in
the June 2018 (Table 4.31).
Fluoride: The Fluoride concentration varied in the range 0.78 mg/L (BPZ-1) to 1.7 mg/L (BPZ-
4-30 m) during December 2017 and in the range 0.2 mg/L (BPZ-6-T & BPZ-6-B) to 1.4 mg/L
86
(BPZ-4-T & BPZ-4-B) during April 2018 (Table 4.30 & 4.31), 0.01 mg/L (BPZ-6T & B) to 0.11
mg/L (BPZ-7B) during June 2018 (Table 4.32), 0.32 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 0.79 mg/L (BPZ-6)
during November 2018 (Table 4.33), 0.13 mg/L (BPZ-6) to 0.71 mg/L (BPZ-2) during Feb 2019
(Table 4.34), 0.2 mg/L (BPZ-6-T&B) to 0.9 mg/L (BPZ-2-T) during June 2019 (Table 4.35),
0.2 mg/L (BPZ-6-T) to 0.8 mg/L (BPZ-1-B, 3T, 6B) during October 2019 (Table 4.36). The
samples namely BPZ-4 & BPZ-4-30m during post-monsoon season showed higher values of
fluoride. The concentration of fluoride was within the permissible limit of BIS standard in the
pre-monsoon season (Table 4.31).
Chloride: Chloride concentration varied in the range 0 mg/L (BPZ-1) to 46 mg/L (BPZ-2 &
BPZ-2-30m) in December 2017 and in the range of 10 mg/L (BPZ-7-B) to 52 mg/L (BPZ-2 &
BPZ-2-B) in April 2018 (Table 4.30 & 4.31), 10 mg/L (BPZ-4-B) to 52 mg/L (BPZ-2-B) during
June 2018 (Table 4.32), 20 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 42 mg/L (BPZ-2) during November 2018 (Table
4.33), 16 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 58 mg/L (BPZ-2) during Feb 2019 (Table 4.34), 20 mg/L (BPZ-3-B,
7T, 7B) to 160 mg/L (BPZ-1T) during October 2019 (Table 4.36). The chloride concentration in
all samples was within the permissible limits of BIS.
87
Table 4.30 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-post monsoon (December, 2017) Sr
.No
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ardn
ess
as C
aCO
3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BPZ-1-T 3.0 2309 1385 3.1 220 53 18 19 12 0 132 0 499 1.96 0.78 2 BPZ-1-B 7.2 496 298 2.1 248 112 17 62 24 280 152 8 32 0.7 0.92 3 BPZ-2-T 6.9 628 377 6.1 312 96 23 65 23 225 208 46 2 0.06 1.1 4 BPZ-2-B 7.0 679 407 3.2 340 72 21 100 38 270 193 46 2 0.11 1.2 5 BPZ-3-T 6.4 342 205 4.2 160 85 19 66 29 130 128 14 1 0.14 0.86 6 BPZ-3-B 6.5 361 217 9.5 168 83 9 76 11 140 137 12 5 0.11 0.93 7 BPZ-4-T 7.1 1143 686 0.4 672 109 68 97 11 205 516 18 2 0.19 1.8 8 BPZ-4-B 7.2 1150 690 0.9 664 94 70 35 11 235 517 16 2 0.14 1.7 9 BPZ-5-T 6.9 564 338 1.3 280 74 21 35 10 195 220 14 4 0.11 1.4 10 BPZ-5-B 6.8 507 304 1.5 268 54 28 79 31 185 212 14 4 0.14 1.5 11 BPZ-6-T 6.1 866 520 0.5 520 54 41 96 31 85 591 14 4 0.66 0.79 12 BPZ-6-B 6.4 929 557 0.4 500 80 27 97 31 155 495 12 6 0.82 0.79 13 BPZ-7-T 7.2 277 166 2.8 180 126 22 28 8 180 18 6 2 0.2 0.8 14 BPZ-7-B 7.4 313 188 4.5 172 86 13 24 12 180 8 8 1 0.2 0.88
88
Table 4.31 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-pre monsoon (April, 2018) Sr
.No
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ardn
ess
as C
aCO
3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012 Desirable/
Permissible limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BPZ-1-T 7.5 486 292 1.2 292 64 32 18 9 195 78 16 0.5 0.7 0.5
2 BPZ-1-B 8.0 469 281 2.7 304 58 38 15 9 170 88 18 0.5 0.6 0.5
3 BPZ-2-T 8.1 658 395 2.9 308 62 36 26 11 180 67 52 5 0.3 0.7
4 BPZ-2-B 7.4 696 418 3.6 320 74 33 22 10 195 64 52 2 0.2 0.7
5 BPZ-3-T 7.2 346 208 1.9 140 45 7 32 7 175 9 16 1 0.1 0.6
6 BPZ-3-B 7.3 357 214 1.2 168 40 16 31 7 150 14 22 2 0.3 0.6
7 BPZ-4-T 7.5 1268 761 0.6 628 144 64 45 3 175 491 20 4 0.1 1.4
8 BPZ-4-B 7.66 1275 765 1.9 632 138 64 30 3 178 336 22 4 0.2 1.4
9 BPZ-5-T 505 303 2.2 240 61 21 14 10 125 79 20 4 0.2 0.4
10 BPZ-5-B 6.5 483 290 5.1 224 53 22 13 10 135 81 20 5 0.2 0.4
11 BPZ-6-T 5.9 892 535 0.5 496 110 53 26 11 40 382 20 6 0.8 0.2
12 BPZ-6-B 6.6 895 537 1.9 448 110 41 26 11 45 365 20 6 0.9 0.2
13 BPZ-7-T 7.4 194 116 11 120 38 6 7 5 88 2 18 0.5 0.5 0.3
14 BPZ-7-B 7.3 98 59 15 128 38 5 4 5 90 3 10 0.3 0.4 0.3
89
Table 4.32 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-pre monsoon (June, 2018) Sr
.No
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ardn
ess
as C
aCO
3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012 Desirable/
Permissible limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BPZ-1-T 6.7 483 290 5.4 240 48 29 17 8 152 85 18 21 0.05 0.3
2 BPZ-1-B 6.7 484 290 10 220 48 24 17 8 160 50 18 5 0.05 0.3
3 BPZ-2-T 6.4 725 435 100 320 48 48 20 9 204 143 50 0 0.06 0.4
4 BPZ-2-B 6.2 663 398 8.6 320 50 47 20 9 176 125 52 0 0.0 0.4
5 BPZ-3-T 6.4 422 253 27 172 45 14 24 8 184 35 20 0 0.03 0.4
6 BPZ-3-B 6.3 421 253 34 176 30 24 24 8 188 34 20 0 0.02 0.4
7 BPZ-4-T 7.0 1222 733 2.3 480 62 78 53 9 160 539 18 0 0.05 0.9
8 BPZ-4-B 7.1 1239 743 9.3 520 56 91 54 8 148 613 10 0 0.02 0.9
9 BPZ-5-T 6.1 468 281 15 220 35 32 16 9 112 85 22 0 0.05 0.2
10 BPZ-5-B 6.2 459 275 50 180 40 19 16 9 112 94 20 0 0.03 0.2
11 BPZ-6-T 5.5 839 503 8.8 365 90 34 21 9 48 359 20 0 0.01 0.01
12 BPZ-6-B 5.3 833 500 25 312 80 27 21 9 28 388 20 0 0.0 0.01
13 BPZ-7-T 6.1 188 113 45 100 22 11 7 7 92 9 12 0 0.02 0.09
14 BPZ-7-B 6.3 204 122 8.8 104 29 8 7 7 64 24 12 0 0.02 0.11
90
Table 4.33 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-post monsoon (November, 2018) Sr
.No
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ardn
ess
as C
aCO
3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012 Desirable/
Permissible limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BPZ-2 6.0 110 66 18 192 43 20 16 11 140 93 42 3 0.89 1.1
2 BPZ-3 5.9 273 164 5.1 120 29 12 12 2 32 93 20 1 0.40 0.32
3 BPZ-5 6.1 688 413 11 272 40 41 45 15 116 203 30 8 0.65 0.58
4 BPZ-6 7.2 516 310 3.4 168 67 10 27 6 72 214 32 4 0.76 0.79
5 BPZ-7 7.2 697 418 13 160 10 33 10 7 104 64 30 2 0.81 0.78
91
Table 4.34 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-pre monsoon (February, 2019) Sr
.No
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al H
ardn
ess
as C
aCO
3
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um K
+
Tot
al A
lkal
init
y as
CaC
O3
Sulp
hat
e S
O-2
4
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS 10500-2012 Desirable/
Permissible limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05 200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 BPZ-2 7.3 683 410 60 300 88 19 13 8 212 120 58 5 0.38 0.71
2 BPZ-3 7.5 351 211 2 160 40 14 11 1 40 123 16 3 0.23 0.15
3 BPZ-5 7.2 537 322 15 264 56 30 11 9 120 150 20 6 0.32 0.38
4 BPZ-6 6.7 790 474 12 332 72 36 12 8 40 220 20 5 0.23 0.13
Table 4.35 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-pre monsoon (June, 2019)
Sr. No
Sample Code
pH
EC TDS (mg/l)
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dne
ss
as C
aCO
3
Cal
cium
as
Ca2+
Mag
nesi
um
Mg2+
Sodi
um
Pot
assi
um
Tot
al
alka
linit
y
as C
aCO
3
Ph
osph
ate
as P
O4-2
Flu
orid
e as
F-
Nit
rate
N
O3-
sulp
hate
chlo
ride
Units - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L
BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)
6.5/8.5
- 500/ 2000
1/5 200/ 600
75/200
30/100 - - 200/600
- 1.0/1.5 45 200/400
250/ 1000
1 BPZ-1-T 7.5 343 206 0.4 248 51 29 8 5 80 2.9 0.5 72 80 160
92
Table 4.36 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-post monsoon (October, 2019)
2 BPZ-2-T 6.9 690 414 0.6 144 43 9 13 6 100 0.4 0.9 8 148 60
3 BPZ-3-T 7.0 316 190 0.3 124 38 7 14 4 140 2.1 0.7 3 44 26
4 BPZ-3-B 6.9 316 190 0.3 334 79 33 14 4 144 4.7 0.6 5 37 20
5 BPZ-6-T 6.7 880 528 0.5 388 78 46 12 6 72 2.1 0.2 2 400 32
6 BPZ-6-B 6.5 872 523 0.4 408 78 51 12 6 60 1.9 0.2 30 420 24
7 BPZ-7-T 6.6 205 123 1.1 100 24 10 8 4 108 1.5 0.3 7 4 20
8 BPZ-7-B 6.6 206 124 2.9 92 24 8 8 4 100 0.1 0.3 7 4 20
Sr. No
Sample Code
pH
EC TDS (mg/l)
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dnes
s
as C
aCO
3
Cal
ciu
m
as C
a2+
Mag
nesi
um
Mg2+
Sodi
um
Pot
assi
um
Tot
al
alka
linit
y
as C
aCO
3
Ph
osph
ate
as P
O4-2
Flu
orid
e as
F-
Nit
rate
N
O3-
sulp
hate
chlo
ride
Units - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)
6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000
1/5 200/ 600
75/200 30/100 - - 200/600 - 1.0/1.5
45 200/400 250/ 1000
1 BPZ-1T 7.4 693 416 0.6 320 96 19 7.5 5 140 0.8 0.2 12 67 56
2 BPZ-1B 7.4 692 415 0.4 312 83 25 7.4 4.5 156 0.7 0.8 2 33 56
3 BPZ-2T 7.5 374 224 0.6 180 48 14 18.1 6.7 140 4.5 0.5 1 89 20
4 BPZ-2B 7.5 405 243 0.3 200 45 21 18.6 6.6 160 3.8 0.7 1 100 20
93
5 BPZ-3-T
7.3 230 138 0.3 60 18 4 23 5.6 96 1.2 0.8 3 23
16
6 BPZ-3-B
7 229 137 0.5 80 18 9 24 5.8 88 0.9 0.3 15 21
20
7 BPZ-6-T
6.8 786 472 0.4 360 80 20 21 4.3 164 1.7 0.2 23 176
16
8 BPZ-6-B
6.8 803 482 1.1 400 112 29 20.9 4.6 120 1.8 0.8 19 200
20
9 BPZ-7-T
7.2 205 123 2.9 88 32 2 6.5 6.9 80 1.4 0.5 3 34
10
10 BPZ-7-B
7.2 205 123 0.4 80 29 2 6.1 7 78 1.3 0.7 7 23
10
94
4.7 Heavy Metal analysis in piezo meters:
It was found that the metals Fe, Mn and Zn were within the permissible limits of BIS standards
(Table 4.37). The elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not detected or
were below the detection limit during the post-monsoon season (December, 2017). During the
pre-monsoon season (April, 2018), the elements Fe and Mn were within the permissible limits of
BIS standards (Tables 4.38) and the elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg were
either not detected or were below the detection limit.
From Table 4.39 (June 2018) the elements like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg shows the below
detection limit or not detected. The remaining parameters are in the BIS standard limits.
From Table 4.40 (November 2018) the elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg shows the below detection
limit or not detected. The remaining parameters are in the BIS standard limits.
From Table 4.41 (Feb 2019) the elements As, Cd, Pb, Hg shows the below detection limit or not
detected. The parameters Al, Fe, Mn, Ni were not in the BIS limits. The remaining parameters
are in the BIS standard limits.
From Table 4.42 (June 2019) the elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg shows the below
detection limit or not detected. The parameter Al is not in the BIS limits. The remaining
parameters are in the BIS standard limits.
From Table 4.43 (October 2019) the elements As, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg shows the below detection
limit or not detected. The parameter Al is not in the BIS limits for the sample BPZ-7-T. The
remaining parameters are in the BIS standard limits.
95
Table 4.37 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, post-monsoon (December, 2017)
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.38 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, pre-monsoon (April, 2018)
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BPZ-1-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.8 0.1 BDL BDL 0.04 BDL 2 BPZ-1-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.74 0.007 BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 3 BPZ-2-T 0.008 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.67 0.004 BDL BDL 0.0015 BDL 4 BPZ-2-B 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.9 0.009 BDL ND 0.0002 BDL 5 BPZ-3-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 0.2 BDL ND 0.003 BDL 6 BPZ-3-B BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.003 0.0004 0.12 BDL BDL 0.05 BDL 7 BPZ-4-T 0.005 BDL 0.0003 BDL BDL 0.43 0.11 BDL BDL 0.003 BDL 8 BPZ-4-B BDL BDL 0.0002 BDL BDL 0.21 0.05 ND ND 0.002 BDL 9 BPZ-5-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.4 0.07 BDL BDL 0.004 BDL 10 BPZ-5-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.0009 ND BDL 0.002 BDL 11 BPZ-6-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.07 0.001 ND BDL 0.003 BDL 12 BPZ-6-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.12 0.0008 BDL BDL 0.004 BDL 13 BPZ-7-T 0.007 BDL BDL BDL ND 0.0006 0.003 BDL BDL 0.0017 BDL 14 BPZ-7-B 0.006 BDL BDL BDL ND 0.05 0.02 BDL BDL 0.004 BDL
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
96
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.39 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, pre-monsoon (June, 2018)
1 BPZ-1-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.07 0.007 BDL BDL ND BDL 2 BPZ-1-B BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.06 BDL BDL BDL 0.16 BDL 3 BPZ-2-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 4 BPZ-2-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 BDL ND BDL 0.04 BDL 5 BPZ-3-T 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.08 0.004 BDL BDL 0.04 BDL 6 BPZ-3-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.007 ND BDL 0.5 BDL 7 BPZ-4-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.006 0.04 ND BDL ND BDL 8 BPZ-4-B BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.001 0.05 ND BDL ND BDL 9 BPZ-5-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.08 ND BDL ND BDL 10 BPZ-5-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.08 0.001 ND BDL ND BDL 11 BPZ-6-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.1 ND BDL BDL BDL 12 BPZ-6-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.02 BDL BDL 0.23 BDL 13 BPZ-7-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0003 0.01 BDL BDL 0.1 BDL 14 BPZ-7-B ND BDL BDL BDL ND 0.02 0.07 ND ND 0.01 ND
Sr.No Sample code As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
97
*BDL- Below
detection limit,
ND-Not detected,
all units in mg/L
Table 4.40
Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, post-monsoon (November, 2018)
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
1 BPZ-1-T ND ND BDL BDL 0.001 0.02 BDL BDL BDL ND
2 BPZ-1-B ND ND BDL ND 0.006 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND
3 BPZ-2-T ND ND BDL BDL 0.1 0.1 BDL BDL BDL ND
4 BPZ-2-B ND ND BDL BDL 0.07 0.1 BDL BDL BDL ND
5 BPZ-3-T ND ND BDL 0.001 0.1 0.07 BDL BDL 0.1 ND
6 BPZ-3-B ND ND BDL BDL 0.1 0.2 BDL BDL 0.7 ND
7 BPZ-4-T ND ND BDL 0.001 0.04 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND
8 BPZ-4-B ND ND BDL 0.01 0.017 0.06 BDL BDL 0.2 BDL
9 BPZ-5-T ND ND BDL BDL 0.04 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
10 BPZ-5-B ND ND BDL BDL 0.01 ND BDL BDL 0.4 0.0001
11 BPZ-6-T ND ND BDL 0.01 0.01 0.06 BDL BDL 0.2 BDL
12 BPZ-6-B ND ND BDL 0.009 0.001 0.06 BDL BDL 0.3 BDL
13 BPZ-7-T ND ND BDL 0.004 0.004 0.03 BDL BDL BDL BDL
14 BPZ-7-B ND ND BDL BDL 0.06 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.00003
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BPZ-2 0.735 ND ND ND ND 4.184 0.385 0.027 0.0008 0.0099 BDL
2 BPZ-3 0.024 ND ND ND ND 0.053 0.2467 0.0304 0.0005 0.041 ND
3 BPZ-5 0.406 ND ND ND ND 6.882 0.478 0.0027 0.0009 0.0033 ND
4 BPZ-6 1.457 ND 0.0005 ND ND 0.315 3.602 0.041 0.0144 0.109 ND
5 BPZ-7 2.749 ND 0.00005 0.0002 0.0587 0.041 0.011 0.00396 0.0011 0.0062 ND
98
Table 4.41 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, pre-monsoon (February, 2019)
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.42 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, pre-monsoon (June, 2019)
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 BPZ-2 0.597 ND
BDL 0.033 0.005 4.178 0.366 0.026 ND 0.025 ND
2 BPZ-3 ND ND
BDL BDL 0.001 0.074 0.420 0.469 BDL 0.031 ND
3 BPZ-5 2.647 ND
BDL BDL 0.001 0.131 0.476 0.004 ND 0.014 0.0002
4 BPZ-6 0.179 ND
BDL 0.031 0.002 1.020 3.396 0.043 0.007 0.218 BDL
Sr.No
Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg
BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection 0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
99
Tab
le
4.43
Con
cent
rati
on
of
trac
e
elements in depth samples of piezometers, post-monsoon (October, 2019)
Limit (ppm)
1 BPZ-1T 0.235 ND ND BDL BDL 0.001 0.023 ND 0.001 BDL ND
2 BPZ-2T 0.224 ND ND BDL BDL 0.123 0.177 0.0002 0.005 BDL BDL
3 BPZ-3-T 0.206 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.111 0.075 0.003 ND 0.130 ND
4 BPZ-3-B 0.135 ND ND BDL BDL 0.322 0.200 BDL BDL 0.743 ND
5 BPZ-6-T 0.219 ND ND BDL 0.01 0.501 0.064 BDL BDL 0.221 BDL
6 BPZ-6-B ND ND 0.0002 BDL 0.009 0.057 0.061 BDL BDL 0.312 BDL
7 BPZ-7-T 0.235 ND 0.0004 BDL 0.004 ND 0.035 ND BDL BDL BDL
8 BPZ-7-B 0.024 ND ND BDL BDL 0.016 BDL BDL ND BDL 0.0002
Sr.No
Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg
BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30 0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
15 BPZ-1T 0.1 ND ND ND 0.001 0.3 0.03 BDL BDL 1.1 BDL
16 BPZ-1B 0.5 0.009 0.0008 0.01 0.04 ND ND 0.01 BDL 0.4 ND
100
17 BPZ-2T 0.6 BDL 0.0004 0.01 0.1 2.2 0.1 0.01 BDL 0.2 BDL
18 BPZ-2B 0.04 BDL 0.0007 0.02 0.01 ND 0.08 0.005 BDL 0.2 ND
19 BPZ-3-T 0.05 0.007 0.0004 0.01 0.008 ND 0.1 BDL BDL 0.2 ND
20 BPZ-3-B 0.08 BDL 0.0003 BDL 0.008 0.6 0.1 BDL BDL 0.01 ND
21 BPZ-6-T 0.07 BDL 0.0006 BDL 0.008 ND 0.2 0.008 BDL 0.3 BDL
22 BPZ-6-B 0.01 0.007 0.0003 BDL 0.006 0.8 ND 0.01 BDL 0.3 BDL
23 BPZ-7-T 3.8 BDL 0.0009 BDL 0.007 0.4 0.02 BDL BDL 0.1 ND
24 BPZ-7-B 0.07 0.009 0.0004 BDL 0.005 0.3 0.009 BDL 0.009 0.1 BDL
101
4.8 Mine Pit water analysis
The mine pit water samples have been collected at various locations and at various depths of the
mine pit and analyzed in the laboratory for major physico-chemical parameters in the post and
pre-monsoon seasons (Tables 4.44 to 4.49). The major cations, anions and trace elements were
also analyzed and compared with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS 10500:2012).
pH: The pH of the samples were found in between 6.9 (JP-3) to 7.8 (JP-1 & JP-2 Depth) during
post-monsoon season (December, 2017) and 6.9 (JP-9-B) to 8.6 (JP-7-B) during the pre-
monsoon season (April, 2018). pH is found to be within acceptable range of 6.5 to 8.5 as per BIS
standards for all the samples during post-monsoon season (Table 4.44). During pre-monsoon
season pH is found to be within acceptable range of 6.5 to 8.5 as per BIS standards for all the
samples except for sample JP-7-B (8.6) (Table 4.45). The pH of all samples during June 2018,
Nov 2018, June 2019 and October 2019 are in acceptable range of 6.5 to 8.5 as per BIS standards
(Tables 4.46 to 4.49).
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): TDS results show that it varies in the range 587 mg/L (JP-1
Depth & JP-3) to 602 mg/L (JP-4 Depth) during post-monsoon (Table 4.44) and varies in the
range 635 mg/L (JP-8-B) to 648 mg/L (JP-3-T, JP-5-T and JP-7-T) during the pre-monsoon
season (Table 4.45). The TDS values ranges within the permissible limit as per BIS standard
(2012:10500) for all the samples in both the seasons. The TDS of all samples during June 2018,
Nov 2018, June 2019 and October 2019 are in acceptable range as per BIS standards (Tables
4.46 to 4.49).
Chloride: Chloride varies in the range of 14 mg/L (JP-1 Depth, JP-2, JP-2 Depth, JP- 3, JP-3
Depth, JP-4 and JP-4 Depth) to 16 mg/L (JP-1) during post-monsoon season (Table 4.44) and
varies in the range of 20 mg/L (JP-1-T, JP-1-B, JP-5-T, JP-5-B, JP-6-T, JP-6-B, JP-9-T and JP-9-
B) to 26 mg/L (JP-3-T, JP-3-B and JP-8-B) during pre-monsoon (Table 4.45). It was observed
that the chloride concentration in all the samples was within the permissible limit of BIS
standard (2012:10500). The chloride concentration of all samples during June 2018, Nov 2018,
June 2019 and October 2019 are in acceptable range as per BIS standards (Tables 4.46 to 4.49).
102
Sulphate: Sulphate concentration varies in the range 475 mg/L (JP-4) to 545 mg/L (JP-2 Depth)
during post-monsoon season (Table 4.44) and varies in the range 430 mg/L (JP-4-B) to 500
mg/L (JP-1-T) during pre-monsoon season (Table 4.45). The Sulphate concentration in all the
samples was above the permissible limit of BIS standard (2012:10500) in both seasons. The
sulphate concentration of all samples during June 2018, Nov 2018and October 2019 are in
acceptable range as per BIS standards except for the season June 2019 (Tables 4.46 to 4.49).
Nitrate: Nitrate concentration varies in the range 0 (JP-1, JP-2, JP-3 Depth, JP-4, JP-4 Depth)
mg/L to 2 mg/L (JP-2 Depth) during post-monsoon (Table 4.44) and varies in the range 0.4
mg/L (JP-4-T, JP-4-B, JP-5-B, JP-8-T and JP-8-B) to 1.3 mg/L (JP-2-B) during the pre-monsoon
(Table 4.45). The nitrate concentration was found to be within the permissible limits of BIS
standards for seasons June 2018, Nov 2018, June 2019 and October 2019 (Tables 4.46 to 4.49)
Fluoride: The Fluoride concentration varies in the range 6.80 mg/L (JP-1) to 7.60 mg/L (JP-3)
during post-monsoon season (Table 4.44) and varies in the range 6.4 mg/L (JP-6-B) to 7.1 mg/L
(JP-4-T & JP-5-B) in the pre-monsoon season (Table 4.45). The fluoride concentration in all the
samples exceeded the BIS limits in all seasons (Tables 4.46 to 4.49).
103
Table 4.44 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, post-monsoon (December, 2017)
S.no
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dne
ss
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um
K+
Tot
al
Alk
alin
ity
Sulp
hat
e SO
-24
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05
200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 JP-1-T 7.8 1001 601 1.0 556 154 42 24 13 105 526 16 0 0.15 6.80
2 JP-1-B 7.6 978 587 0.8 536 155 36 20 14 95 537 14 1 0.02 6.90
3 JP-2-T 7.7 997 598 0.7 540 154 38 17 12 65 505 14 0 0.02 7.40
4 JP-2-B 7.8 1001 601 0.9 536 157 35 18 12 80 545 14 2 0.06 7.20
5 JP-3-T 6.9 978 587 0.7 536 157 35 18 13 95 494 14 1 0.14 7.60
6 JP-3-B 7.6 994 596 0.8 540 154 38 18 12 70 491 14 0 0.03 7.40
7 JP-4-T 7.3 981 589 0.8 540 150 40 19 13 65 475 14 0 0.03 7.30
8 JP-4-B 7.4 1004 602 0.9 540 150 40 19 12 65 536 14 0 0.03 7.40
Table 4.45 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, pre-monsoon (April, 2018)
S.n
o
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dne
ss
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um
K+
Tot
al
Alk
alin
ity
Sulp
hat
e SO
-24
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
104
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05
200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 JP-1-T 8.0 1075 645 0.8 536 155 36 9 14 40 500 20 0.7 0.1 6.7
2 JP-1-B 7.2 1074 644 1.0 540 155 36 10 14 50 453 20 1.2 0.3 6.6
3 JP-2-T 7.5 1074 644 1.0 548 139 48 10 14 50 460 24 0.6 0.1 6.9
4 JP-2-B 7.4 1079 647 1.3 536 155 36 10 14 55 443 22 1.3 0.2 6.8
5 JP-3-T 7.5 1080 648 1.0 532 160 32 9 14 45 451 26 0.9 0.2 6.7
6 JP-3-B 7.6 1063 638 1.5 564 160 39 9 14 25 456 26 0.5 0.2 7.2
7 JP-4-T 7.5 1079 647 1.1 552 158 37 9 14 50 452 24 0.4 0.1 7.1
8 JP-4-B 7.5 1076 646 1.2 552 165 34 9 14 100 430 24 0.4 0.1 6.7
9 JP-5-T 7.5 1080 648 0.8 528 157 33 9 14 75 431 20 0.5 0.1 7.0
10 JP-5-B 7.6 1078 647 1.4 564 162 38 9 14 75 475 20 0.4 0.1 7.1
11 JP-6-T 7.4 1079 647 1.1 540 157 36 9 14 50 469 20 0.7 0.1 6.9
12 JP-6-B 7.6 1074 644 1.0 528 157 48 9 14 44 452 20 0.7 0.1 6.4
13 JP-7-T 7.6 1080 648 0.9 576 170 36 9 14 50 478 24 0.7 0.02 6.8
14 JP-7-B 8.6 1079 647 1.2 560 176 29 9 15 75 469 24 0.6 0.1 6.6
15 JP-8-T 8.3 1061 637 0.8 580 147 51 9 14 30 480 24 0.4 0.1 6.7
16 JP-8-B 7.8 1059 635 1.0 612 154 55 9 14 35 450 26 0.4 0.2 6.8
17 JP-9-T 7.7 1078 647 0.9 580 155 46 9 14 35 453 20 0.5 0.2 6.8
18 JP-9-B 6.9 1079 647 1.0 576 152 47 10 14 50 493 20 0.8 0.1 6.8
105
Table 4.46 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, pre-monsoon (June, 2018)
S.n
o
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dne
ss
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um
K+
Tot
al
Alk
alin
ity
Sulp
hat
e SO
-24
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05
200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 JP-1 6.7 1004 602 5.4 500 163 22 12 14 68 317 42 0 0.02 4.3
2 JP-2 7.2 998 599 3.6 504 138 38 19 14 68 391 20 0 0.02 4.3
3 JP-3 7.1 1008 605 2.7 420 122 28 17 14 48 363 22 0 0.08 4.3
106
Table 4.47 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, post-monsoon (November, 2018)
S.n
o
Sam
ple
Cod
e
pH
EC
TD
S
Tu
rbid
ity
Tot
al
Har
dnes
s
Cal
cium
as
Ca+
2
Mag
nes
ium
as
Mg+
2
Sod
ium
Na+
Pot
assi
um
K+
Tot
al
Alk
alin
ity
Sulp
hat
e SO
-24
Chl
orid
e C
l-
Nit
rate
NO
- 3
Pho
sph
ate
Flu
orid
e F
–
Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
BIS 10500-2012
Desirable/ Permissible
limit
6.5-8.5
- 500-2000
01-05
200-600
75-200
30-100
- - 200-600
200-400
250-1000
45 - 0.5-1.5
1 JP-1 2 688 413 3.3 472 75 68 45 13 124 363 20 1 0.43 4.5
2 JP-2 5.8 108 65 1.1 404 102 36 15 12 136 211 16 1 0.28 4.6
3 JP-3 6.5 297 178 2.5 368 80 40 12 10 90 207 18 1 0.29 4.2
Table 4.48 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, post-monsoon (June, 2019)
Sr. No
Sample Code
pH
EC TDS (mg/l)
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dnes
s a
s C
aCO
3
Cal
ciu
m
as C
a2+
Mag
nesi
um
Mg2+
Sodi
um
Pot
assi
um
Tot
al
alka
linit
y a
s C
aCO
3 P
hos
pha
te a
s P
O4-2
Flu
orid
e as
F-
Nit
rate
N
O3-
sulp
hate
chlo
ride
Units - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)
6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000
1/5 200/ 600
75/200
30/100 - - 200/600
- 1.0/1.5 45 200/400
250/ 1000
107
Table 4.49 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, post-monsoon (October, 2019)
1 JP-1 7.4 1019 611 0.3 570 130 59 13 10 96 3.5 4.4 5 605 24
2 JP-2 7.4 1014 608 0.3 542 120 58 14 10 58 0.0 4.3 2 570 56
3 JP-3 7.3 1031 619 0.3 476 118 43 13 10 52 1.0 4.8 3 602 32
4 JP-4 7.3 1022 613 0.3 524 128 49 13 10 72 4.3 4.6 2 520 36
5 JP-5 7.3 1016 610 0.3 520 122 52 13 9 100 1.9 4.7 1 482 52
6 JP-6 7.3 1008 605 0.3 526 87 74 13 9 76 2.9 4.7 2 560 34
7 JP-7 6.6 1017 610 1.8 480 112 48 13 9 60 4.3 4.4 3 515 30
Sr. No
Sample Code
pH
EC TDS (mg/l)
Tur
bidi
ty
Tot
al
Har
dnes
s
as C
aCO
3
Cal
ciu
m
as C
a2+
Mag
nesi
um
Mg2+
Sodi
um
Pot
assi
um
Tot
al
alka
linit
y
as C
aCO
3
Ph
osph
ate
as P
O4-2
Flu
orid
e as
F-
Nit
rate
N
O3-
sulp
hate
chlo
ride
Units - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)
6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000
1/5 200/ 600
75/200 30/100 - - 200/600 - 1.0/1.5
45 200/400 250/ 1000
1 JP-1 7.8 819 491 0.3 392 110 28 12 10 88 1.1 1.9 16 234 20
2 JP-2 7.7 825 495 0.3 408 115 29 13 10 64 0.7 1.8 12 267 20
108
4.8 Heavy Metals
It was found that the metals Fe, Mn and Zn were within the permissible limits of BIS standards
in pre and post monsoon seasons (Table 4.50 & 4.51). The elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni,
Pb and Hg were either not detected or were below the detection limit during the post-monsoon
season (December, 2017) and pre-monsoon season (April, 2018).
From Table 4.52 (June 2018) the elements like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg shows the below
detection limit or not detected. The remaining parameters like Al,Fe, Mn are in the BIS standard
limits.
From Table 4.53 (November 2018) the elements like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg shows
the below detection limit or not detected. The remaining parameters like Al, Mn are in the BIS
standard limits.
From Table 4.54 (June 2019) the elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg shows the
below detection limit or not detected. The remaining parameters like Fe, Mn are in the BIS
standard limits.
From Table 4.55 (October 2019) the elements like As, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg shows the below detection
limit or not detected. The remaining parameters like Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn are in the BIS
standard limits.
Table 4.50 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, post-monsoon (December, 2017)
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 JP-1-T BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0004 0.0009 0.03 BDL BDL 0.05 BDL 2 JP-1-B BDL BDL 0.0002 BDL BDL 0.1 0.2 BDL BDL 0.04 BDL 3 JP-2-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.1 BDL BDL 0.005 BDL 4 JP-2-B BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.91 0.08 BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 5 JP-3-T BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0006 0.92 0.07 BDL 0.01 0.03 BDL
109
*BDL-Below detection limit, all units in mg/L
Table 4.51 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, pre-monsoon
(April, 2018) *BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.52 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, pre-monsoon (June, 2018)
6 JP-3-B BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.0005 0.0001 BDL BDL 0.03 BDL 7 JP-4-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0004 0.004 BDL BDL 0.002 BDL 8 JP-4-B BDL BDL 0.0004 BDL BDL 0.4 0.008 BDL BDL 0.005 BDL
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 JP-1-T BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.007 0.1 ND BDL 1.4 BDL 2 JP-1-B BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.21 0.04 0.12 BDL BDL 2.3 BDL 3 JP-2-T 0.002 BDL BDL BDL 0.008 0.1 0.006 BDL BDL 3.2 BDL 4 JP-2-B 0.002 BDL BDL BDL ND 0.04 0.001 ND BDL 2.6 BDL 5 JP-3-T 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.005 BDL BDL 1.5 BDL 6 JP-3-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.006 0.004 ND BDL 0.5 BDL 7 JP-4-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.12 ND ND BDL 1.2 BDL 8 JP-4-B BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.07 ND BDL BDL 0.1 BDL 9 JP-5-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.13 0.002 BDL BDL ND BDL
10 JP-5-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 0.017 BDL BDL ND BDL 11 JP-6-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.04 0.005 BDL BDL BDL BDL 12 JP-6-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.017 0.004 BDL BDL BDL BDL 13 JP-7-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.04 0.001 BDL BDL BDL BDL 14 JP-7-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 15 JP-8-T BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.01 0.01 BDL BDL 0.5 BDL 16 JP-8-B 0.005 BDL ND BDL BDL 0.001 0.05 BDL BDL 2.1 BDL 17 JP-9-T BDL BDL ND BDL 0.005 0.004 0.04 ND ND 1.2 BDL 18 JP-9-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.06 0.007 BDL BDL ND BDL
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg
BIS Limit (ppm)
0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP 0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
110
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.53 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, post-monsoon(November,2018)
detection Limit (ppm)
1 JP-1 0.389 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.04 0.04 BDL BDL 1.3 ND
2 JP-2 0.01 ND ND BDL BDL 0.1 0.04 BDL BDL 0.1 ND
3 JP-3 3.708 ND ND BDL BDL 0.04 0.01 BDL BDL BDL ND
Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit
(ppm) 0.03-0.20
0.01-0.05
0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0
0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 JP-1 0.389 ND ND ND ND ND 0.083 ND ND ND ND
2 JP-2 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND 0.0285 ND ND ND 0.0005
3 JP-3 3.708 ND ND ND 0.224 0.249 0.109 0.0006 ND 0.0156 BDL
111
*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L
Table 4.54 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, pre-monsoon (June,2019)
Table 4.55 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, post-monsoon (October,2019)
Sr.No
Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg
BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5
0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30
0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 JP-1 ND ND ND 0.001 0.001 0.046 0.022 ND BDL 1.423 ND
2 JP-2 ND 0.003 0.0002 0.0003 BDL 0.371 0.061 0.0002 BDL 0.1 0.0002
3 JP-3 0.031 BDL ND BDL BDL 0.062 0.010 BDL BDL BDL 0.0010
4 JP-4 ND 0.001 0.001 ND 0.001 0.081 0.061 BDL BDL 1.201 0.0012
5 JP-5 0.001 0.002 0.0001 BDL BDL 0.521 0.080 BDL BDL 0.101 BDL
6 JP-6 ND ND ND BDL BDL 0.034 0.014 BDL BDL BDL ND
7 JP-7 0.011 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.061 0.012 BDL BDL 1.304 ND
Sr. Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg
112
4.9 Heavy metals in soil:
Soil is the unconsolidated mineral matter that has been subjected to, and influenced by genetic and environmental factors – parent
material, climate, organisms and topography all acting over a period of time. Soil differs from the parent material in the
morphological, physical, chemical and biological properties (Soil Testing Manual, 2011). According to USDA (United States
Department of Agriculture), mining, manufacturing and the use of synthetic products (e.g. pesticides, paints, batteries, industrial
waste, and land application of industrial or domestic sludge) can result in heavy metal contamination of urban and agricultural soils
(Table 4.56). Heavy metals also occur naturally, but rarely at toxic levels. Furthermore, potentially contaminated soils may occur at
old landfill sites (particularly those that accepted industrial wastes), old orchards that used insecticides containing arsenic as an active
ingredient, fields that had past applications of waste water or municipal sludge, areas in or around mining waste piles and tailings,
industrial areas where chemicals may have been dumped on the ground, or in areas downwind from industrial sites (Technical Note,
2000).
No
BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30 0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075
1 JP-1 0.05 BDL 0.002 BDL 0.003 0.5 0.02 BDL BDL 0.08 BDL
2 JP-2 0.04 BDL 0.0006 BDL 0.003 0.1 0.01 BDL BDL 0.1 BDL
113
Table 4.56 Content of Various Elements in Soils (Lindsay, 1979)
Metal Selected Average for Soils mg/kg
Common range for Soils mg/kg
Al 71000 10,000-3,000,000 Fe 38000 7,000-550,000 Mn 600 20-3,000 Cu 30 2-100 Cr 100 1-1,000 Cd 0.06 0.01-0.70 Zn 50 10-300 Ni 40 5-500 Pb 10 2-200
Source: Ground Water Issue, EPA/540/S-92/018 Oct 1992
The concentration of metals in soil is primarily related to the geology of the parent material from
which the soil was formed. Depending on the local geology, the concentration of metals in a soil
may exceed the ranges listed in Table 4.18. Soil samples from the study area were analyzed by
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for Al, As, Cr, Fe, Pb,
and Hg (Table 4.57). Analysis data shows that all elements were within average and common
range given under Table 4.57. It was observed that Al ranged between 1001.84 mg/kg 1093.54
mg/kg. However, Arsenic (As) was found below detection limit in all samples. Chromium
ranged between 48.31 mg/kg 98.26 mg/kg. It was observed that Fe ranged between 18758 mg/kg
to 26048 mg/kg. The Pb ranged between 0.04 mg/kg to 0.19 mg/kg, whereas Hg was found in
the range of 0.001 mg/kg to 0.003 mg/kg.
Table 4.57 Trace elements in soil samples, post-monsoon (December, 2017) Sr.No Site Depth
(cm) Heavy Metal (mg/kg)
As Al Cr Fe Pb Hg 1
BSL-I
0-20 BDL 1022.84 77.06 24078 0.11 0.001 2 20-40 BDL 1030.84 88.76 24778 0.15 0.001 3 40-60 BDL 1051.84 77.33 24598 0.16 0.002 4 60-80 BDL 1048.84 86.94 24418 0.17 0.002 5 80-100 BDL 1056.84 78.43 25368 0.07 0.001 6
BSL-II
0-20 BDL 1052.84 75.00 25998 0.19 0.003 7 20-40 BDL 1084.84 98.26 26048 0.14 0.002 8 40-60 BDL 1080.84 87.56 25938 0.18 0.003 9 60-80 BDL 1093.84 89.06 26028 0.16 BDL
114
10 80-100 BDL 1082.84 85.06 25038 0.10 0.003 11
BSL-III
0-20 BDL 1029.84 48.31 19688 0.12 0.003 12 20-40 BDL 1048.84 49.59 19618 0.09 BDL 13 40-60 BDL 1001.84 50.22 19128 0.05 0.001 14 60-80 BDL 1012.84 49.48 18758 0.06 0.001 15 80-100 BDL 1438.84 46.57 18908 0.04 0.001
4.10 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
The TCLP test was conducted as per US EPA SW-846, method-1311. The trace element
concentration (Table 4.58) indicates that the leaching is within the Regulatory level of
USAEPA-RCRA-D list. Based upon this leaching studies, none of the ash samples would fail the
TCLP for high As, B, Cd, Cr, and Pb, as they were all well below the regulatory level of 5 mg/L
for As, Cr, Pb, 100 mg/L for B and 1 mg/L for Cd respectively. These leaching studies reveal
that collected fly ash and bottom ash samples were non-hazardous in nature as per RCRA
guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).
Table 4.58 TCLP Trace metal concentrations – June 2018
Sample code
Al As
Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb B
RL* - 5.0
ppm
1.0
ppm
- 5.0
ppm
- - - - 5.0
ppm
-
BEL-June
0.44 0.008 0.0004 0.0086 0.025 0.400 9.200 1.05 0.041 0.0014 1.45
BFPP1-June
4.14 0.011 0.0004 0.0023 0.030 0.691 1.430 0.33 0.034 0.0003 2.25
BFPP2-June
2.56 0.006 0.0004 0.0142 0.040 0.875 1.960 1.03 0.052 0.0012 0.86
RL: Regulatory level by USEPA-RCRA-D List (mg/L)
BFPP1, BFPP2 are the ash generation units of BSL and BEL is the ash generation units of Tata Steel BSL Energy Limited.
115
Table 4.59 TCLP Trace metal concentrations – June 2018
Sr.No Sample
code Hg
RL* 0.2 ppm
1 BEL-June 0.00005
2 BFPP1-June 0.00118
3 BFPP2-June 0.00007
116
4.11 Chemical characterization of the ash samples
The ash characterization results indicate that the ash samples collected in June 2018 comes under the class F with the percentage of
SiO2 (54.79% - 62.99%) followed by Al2O3 (23.78% - 27.02%), Fe2O3 (3.21% - 5.98%), TiO2 (1.43% - 1.76%) respectively (Table
4.60). As per the results, the major constituents in the pond ash are Si, Al, Fe and Ti as prominent elements in the form of oxides,
silicates and alumino-silicates.
The ash characterization results indicate that the ash samples collected in June 2019 also comes under the class F with the percentage
of SiO2 (51.86% - 60.92%) followed by Al2O3 (22.96 – 24.79%), Fe2O3 (3.87% - 7.77%), TiO2 (1.62% - 1.88%) respectively (Table
4.61). As per the results, the major constituents in the pond ash are Si, Al, Fe and Ti as prominent elements in the form of oxides,
silicates and alumino-silicates.
Table 4.60: Chemical composition (%) of ash samples (June 2018)
Sample Name SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 K2O TiO2 CaO MgO Na2O P2O5 SO3 Cr2O3 MnO2 CuO Rb2O SrO Y2O3 ZrO2 Nb2O5 BaO Cl NiO BEL-1-June 54.80 23.88 5.84 1.10 1.43 3.82 2.53 0.15 0.55 1.45 0.02 0.15 0.009 0.008 0.04 0.006 0.04 0.004 0.03 0.15 0.008BEL-2-June 54.79 23.78 5.98 1.12 1.51 3.76 2.49 0.16 0.54 1.43 0.02 0.15 0.009 0.007 0.04 0.005 0.04 0.004 0.03 0.14 0.01 BFPP1-1-June 59.21 23.89 3.40 1.37 1.49 1.34 0.83 0.15 0.67 0.61 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.009 0.02 0.005 0.04 0.004 0.02 0.04 0.009BFPP1-2-June 58.99 23.79 3.21 1.35 1.50 1.35 0.82 0.16 0.69 0.65 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.008 0.02 0.003 0.03 0.004 0.02 0.04 0.009BFPP2-1-June 62.12 25.11 3.54 1.32 1.55 1.48 0.99 0.15 0.65 0.30 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.008 0.02 0.005 0.04 0.004 0.02 0.02 0.01 BFPP2-2-June 62.37 24.78 3.63 1.33 1.54 1.43 0.97 0.17 0.60 0.35 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.009 0.02 0.005 0.04 0.004 0.03 0.02 0.009NTPC-1-June 62.99 27.02 3.57 0.95 1.76 0.92 0.38 0.10 0.54 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.006 0.01 0.006 0.04 0.005 0.02 0.01 0.01
Table 4.61: Chemical composition (%) of ash samples (June 2019)
Sample Name SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 K2O TiO2 CaO MgO Na2O P2O5 SO3 Cr2O3 MnO2 CuO Rb2O SrO Y2O3 ZrO2 Nb2O5 BaO Cl NiO Neeri/J-19/BEL-1 52.05 23.42 7.70 1.07 1.64 5.69 2.63 0.33 0.55 1.79 0.03 0.17 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.01 Neeri/J-19/BEL-2 51.86 23.38 7.77 1.06 1.62 5.75 2.71 0.34 0.56 1.81 0.03 0.16 0.01 - - 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 Neeri/J-19/BFPP-1-1 54.78 23.02 4.54 1.13 1.79 2.20 1.03 0.17 0.51 0.81 0.02 0.06 0.02 - 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.01 Neeri/J-19/BFPP-1-2 55.10 22.96 4.39 1.10 1.73 2.21 1.02 0.16 0.48 0.77 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.01 Neeri/J-19/BFPP-2-1 60.92 24.79 3.87 1.30 1.88 1.63 0.89 0.09 0.54 0.29 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.02 - Neeri/J-19/BFPP-2-2 60.52 24.74 3.96 1.27 1.85 1.64 0.90 0.09 0.53 0.31 0.04 0.05 0.01 - 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01
117
4.12Trace elements in plants and fishes
4.12.1 Trace elements in plants samples for December 2017
Trace element analysis of 43 plants samples as evaluated by ICP-OES are in terms of following values represented well below in (Fig.
4.7, Fig. 4.8 and Table 4.62). Results for all locations can be well clearly understood by referring it to the Fig. 3.11, Table 3.3 and
Table 3.4.
Table 4.62 Analysis of multiple trace element concentration in plant samples in ICP OES for December, 2017
Sr.No. Sample code As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn
ICP detection Limit (ppm)
0.007 0.0001 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.005 0.001
Permissible limits (ppm)
2 0.3 - 1.5 10 20 200 1.5 10 50
1 JPP-3-2 BDL 0.002 0.01 0.07 0.046 5.57 1.56 0.04 0.02 2.42 0.43
2 JPP-6-2 BDL 0.001 0.004 0.06 2.33 4.46 0.45 0.01 0.04 0.48 0.18
3 JPP-2-2 BDL 0.0001 0.009 0.09 0.01 3.64 4.18 0.02 0.02 7.74 0.19
4 JPP-1-3 BDL 0.0001 0.002 0.05 0.47 2.71 0.21 0.009 0.01 BDL 0.23
5 JPP-1-5 BDL BDL 0.006 0.07 0.49 5.01 0.43 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.15
6 JPP-1-6 BDL 0.001 0.009 0.07 0.33 12.64 0.96 0.02 0.23 BDL 0.35
7 JPP-1-7 BDL BDL 0.003 0.07 0.55 3.61 0.16 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.15
8 JPP-1-8 BDL 0.0001 0.008 0.08 1.87 10.64 0.85 0.02 0.05 BDL 0.29
9 JPP-1-9 BDL BDL 0.03 0.06 0.05 5.67 0.46 0.14 0.01 BDL 0.59
10 JPP-2-1 BDL BDL 0.001 0.03 0.02 0.57 0.40 0.01 0.005 BDL 0.14
11 JPP-4-2 BDL BDL 0.005 0.08 0.03 5.08 0.76 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.21
12 JPP-4-3 BDL 0.0001 0.02 0.16 0.11 30.48 0.69 0.06 0.04 BDL 0.39
13 JPP-17-2 BDL 0.00082 0.006 0.14 0.066 5.46 0.39 0.02 0.03 BDL 0.26
118
14 JPP-1-6 BDL BDL 0.002 0.07 0.03 2.46 0.06 0.01 0.01 BDL 0.14
15 JPP-4-1 BDL BDL 0.006 0.07 0.02 8.19 0.24 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.19
16 JPP-9-1 BDL BDL 0.002 0.06 0.03 2.76 0.16 0.01 0.01 BDL 0.18
17 JPP-18-2 BDL 0.0004 0.019 0.11 0.11 13.51 2.12 0.04 0.03 0.7 0.49
18 JPP-1-3 BDL 0.0005 0.004 0.09 0.03 4.61 8.11 0.04 0.03 15.44 0.53
19 JPP-19-2 BDL 0.001 0.03 0.09 0.51 19.08 1.8 0.04 0.04 5.91 0.51
20 JPP-11 BDL 0.0001 0.008 0.11 0.36 8.91 0.66 0.03 0.04 1.62 0.36
21 JPP-1 BDL BDL 0.0001 0.17 0.01 0.056 0.99 0.004 0.01 BDL 0.05
22 JPP-3-9 BDL 0.0001 0.004 0.08 0.73 2.72 5 0.02 0.02 12.5 0.26
23 JPP-6-1 BDL BDL 0.005 0.13 0.26 5.65 0.54 0.07 0.02 1.55 0.21 24 JPP-1-4 BDL 0.0001 0.002 0.09 0.02 1.41 0.07 0.01 0.01 BDL 0.12
25 JPP-12-2 BDL BDL 0.001 0.03 0.03 0.91 0.09 0.006 0.01 BDL 0.12 26 JPP-5-1 BDL 0.001 0.006 0.05 0.39 6.73 1.23 0.02 0.05 0.99 0.41 27 JPP-8-2 BDL BDL BDL 0.15 0.01 1.34 0.1 0.01 0.01 BDL 0.08 28 JPP-12-1 BDL BDL 0.0009 0.09 0.02 1.33 0.24 0.02 0.01 BDL 0.13 29 JPP-1-9 BDL BDL 0.0043 0.11 0.04 4.69 0.31 0.012 0.01 BDL 0.11
30 JPP-8-1 BDL 0.0003 0.03 0.05 0.04 4.95 2.52 0.02 0.01 0.45 0.16
31 JPP-1-5 BDL BDL 0.007 0.05 0.01 3.91 0.40 0.01 0.01 0.39 0.11
32 JPP-1-2 BDL BDL 0.014 0.15 0.11 8.51 1.22 0.02 0.01 0.75 0.37
33 JPP-14 BDL BDL BDL 0.04 0.002 1.97 0.11 0.01 0.001 0.85 0.21
34 JPP-15-2 BDL BDL 0.007 0.04 0.01 1.58 0.9 0.01 0.01 1.19 0.19
35 CROP3 BDL BDL 0.03 BDL 0.05 9.24 0.54 BDL BDL 1.08 0.2
36 CROP4 BDL BDL 0.018 BDL 0.02 3.43 0.22 BDL BDL 1.44 0.25
37 JPP-3-3 BDL BDL 0.018 0.1 0.06 7.04 0.43 0.02 0.01 BDL 0.2
38 JPP-5-2 BDL BDL 0.024 0.14 0.01 0.75 0.08 0.01 0.001 1.76 0.14
39 JPP-7-1 BDL BDL 0.02 0.07 0.02 1.71 0.22 0.01 0.002 1.76 0.19
40 JPP-9-2 BDL BDL 0.024 0.09 0.12 10.67 1.06 0.22 0.02 BDL 0.51
41 JPP-7-2 BDL BDL 0.006 0.06 0.04 2.58 0.41 0.02 0.01 0.19 0.17
42 CROP1 BDL BDL 0.03 BDL 0.02 2.30 0.42 BDL BDL BDL 0.21
43 CROP2 BDL BDL 0.028 BDL 0.04 3.72 0.21 BDL BDL BDL 0.21
119
Arsenic: As is a non-essential element and is toxic to plants. Trace element analysis of As
contamination were below detection levels (BDL).
Cadmium: is a non-essential element that interferes with the normal growth and development of
plants. Cd levels observed in the plant samples were between 0.00001 ppm (JPP-1-4) to
0.002ppm (JPP-3-2). Cd was present in some plant samples analyzed (JPP-3-2, JPP-6-2, JPP-2-2,
JPP-1-3, JPP-1-8, JPP-4-3, JPP-17-2, JPP-18-2, JPP-1-3, JPP-19-2, JPP-11, JPP-3-9, JPP-1-4, JPP-5-1,
JPP-8-1).
Cobalt: Co is a transition element that is an essential component of enzymes and co-enzymes is
responsible for growth and metabolism in plants. Co values observed in the plant sample and
ranged from values as low as 0.0001ppm (JPP-1) to values as high as 0.03 ppm (JPP-19-2).
Chromium: Chromium is a non-essential element in plants known for its genotoxic effects. The
values observed for Cr in plants ranges from 0.04 ppm (JPP-1-9) to 0.09238 (JPP-2-2).
Concentration for Cr for all the samples were all below the permissible limit
Copper: Copper is one of the eight essential micronutrient element that is required by plant in
many enzymatic reactions and chlorophyll production. The copper values observed for the plant
samples vary from 0.01 ppm (JPP-8-2) to 2.33ppm (JPP-6-2). The copper values for most of the
plant samples were relatively low except two samples (JPP-4-3, JPP 1-9).
Iron: Iron is an essential micronutrient involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll and maintenance
of chloroplast. The observed value for the Fe in the plant samples ranges from 0.056 ppm (JPP-
1) to 30ppm (JPP-4-3). Fe values were below the permissible limit, even though it is an iron
mining belt. Fe values were close to the permissible limit for some plant samples (JPP-1-6, JPP-18-2
and JPP-19-2 ), because it is an iron mining belt, Only exception was samples JPP 4-3 which was over
the permissible limits.
Manganese: The values for Mn range from 0.07 ppm (JPP-1-4) to 8.11ppm (JPP-1-3). The
manganese values in the majority of the plant samples were low even though it is a manganese
mining belt. Only some of the plant samples Mn values were relatively low (JPP-1-4, JPP-12-2
JPP-14, CROP4 JPP-5-2, JPP-7-1, JPP-1-6, JPP-4-1, JPP-9-1 JPP-1-3, JPP-1-7).
Nickel: Nickel is an essential micronutrient that is concerned with the activation of urease
enzyme. The values for the element Ni ranges from 0.004 (JPP-1) to 0.07 (JPP-6-1). For some of
the plant samples the values were much greater than the others in comparison (JPP-3-2, JPP-2-2,
120
JPP-1-5, JPP-1-6, JPP-1-8, JPP-1-9, JPP-4-3, JPP-17-2, JPP-18-2 JPP-1-3, JPP-19-2, JPP-11,
JPP-6-1, JPP-5-1, JPP-8-1, JPP-1-2, JPP-9-2).
Lead: Lead is a persistent toxic metal that holds no essential role for the plants. It is phyto-
available in low quantities. The values for the Pb values range from 0.002ppm (JPP-7-1) to 0.05
ppm (JPP-1-8). For most of the plant samples the Pb values seemed relatively low compared to
the permissible limit
Selenium: Selenium values for all the plant sample varies from 0.192ppm (JPP-7-1) to 15.44
ppm (JPP-1-3). Most of the values were below detection limit. Most of the values were below
detection limit (JPP-1-3, JPP-1-5, JPP-1-6, JPP-1-7, JPP-1-8, JPP-1-9, JPP-2-1, JPP-4-2, JPP-4-
3, JPP-17-2, JPP-1-6, JPP-4-1, JPP-9-1, JPP-1, JPP-1-4, JPP-12-2, JPP-8-2, JPP-12-1, JPP-1-9,
JPP-3-3, CROP1 and CROP2)
Zinc: Zinc values for the plant sample ranges from 0.11ppm (JPP-12-2) to 0.59 (JPP-1-9). All
the plant sample Zn values seemed relatively low compared to the permissible limit
121
Figure 4.7 Results showing concentrations of non-toxic elements in plants samples collected during December 2017
Figure 4.1.1 clearly reflects variation in uptake of non-toxic trace elements at various sampling
locations. As shown, Fe shows highest concentration amongst all the non-toxic trace
elements but it is still within the permissible limit. The abundant presence of Fe is due to the
fact that the study area has iron-manganese rich soil. Locations like JPP-1-9, JPP 18-2 and JPP
19-2 shows significantly high concentration on Fe. While, Mn is also abundant is all the
locations and significantly present in JPP 18-2, JPP 1-3 and JPP 3-9. Se is also present in certain
locations at decently high concentration such as JPP-2, JPP 1-3 and JPP 3-9.
122
Figure 4.8 Results showing concentrations of toxic elements in plants samples collected during December 2017
Figure 4.1.2 reflects variation in uptake of toxic trace elements at various sampling locations of
the study area. It is evident from the graph that Ni and Pb has significant presence in most of the
samples. The peaks of Ni were observed in the sampling locations JPP 1-9 and JPP 9-2. While,
highest concentration for Pb is observed in location JPP 1-6. All other elements seem to be
negligible in concentrations.
4.12.2 Trace elements in plants samples for April, 2018
Trace element analysis of 39 plants samples was carried out are presented in the Figure 4.15,
4.16, 4.17 and the values of the trace element concentration are represented in Table 4.63.
Results for all locations can be well clearly understood by referring it to the Fig. 3.12, Table 3.3
and Table 3.4.
123
Table 4.63 Analysis of multiple trace element concentration in plant samples for April 2018
Sr.No Sample
code
Plant Species
Al As B Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn
Permissible limits (ppm) 20 2 - 0.3 - 1.5 10 20 200 1.5 10 - 50
ICP detection
Limit (ppm)
0.0001
0.007 0.001 0.0001 0.0001 0.001 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.0009 0.005 0.001
1. BSP 1-1
Ageretum conzyzoides
0.06 4.023 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.01 0.26 0.049 0.001 0.0006 1.33 0.06
2. BSP1-3 Digiteria sp. 5.79 BDL 0.21 0.001 BDL 0.05 0.16 3.74 0.61 0.13 0.05 BDL 0.42
3. BSP1-4 Cyperus sp. 8.38 BDL 0.09 0.0033 BDL 0.06 0.11 4.94 0.53 0.14 0.05 BDL 0.73
4. BSP1-5
Calotropis sp. 2.55 0.21 0.01 BDL 0.00011
0.007 0.008 0.57 0.04 BDL 0.001 0.054 0.07
5. BSP1´-2
Nelumbo sp. 3.49 1.62 BDL BDL 0.00011
0.004 0.005 0.34 0.11 0.01 0.001 2.261 0.04
6. BSP1´-3
Typha angustifolia
4.14 BDL BDL BDL 0.00022
0.009 0.005 0.33 0.07 0.003 0.003 1.091 0.13
7. BSP 2-1
Amarnathus sp. 5.84 BDL 0.008 BDL 0.001 0.018 0.005 14.13 0.21 0.006 0.003 BDL 0.38
8. BSP2-2
Solanum melongena
1.75 0.54 0.02 BDL 0.003 0.035 0.004 0.44 1.49 0.06 0.001 1.125 0.14
9. BSP2-3 Unidentified 1 1.32 0.78 0.02 BDL BDL 0.005 0.004 0.27 0.04 0.001 0.002 0.59 0.04
10. BSP2-4 Cynadon sp. 1.79 2.59 0.001 BDL BDL 0.006 0.007 0.19 0.04 0.002 0.0003 3.13 0.03
11. BSP2-5 Lantana camara 2.21 2.48 0.001 BDL 0.0003 0.001 0.004 0.33 0.07 0.001 0.0003 2.78 0.06
12. BSP2´-1 Typha sp. 2.68 2.86 0.02 BDL 0.0007 0.017 0.008 0.44 0.05 0.003 0.003 1.62 0.05
13. BSP2´-2 Nymphea sp. 2.09 2.15 0.01 BDL BDL 0.006 0.009 0.39 0.01 0.002 0.003 BDL 0.05
14. BSP2´-3
Hydrilla sp. 5.98 2.66 0.01 0.00028
0.00088
0.01 0.009 0.65 0.17 0.006 0.006 1.68 0.14
15. BSP 3-1
Unidentified 2 3.62 1.61 0.001 BDL 0.00099
0.01 0.012 1.73 0.19 0.004 0.003 BDL 0.08
124
16. BSP3-2
Mikania micrantha
0.66 1.94 0.005 BDL 0.00024
0.001 0.004 0.24 0.13 0.002 0.0001 8.10 0.04
17. BSP4-2 Unidentifed 3 4.21 3.31 0.02 BDL 0.015 0.05 0.02 16.75 0.87 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.12
18. BSP4-3
Cynadon sp. 5.15 0.09 0.01 BDL 0.00019
0.007 0.01 1.24 0.04 BDL 0.002 2.73 0.05
19. BSP 5-1 Unidentifed 4 1.36 BDL 0.02 BDL BDL 0.005 0.005 0.26 0.04 0.001 0.03 0.61 0.05
20. BSP5-2
Cyperus sp. 1.52 0.62 0.01 BDL 0.00048
0.01 0.005 1.75 0.09 0.003 0.002 BDL 0.58
21. BSP5-3
Cynodon sp. 1.21 1.67 0.06 0.0001 0.00038
0.007 0.01 0.51 0.03 0.002 0.002 0.46 0.11
22. BSP6-2
Unidentified 5 3.71 1.66 0.01 0.0003 0.00014
0.016 0.01 0.64 0.04 0.003 0.006 0.66 0.06
23. BSP6-3 Unidentified 6 5.36 BDL 0.0004 BDL 0.004 0.03 0.01 5.28 0.17 0.01 0.007 BDL 0.19
24. BSP 7-1
Unidentified 7 5.06 BDL 0.003 BDL 0.0078 0.02 0.02 11.27 0.19 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.07
25. BSP 7-2 Cyperus sp. 7.74 0.55 0.003 0.0001 0.0014 0.04 0.01 2.29 0.12 0.001 0.005 1.43 0.32
26. BSP 7-3 Unidentified 8 5.08 0.67 0.01 BDL 0.00095 0.02 0.01 1.31 0.17 0.004 0.003 BDL 0.21
27.
BSP 8-1
Solanum lycopersicum (Crops)
2.91 1.84 0.01 BDL 0.02 0.01 0.01 2.59 1.36 0.03 0.003 17.32 0.16
28. BSP 8-2
Amarnathus sp.(Crops)
2.81 1.16 0.01 BDL 0.00013 0.01 0.01 0.77 0.04 BDL 0.001 BDL 0.03
29. BSP 8-3
Capsicum annuum(Crops)
7.42 0.89 0.02 0.0001 0.0016 0.01 0.01 1.61 0.06 BDL 0.005 4.93 0.18
30. BSP 8-4
Solanum melongena
0.73 0.58 0.01 BDL BDL 0.01 0.003 0.17 0.77 0.003 0.006 3.97 0.07
31. BSP 9-1
Amarnathus sp.(Crops)
4.04 2.68 BDL BDL 0.0012 0.03 0.01 0.55 0.11 0.01 0.001 1.96 0.05
32.
BSP 9-2
Solanum melongena (Crops)
14.83 BDL 0.16 0.002 BDL 0.129 0.14 28.56 0.74 0.167 0.08 0.71 0.58
33. BSP 9-3
Oryza sativa (Crops)
3.97 0.61 BDL BDL 0.0012 0.01 0.02 1.49 0.27 0.005 0.003 3.42 0.11
34. BSP 9-4 Solanum 0.62 4.03 0.002 BDL BDL 0.002 0.003 0.12 0.64 0.001 0.006 18.25 0.02
125
Aluminum: The value of Aluminium was fairly low in all the plant samples ranging from 0.68ppm (BSP 1-1) to 14.83ppm (BSP 9-2).
All the samples exhibited relatively low Al concentration.
Arsenic: Trace element analysis of As contamination ranged from 0.212ppm (BSP1-5) to 4.038ppm (BSP 9-4). Some of the samples
had As concentration below detection level (BSP1-3, BSP1-4, BSP1´-3, BSP 2-1, BSP 5-1, BSP 7-1, BSP 9-2, BSP 10-1, BSP 10-3,
BSP11-1andBSP11-2).
lycopersicum (Crops)
35. BSP 10-1
Capsicum annuum (Crops)
6.56 BDL 0.01 0.00018 0.00051 0.01 0.01 1.31 0.11 BDL 0.002 BDL 0.17
36.
BSP 10-2
Solanum melongena (Crops)
1.69 3.27 0.002 BDL 0.00082 0.002 0.01 0.27 0.16 0.004 0.001 4.42 0.07
37. BSP 10-3
Amarnathus sp.(Crops)
4.81 BDL 0.02 BDL 0.00536 0.01 0.01 0.72 0.35 0.016 0.004 0.85 0.09
38. BSP 11-1
Amarnathus sp. (Crops)
3.21 BDL 0.24 0.24 0.0018 BDL 0.05 0.07 3.71 0.544 0.114 0.04 0.45
39.
BSP 11-2
Solanum melongena (Crops)
14.77 BDL 0.23 0.003 BDL 0.14 0.14 1.32 2.36 0.167 0.1 BDL 0.46
126
While some of the samples such as BSP 1-1, BSP 4-2, BSP 2-1, BSP 9-4 and BSP 10-2 had
Arsenic concentration above permissible limit
Boron: In all the samples the level of boron was extremely low and ranged from 0.24 ppm (BSP
11-1) to 0.0004ppm (BSP 6-3).
Cadmium: Cd levels observed in the plant samples were extremely low and between
0.00014ppm (BSP 7-2) to 0.242ppm (BSP 11-1). In most of the samples Cd concentration was
low except for VP 4-1. Some of the plant samples Cd levels were BDL.
Cobalt: Co values observed in the plant sample were extremely low and ranged from values as
low 0.0001ppm (BSP 1-5) to 0.14ppm (BSP 11-2).
Chromium: The values observed for Cr in plants ranges 0.00138ppm (BSP -2-5) from 0.14 ppm
(BSP 11-2). All samples were below the permissible limit.
Copper: The copper values observed for the plant samples vary from 0.003ppm (BSP 8-4) to
0.16ppm (BSP 1-3). The copper values for most of the plant samples were below the permissible
limit.
Iron: The observed values for the Fe in the plant samples ranges from 0.07 ppm (BSP 11-1) to
16.75ppm (BSP 4-2). For most of the plant samples Fe values within permissible limit except for
sample (BSP 9-2). The soil of the study being rich in Fe contributes to larger uptake from the soil
and bio accumulating in plant tissues in that sample.
Manganese: The values for Mn ranges from 0.0141ppm (BSP2’2) to 3.706ppm (BSP 4-1). For
all the plant samples collected for analysis the Mn values were relative lower than the
permissible limit
Nickel: The values for the element Ni were extremely low and ranged from 0.0006 ppm (BSP 7-
2) to 0.543ppm (BSP 11-1). For all of the plant samples the values within the permissible levels.
Lead: The values for the Pb values range from 0.0002 ppm (BSP 3-2) to 0.114ppm (BSP 11-1).
For most of the plant samples the Pb values were within the permissible limit.
Selenium: Selenium values for all the plant sample varied from 0.0371ppm (BSP 9-4) to
18.248ppm (BSP 11-1).
127
Zinc: Zinc values for the plant sample varied from a lower of 0.0258 ppm (BSP 2-4) to highest
observation at 0.584 ppm (BSP 5-4). In all the plant samples Zn values were lower than the
permissible limit.
Fig 4.9 Results showing concentrations of non-toxic elements in plants samples collected during April, 2018
Figure 4.1.3 reflects variation in uptake of non-toxic trace elements by various plant species
collected from different sampling locations. In the graph it is evident that Fe has the highest
concentration observed at BSP 2-1, BSP 4-2 and BSP 9-2. Mn is the 2nd high concentration trace
metal observed in samples with highest concentration for samples observed in locations BSP 2-2,
BSP 8-1, BSP 11-1 and BSP 11-2. Other trace metals were in very low to negligible
concentration except for Se which peaked in concentration for three samples (BSP 3-2, BSP 8-1
and BSP 9-4)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
BSP
1-1
BSP1
-3BS
P1-4
BSP1
-5BS
P1´-2
BSP1
´-3BS
P 2-
1BS
P2-2
BSP2
-3BS
P2-4
BSP2
-5BS
P2´-1
BSP2
´-2BS
P2´-3
BSP
3-1
BSP3
-2BS
P4-2
BSP4
-3BS
P 5-
1BS
P5-2
BSP5
-3BS
P6-2
BSP6
-3BS
P 7-
1BS
P 7-
2BS
P 7-
3BS
P 8-
1BS
P 8-
2BS
P 8-
3BS
P 8-
4BS
P 9-
1BS
P 9-
2BS
P 9-
3BS
P 9-
4BS
P 10
-1BS
P 10
-2BS
P 10
-3BS
P 11
-1BS
P 11
-2
conc
in p
pm
Sample code
Non-toxic trace-element in plant samples
B Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Se Zn
128
Fig 4.10 Results showing concentrations of semi-toxic elements in plants samples collected during April, 2018
Figure 4.10 reflects variation in presence of semi-toxic element in plant parts as collected for our
analysis. Aluminum was observed to be present in high concentration in all the samples and has
exceptionally high concentration especially in plant samples collected from BSP 1-4, BSP 9-2
and BSP 11-2.
Fig 4.11 Results showing concentrations of toxic elements in plants samples collected during April, 2018
Figure 4.11 reflects variation in uptake of toxic trace elements from various plant species at
different sampling locations. Only Arsenic was observed to be with high concentration results in
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16BS
P 1-
1BS
P1-3
BSP1
-4BS
P1-5
BSP1
´-2BS
P1´-3
BSP
2-1
BSP2
-2BS
P2-3
BSP2
-4BS
P2-5
BSP2
´-1BS
P2´-2
BSP2
´-3BS
P 3-
1BS
P3-2
BSP4
-2BS
P4-3
BSP
5-1
BSP5
-2BS
P5-3
BSP6
-2BS
P6-3
BSP
7-1
BSP
7-2
BSP
7-3
BSP
8-1
BSP
8-2
BSP
8-3
BSP
8-4
BSP
9-1
BSP
9-2
BSP
9-3
BSP
9-4
BSP
10-1
BSP
10-2
BSP
10-3
BSP
11-1
BSP
11-2
Conc
. in
ppm
Sample Code
Semi-toxic trace-element in plant samples
A…
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
BSP
1-1
BSP1
-3BS
P1-4
BSP1
-5BS
P1´-2
BSP1
´-3BS
P 2-
1BS
P2-2
BSP2
-3BS
P2-4
BSP2
-5BS
P2´-1
BSP2
´-2BS
P2´-3
BSP
3-1
BSP3
-2BS
P4-2
BSP4
-3BS
P 5-
1BS
P5-2
BSP5
-3BS
P6-2
BSP6
-3BS
P 7-
1BS
P 7-
2BS
P 7-
3BS
P 8-
1BS
P 8-
2BS
P 8-
3BS
P 8-
4BS
P 9-
1BS
P 9-
2BS
P 9-
3BS
P 9-
4BS
P 10
-1BS
P 10
-2BS
P 10
-3BS
P 11
-1BS
P 11
-2
Conc
.in p
pm
Sample code
Toxic trace-element in plant samples
As Cd Ni Pb
129
samples BSP 1-1, BSP 4-2, BSP 2-1, BSP 9-4 and BSP 10-2 but other toxic trace elements were
within the permissible limit. All the other toxic elements observed in the plant samples were of
very less and almost negligible in concentration.
4.12.3 Trace elements in plants samples for July 2018
Trace element analysis of 56 plants samples were analyzed and are represented well in Table
4.64, Figure 4.18, 4.19 and 4.20. Results for all locations can be well clearly understood by
referring it to the Fig. 3.13, Table 3.3 and Table 3.4. Analysis of each trace element and its
concentration in given plant samples is as follows:
Aluminum: The value of Aluminum was fairly highly in all the plant samples ranging from
0.664ppm (BSP 5-2) to 14.83ppm (BSP 3-3).
Arsenic: Arsenic is not present in any of the samples at a detectable range. Its highest peak value
was observed for BSP 1-6 which is also below the permissible limit.
Boron: The trace metal concentration for Boron varied from 0.388 ppm (BSP 4-5) to 0.0004
(BSP 6-3)
Cadmium: Cd levels observed were below the detection limit for most of the plant samples and
in samples it was detected it was in permissible limit only. BSP 11-4 (0.242 ppm) was somewhat
close to the permissible limit.
Cobalt: Co values observed in the plant sample varied from values as low 0.0001ppm (BSP 4-4)
to 0.014ppm (BSP 5-3).
Chromium: The values observed for Cr in plant samples varied from 0.002ppm to 0.14 ppm. All
the samples were below the permissible limit.
Copper: The copper concentration values for most plant samples (BSP 1-4, BSP 1-5, BSP 2-3, BSP 2-5,
BSP 3-2, BSP 3-4, BSP 4-1, BSP 4-4, BSP 4-6, BSP 5-2, BSP 6-1, BSP 6-2, BSP 6-3, BSP 8-5, BSP 9-3,
BSP 10-2, BSP 10-3, BSP 10-4 and BSP 11-2) comparatively were lower than the permissible limit.
Comparatively were lower than the permissible limit.
Iron: The observed values for Fe in plant samples were in high concentration for plant samples
collected from BSP 9-2 and BSP 9-4. Manganese: The values for Mn concentration were all in
very low concentrations in comparison to permissible limit provided.
130
Nickel: For plant samples (BSP 1-4 BSP 1-5 BSP 2-3 BSP 2-5 BSP 3-2 BSP 3-4 BSP 4-1 BSP 6-1 BSP
6-2 BSP 6-5 BSP 7-3 BSP 7-4 BSP 8-5 BSP 10-1 BSP 10-2 BSP 10-3 BSP 10-4 BSP 11-2 BSP 11-3) the
value of Ni concentration in plants were extremely lower than the permissible limit provided.
Lead: For plant samples (BSP 1-4 BSP 1-5 BSP 1-6 BSP 2- BSP 3-4 BSP 3-5 BSP 4-1 BSP 4-4 BSP 4-
6 BSP 5-2 BSP 5-4 BSP 6-1 BSP 6-2 BSP 6-3 BSP 6-5 BSP 7-3 BSP 7-4 BSP 8-2 BSP 8-3 BSP 8-4 BSP
8-5 BSP 9-1 BSP 9-3 BSP 10-1 BSP 10-2 BSP 10-3 BSP 10-4 BSP 11-2 BSP 11-3) the Pb concentration
values were much lower in comparison to the permissible limit.
Selenium: Selenium values for all the plant sample were near negligible or below detection
limit.
Zinc: In all the plant samples Zn values were comparatively lower than the permissible limit.
131
Table 4.63 Analysis of multiple trace element concentration in plant samples for July, 2018
Sr.
no
Plants and
sample code
Trace
Element
Al As B Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn
Permissible
limits (ppm) 20 2 - 0.3 - 1.5 10 20 200 1.5 10 - 50
ICP
detection
Limit (ppm)
0.000
1
0.007 0.000
1
0.0001 0.0001 0.01 0.000
4
0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.0001 0.005 0.001
Sample code
1. Azadirachta indica
BSP 1-1 6.35 BDL 0.49 0.001 0.01 0.07 0.08 3.31 0.29 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.24
2. Typha Angustofolia
BSP 1-2 2.54 BDL 0.11 0.0005 0.004 0.04 0.03 3.23 0.44 0.02 0.01 BDL 0.16
3. Cyanodon sp. BSP 1-3 4.05 BDL 0.19 0.001 0.002 0.06 0.08 3.36 14.64 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.17
4. Nymphea sp. BSP 1-4 2.49 BDL BDL BDL 0.0001 0.004 0.005 0.45 0.11 0.006 0.003 BDL 0.03
5. Hydrilla sp. BSP 1-5 4.15 BDL BDL BDL 0.0003 0.01 0.004 0.32 0.07 0.003 0.002 BDL 0.12
6. Typha latifolia BSP 1-6 2.55 0.21 0.01 BDL 0.0001 0.007 0.007 0.57 0.04 BDL 0.001 0.05 0.07
7. Azadirachta indica
BSP 2-1 2.26 BDL 0.13 0.001 0.0052 0.04 0.22 1.86 0.18 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.22
8. Cyanodon sp. BSP 2-2 4.81 BDL 0.18 0.0004 0.002 0.05 0.03 2.24 0.12 2.03 0.01 BDL 0.19
9. Evolvulus sp BSP 2-3 1.32 BDL 0.02 BDL BDL 0.005 0.004 0.27 0.04 0.002 0.003 0.59 0.04
10. Lantana Camara
BSP 2-4 7.05 0.003 0.27 0.001 0.003 0.13 0.51 4.33 0.19 0.02 0.03 BDL 0.28
11. Sacchrum munja
BSP 2-5 2.21 BDL 0.002 BDL 0.00003 0.001 0.004 0.33 0.07 0.0008 0.0003 BDL 0.06
12. Azadirachta indica
BSP 3-1 4.21 BDL 0.0175 BDL 0.01 0.05 0.02 16.75 0.87 0.02 0.016 BDL 0.12
132
13. Lantana Camara
BSP 3-2 3.71 BDL 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.02 0.007 0.64 0.04 0.004 0.006 BDL 0.06
14. Nelumbo sp. BSP 3-3 20.84 BDL 0.177 0.0005 0.01 0.09 0.09 10.09 0.42 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.35
15. Cyanodon sp BSP 3-4 0.66 BDL 0.0052 BDL 0.0002 0.001 0.004 5.24 0.13 0.001 0.0001 BDL 0.04
16. Cyperus sp BSP 3-5 5.79 BDL 0.217 0.001 BDL 0.05 0.16 3.74 0.62 0.13 0.04 BDL 0.42
17. Evolvulus sp. BSP 3-6 18.41 0.001
3
0.097 0.0009 0.008 0.11 0.13 8.24 0.94 0.03 0.02 BDL 0.34
18. Celtis occidentalis
BSP 4-1 1.79 BDL 0.0013 BDL BDL 0.007 0.007 0.19 0.04 0.002 0.0003 0.13 0.03
19. Ficus sp BSP 4-2 2.48 BDL 0.1561 0.007 0.002 0.07 0.25 1.96 0.07 0.03 0.12 BDL 0.21
20. Azadirachta indica
BSP 4-3 5.76 BDL 0.1374 0.0007 0.003 0.1 0.15 3.02 0.16 0.04 0.02 BDL 0.29
21. Evolvulus sp. BSP 4-4 2.81 BDL 0.0142 BDL 0.0001 0.009 0.009 0.77 0.04 BDL 0.0016 BDL 0.04
22. Lantana Camara
BSP 4-5 12.14 0.081
8
0.388 0.0027 0.02 0.09 0.06 14.89 0.73 0.07 0.031 BDL 0.39
23. Cyanodon sp. BSP 4-6 6.56 BDL 0.0068 0.0002 0.0005 0.01 0.009 1.31 0.11 BDL 0.003 BDL 0.17
24. Calotropis gigantea
BSP 5-1 8.43 BDL 0.327 0.002 0.004 0.08 0.07 5.03 0.48 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.56
25. Quisqualis indica
BSP 5-2 0.66 BDL 0.0052 BDL 0.0002 0.001 0.004 0.24 0.13 0.002 0.0002 BDL 0.04
26. Ficus benjamina
BSP 5-3 4.31 BDL 0.016 BDL 0.014 0.05 0.03 15.91 0.91 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.13
27. Lantana Camara
BSP 5-4 5.15 BDL 0.012 BDL 0.0002 0.008 0.01 1.25 0.045 BDL 0.003 BDL 0.05
28. Cyanodon sp. BSP 5-5 5.27 BDL 0.165 0.004 0.003 0.037 0.06 3.11 0.095 0.01 0.048 BDL 0.24
29. Lespedeza floribunda
BSP 6-1 1.21 BDL 0.0603 0.0001 0.0004 0.008 0.006 0.51 0.036 0.002 0.002 BDL 0.11
30. Robinia pseudoacacia
BSP 6-2 3.71 BDL 0.0155 0.0003 0.0001 0.02 0.007 0.64 0.041 0.003 0.007 BDL 0.06
31. Azadirachta BSP 6-3 5.36 BDL 0.0004 BDL 0.005 0.02 0.008 5.29 0.17 0.01 0.008 BDL 0.19
133
indica
32. Lantana Camara
BSP 6-4 4.22 0.014 0.111 0.002 0.002 0.05 0.13 2.36 0.26 0.03 0.037 BDL 0.43
33. Saeghustrum nutans
BSP 6-5 1.32 BDL 0.022 BDL BDL 0.005 0.01 0.27 0.04 0.001 0.003 0.591 0.05
34. Nymphaea sp. BSP 7-1 29.09 0.07 0.346 0.002 0.2 0.15 0.09 43.36 11.68 0.265 0.052 BDL 0.69
35. Typha sp. BSP 7-2 5.05 BDL 0.0032 BDL 0.008 0.02 0.01 11.28 0.19 0.01 0.014 BDL 0.07
36. Nelumbo sp. BSP 7-3 7.74 BDL 0.0038 0.0001 0.002 0.04 0.01 2.29 0.11 0.0005 0.005 BDL 0.32
37. Cyanodon sp. BSP 7-4 5.08 BDL 0.011 0 0.001 0.02 0.01 1.31 0.17 0.004 0.004 BDL 0.21
38. Curcuma longa BSP 8-1 5.23 BDL 0.091 0.0007 0.003 0.06 0.051 2.93 0.18 0.21 0.023 BDL 0.37
39. Musa balbisiana
BSP 8-2 2.90 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.02 0.008 0.01 2.53 1.36 0.025 0.004 BDL 0.17
40. Carica papaya BSP 8-3 2.81 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.0001 0.009 0.01 0.77 0.04 BDL 0.002 BDL 0.04
41 Magnifera indica
BSP 8-4 7.42 BDL 0.0082 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.01 1.61 0.06 BDL 0.005 BDL 0.19
42. Abelmoschus esculentus
BSP 8-5 0.73 BDL 0.01 BDL BDL 0.008 0.003 0.17 0.77 0.003 0.007 BDL 0.07
43. Moringa olifera BSP 9-1 4.04 BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.03 0.007 0.54 0.11 0.01 0.001 BDL 0.05
44. Magnifera indica
BSP 9-2 14.83 BDL 0.161 0.003 BDL 0.13 0.14 28.57 0.74 0.16 0.08 BDL 0.58
45. Momordica charantia
BSP 9-3 5.04 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.04 0.006 0.65 0.11 0.01 0.002 BDL 0.07
46. Carica papaya BSP 9-4 11.83 BDL 0.18 0.004 BDL 0.12 0.21 27.55 0.75 0.17 0.09 BDL 0.66
47. Psidium guajava
BSP 10-1 3.97 BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.009 0.02 1.49 0.26 0.004 0.004 BDL 0.11
48. Musa balbisiana
BSP 10-2 0.62 BDL 0.0018 BDL BDL 0.002 0.003 0.12 0.63 0.001 0.0006 BDL 0.02
49. Momordica charantia
BSP 10-3 6.56 BDL 0.0068 0.0001 0.0005 0.01 0.009 1.31 0.11 BDL 0.003 BDL 0.17
50. Abelmoschus esculentus
BSP 10-4 2.91 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.017 0.008 0.007 2.59 1.36 0.02 0.004 0.032 0.17
134
Fig. 4.12 Results showing concentrations of non-toxic elements in plants samples collected during July, 2018
Figure 4.12 reflects variation in uptake of non-toxic trace elements from various plant species at different sampling locations. Fe was
05
101520253035404550
Conc
. in
ppm
sample code
Nontoxic trace-element in plant samples
B Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Se Zn
51. Abelmoschus esculentus
BSP 11-1 6.42 BDL 0.43 0.0018 0.004 0.04 0.03 2.81 0.96 0.05 0.02 BDL 0.69
52. Punica granatum
BSP 11-2 1.69 BDL 0.0025 BDL 0.0008 0.002 0.006 0.27 0.17 0.003 0.001 BDL 0.06
53. Solanum melongena
BSP 11-3 4.81 BDL 0.02 BDL 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.72 0.35 0.02 0.004 BDL 0.09
54. Ipomoea batatas
BSP 11-4 3.21 BDL 0.24 0.242 0.002 BDL 0.05 0.07 3.71 0.54 0.12 0.037 0.45
55. Psidium guajava
BSP 11-5 14.78 BDL 0.23 0.003 BDL 0.14 0.14 1.32 2.36 0.17 0.11 BDL 0.46
135
the most abundantly present with peaks at BSP 7-1, BSP 9-2 and BSP 9-4. The only other trace
element at high concentration was Mn BSP 1-3, BSP 7-1 and BSP 11-4.
Fig. 4.13 Results showing concentrations of semi-toxic elements in plants samples collected during July, 2018
Figure 4.13 represents the variation in uptake of the only semi-toxic trace element in the analysis
(Al) from various plant species at different sampling locations. It is evident from the graph that
Aluminum is abundantly present in almost all the samples. This is due to the fact that study is
done in a lateritic soil zone which is usually rich in Aluminum. The peak of concentration was
mainly seen in 4 samples (BSP 3-3, BSP 3-6, BSP 7-1, BSP 9-2 and BSP 11-5)
05
101520253035
BSP
1-1
BSP
1-3
BSP
1-5
BSP
2-1
BSP
2-3
BSP
2-5
BSP
3-2
BSP
3-4
BSP
3-6
BSP
4-2
BSP
4-4
BSP
4-6
BSP
5-2
BSP
5-4
BSP
6-1
BSP
6-3
BSP
6-5
BSP
7-2
BSP
7-4
BSP
8-2
BSP
8-4
BSP
9-1
BSP
9-3
BSP
10-1
BSP
10-3
BSP
11-1
BSP
11-3
BSP
11-5
Conc
. in
ppm
sample code
Semi-toxic trace-element in plant samples
A…
136
Fig. 4.14 Results showing concentrations of toxic elements in plants samples collected during July, 2018
Figure 4.14 represents variation in uptake of toxic trace elements from various plant species at
different sampling locations. Almost all the toxic elements were in negligibly low concentration.
The only exception was sample BSP 2-2, where the Ni concentration was slightly higher than the
rest but still it was very low in concentration to be of any affect.
4.12.4 Trace elements in fish samples for July 2018
Fishes are present in the mine void and trace elements were analyzed for the fish samples collected from the mine void and are presented in Table 4.25 and Figure 4.21, 4.22, and 4.23
Table 4.64 Analysis of multiple trace element concentration in fish samples for July, 2018
Sample
code
Trace
Element
Al As B Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn
ICP
detection
Limit
(ppm)
0.0001
0.007
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.01
0.0004
0.0003
0.0001
0.005
0.009
0.005
0.001
BSF 1 0.42 BDL 0.01 0.0001
0.0004
0.02
0.01 0.58 0.04 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.30
BSF 2 0.71 BDL 0.01 0.0002
0.0005
0.04
0.02 1.51 0.04 0.02 0.01 BDL 0.33
BSF 3 0.96 0.01 0.02 0.0005
0.0006
0.08
0.01 2.41 0.03 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.67
BSF 4 0.43 BDL 0.01 0.0001
0.0007
0.04
0.01 0.88 0.04 BDL 0.02 BDL 0.28
00.5
11.5
22.5
BSP
1-1
BSP
1-3
BSP
1-5
BSP
2-1
BSP
2-3
BSP
2-5
BSP
3-2
BSP
3-4
BSP
3-6
BSP
4-2
BSP
4-4
BSP
4-6
BSP
5-2
BSP
5-4
BSP
6-1
BSP
6-3
BSP
6-5
BSP
7-2
BSP
7-4
BSP
8-2
BSP
8-4
BSP
9-1
BSP
9-3
BSP
10-1
BSP
10-3
BSP
11-1
BSP
11-3
BSP
11-5
conc
. in
ppm
Sample code
Toxic trace element in plant samples
As Cd Ni Pb
137
Sample
code
Trace
Element
Al As B Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn
BSF 5 0.91 0.004
0.02 0.0008
0.0003
0.05
0.01 1.78 0.07 BDL 0.02 BDL
0.46
Fig 4.15 Results showing concentrations of non-toxic elements in fish samples collected during July, 2018
Figure 4.15 shows concentration of non-toxic elements in fish samples collected from the mine
void. Fe was observed to be present in all the 5 samples which is normal as the study are is in an
iron mining zone and fishes have a decently high hemoglobin count to give a high Fe
concentration reading. The other abundantly present non-toxic element is Zn which is natural for
any fish as fishes are known to have high Zn concentration in their bones.
00.5
11.5
22.5
3
BSF 1 BSF 2 BSF 3 BSF 4 BSF 5
Conc
.in p
pm
Sample code
Non-toxic trace-element in fish samples
B Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Se Zn
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
BSF 1 BSF 2 BSF 3 BSF 4 BSF 5
conc
. in
ppm
Sample Code
Semi-toxic trace-element in fish samples
Al
138
Fig 4.16 Results showing concentrations of semi-toxic elements in fish samples collected during July, 2018
Figure 4.16 reflects concentration of only semi-toxic element is the analysis (Al) in fishes
collected from the mine void. The concentration of aluminum is fairly abundant as the zone is
lateric soil area and the bed of the mine void would have the presence of Aluminum as due to the
association with laterite soil. Thus, being a fairly harmless element in low concentration is
basically deposits in the tissues of the fishes.
Fig 4.17 Results showing concentrations of toxic elements in fish samples collected during July, 2018
Figure 4.17 reflects the concentration of toxic elements in fish samples collected from the mine
void. The only element that was present in significant concentration was Pb which was present in
almost all the samples. This may be due to presence of mines nearly or due to leeching from
bedrock. Although, the concentrations were all below 0.02ppm thus making it easily negligible.
Only BSF 2 showed a significant trace of Ni but still within 0.02 ppm range which can also be
considered as negligible.
Analysis of Trace element analysis in fish samples for July 2018 –
Aluminum: The range of the value of Aluminum concentration is from 0.96 ppm (BSF 3) to 0.42ppm (BSF 1). The presence of Aluminum in all the samples may be due to the fact that it is some lateritic soil belt rich in aluminum.
Arsenic: The range of the value of this toxic metalloid were mostly all below the detection limit or very low in concentration.
Boron: All the detected values were in the range of 0.01 ppm to 0.02 ppm.
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
BSF 1 BSF 2 BSF 3 BSF 4 BSF 5
conc
. in
ppm
Sample Code
Toxic trace-element in fish samples
As Cd Ni Pb
139
Cadmium: In samples it was detected in low range of 0.0001 ppm (BSF 1 and BSF 4) to 0.0008 ppm (BSF 5)
Cobalt: The concentration levels of Co ranged from 0.0003 ppm (BSF 5) to 0.0007 ppm (BSF 4)
Chromium: The concentration level of chromium in these samples ranged from 0.02 ppm (BSF 1) to 0.08ppm (BSF 3)
Copper: Another essential micronutrient in the body that tends to affect the neural system if it is in high concentration in the body. In all the samples the level of Cu ranged from 0.01ppm to 0.02 ppm which is a very less concentration.
Iron: A highly essential nutrient in the body, which may cause circulatory and vascular disorder if it gets accumulated in the body. In all the cases the level of iron in the sample were low considering the study area is a located in the iron mining belt. The range of Fe concentration ranged from 0.58ppm (BSF 1) to 2.41ppm (BSF 3). Manganese: A non-essential mineral to the animal body. They were all within relatively low range despite the area being a manganese mining belt. The range of Mn concentration ranged from 0.03 ppm (BSF 3) to 0.07 ppm (BSF 5). Nickle: The concentrations mostly below detection level except for sample BSF 2.
Lead: All the samples had a Pb concentration in the range of 0.01ppm to 0.02ppm
Selenium: All the samples had this element below detection limit.
Zinc: All the observed concentration on zinc is in the range of 0.28 ppm (BSF 4) to 0.67 ppm (BSF 3)
140
Chapter V
Findings
141
5.1 Findings
Based on the water level measurements, groundwater quality analysis for major cations /anions,
trace elements and the Biotic studies, the following findings emerge from the study:
i. The samples namely BHG-7, BHG-14 and BHG-15 show higher values of fluoride in
post-monsoon season (December, 2017) and samples namely BHG-5 & BHG-15 show
higher values of fluoride in pre-monsoon season (April, 2018). The presence of high
fluoride concentration gives the reasons whether it is due to geogenic nature or
anthropogenic stresses.
ii. The concentration of TDS in all the samples is within the BIS limits.
iii. The other physico-chemical parameters were within the permissible limits of BIS
standards
iv. It is noted that As, Cr and Hg were noted in below detection limit for all the groundwater
samples in all the seasons.
v. As is below Detection limit or Not detected in the Piezo metres samples in all the
seasons.
vi. As is with in the limits in the plant samples analysed in the study area.
142
References
1. APHA (2012), Standard methods for analysis of the water and waste water analysis, 22nd edition.
2. Anastasio, A., Caggiano, R., Macchiato, M., Paolo, C., Ragosta, M., Paino, S., & Cortesi, M. (2006). Heavy Metal Concentrations in Dairy Products fromSheep Milk Collected in Two Regions of Southern Italy. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 47(1), 69. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-47-69
3. Patil, Y., Pawar, S., Jadhav, S., & Kadu, J. (2013). Biochemistry of metal absorption in Human Body: Reference to check Impact of Nano Particles on Human Being. International Journal of Scientific And Research Publications, 3(4).
4. Rice, E., Baird, R., & Eaton, A. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd Ed.). American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Publications: Water Environment Federation Publications.
5. The European parliament and the council of the European Union (2002), Directive 2002/32/EC of the European parliament and the council of the European Union of 7 May 2002 on on undesirable substances in animal feed, OJ L 140, 30.5.2002, p. 10.
6. Urban Technical Note No. 3, September, 2000 : ‘Heavy Metal Soil Contamination’, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Quality Institute 411 S. Donahue Dr. Auburn, AL 36832 334-844-4741 X-177.
7. World Health Organization (1998), Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
8. World Health Organization (2005), Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
143
ANNEXURE I
Sampling points for plant samples (December 2017)
Sr. No.
Sample Code
Latitude Longitude Description Location
1 JPP-1 and JPP-1-2 N 20⁰56'48.3'' E 085⁰09'04.0''
Near pump house and mine void water body. Near the mine pit
2
JPP-1-3 and JPP-1-4 N 20⁰56'48.8'' E 085⁰09'04.3''
Near pump house, lots of dust on leaves. Near the mine pit
3
JPP-1-5 and JPP-1-6 N 20⁰56'49.6'' E 085⁰09'08.1''
Near pump house, presence of cow dung, and dust on leaves, near road. Near the mine pit
4
JPP-2-1 and JPP-2-2 N 20⁰56'45.2'' E 085⁰09'11.6''
Near stream and entrance of pump house, Burning of coal, human fecal presence. Near the mine pit
5 JPP-3-1, 2 and 3 N 20⁰56'49.5'' E 085⁰08'30.3''
Near water body, colliery landward side, Different type of grasses are present. Near the mine pit
6 JPP-4-1 N 20⁰56'46.6'' E 085⁰08'31.0''
Lots of dust on leaves, Transportation through trucks. Near the mine pit
7 JPP-4-2 and 3 N 20⁰56'45.0'' E 085⁰08'32.7''
Near road, dust presence. Near the mine pit
8 JPP-5-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'43.3'' E 085⁰09'16.7''
500 meter from pit, shadow region canopy, dead wood presence. Near the mine pit
9 JPP-6-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'42.2'' E 085⁰09'17.7''
Thin partially sunlight canopy, 500 meter from pit. Near the mine pit
10 JPP-7-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'35.5'' E 085⁰09'13.9'' - Near the mine pit
11 JPP-8-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'52.8'' E 085⁰09'00.0'' - Near the mine pit
144
12 JPP-9-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'56.0'' E 085⁰08'51.5'' Open space Near the mine pit
13 JPP-10 N 20⁰56'57.8'' E 085⁰08'39.9'' Low sunlight Near the mine pit
14 JPP-11 N 20⁰56'57.2'' E 085⁰08'35.2'' Partial sunlight, grazing goats. Near the mine pit
15 JPP-12-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'57.7'' E 085⁰08'29.3'' Partial sunlight Near the mine pit
16 JPP-13 N 20⁰57'0.02'' E 085⁰08'21.3'' Grass litter Near the mine pit
17 JPP-14 N 20⁰56'55.9'' E 085⁰08'19.0'' Species presence in water. Near the mine pit
18 JPP-15-1 and 15-2 N 20⁰56'49.8'' E 085⁰08'24.4'' Near road Near the mine pit
19 JPP-16 N 20⁰56'48.4'' E 085⁰08'28.9''
Near water body, road presence near site, Transportation, Machines presence. Near the mine pit
20 JPP-17-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'43.3'' E 085⁰08'36.5''
Low sunlight, between road and water stream. Near the mine pit
21 JPP-18-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'43.1'' E 085⁰08'40.1'' Near road side. Near the mine pit
22 JPP-19-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'40.8'' E 085⁰08'46.7''
Near road, soil is covered with coal dust. Near the mine pit
23 Crop 1,2,3 and 4 N 20⁰54'55.3'' E 085⁰08'47.6''
Cattle livestock, Cow dung presence, Tomato, Brinjal, Gobi and Muli species, Winter-vegetables, Summer-grams and Monsoon-Rice. Gobra Village
145
ANNEXURE II
Sampling locations and scientific names of plant specimens (April 2018)
146
Sr. No. Sample code
Latitude Longitude Name of the plant sample
Category Location
1. BSP 1-1 N 20°56'48.6''
E 85°09'04.1'' Ageretum conzyzoides
Leaves Near the mine pit
2. BSP1-3 N 20°56''48.9''
E 85°09'04.3'' Digiteria sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
3. BSP1-4 N 20°56'48.7''
E 85°09'04.2'' Cyperus sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
4. BSP1-5 N 20°56'48.7'
E 85°09'03.5'' Calotropis sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
5. BSP1’-2 N 20°56'48.0''
E 85°09’04.2'' Nelumbo sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
6. BSP1’-3 N 20°56'48.0''
E 85°09’04.2'' Typha angustifolia Leaves Near the mine pit
7. BSP 2-1 N 20°56'49.4''
E 85°08'30.4' Amarnathus sp.
Leaves Near the mine pit
8. BSP2-2 N 20°56'48.6''
E 85°09'0.5'' Solanum melongena
Crop Near the mine pit
9. BSP2-3 N 20°56'49.0''
E 85°09'30.5'' Unidentified 1 Leaves Near the mine pit
10. BSP2-4 N 20°56'49.2''
E 85°08'30.6'' Cynadon sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
11. BSP2-5 N 20°56'48.6''
E 85°08'30.5'' Lantana camara Leaves Near the mine pit
12. BSP2’-1 N 20°56'48.0''
E 85°09' 30.5'' Typha sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
13. BSP2’-2 N 20°56' 48.0''
E 85°09' 30.5'' Nymphea sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
14. BSP2’-3 N 20°56'48.0''
E 85°09'30.5'' Hydrilla sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
15. BSP 3-1 N 20°56 '47.3''
E 85°09'27.2'' Unidentified 2 Leaves Near the mine pit
16. BSP3-2 N 20°56'47.7''
E 85°09'27.3'' Mikania micrantha Leaves Near the mine pit
17. BSP4-2 N 20°56'40.9’‘
E 85°09'52.7'' Unidentified 3 Leaves Near the mine pit
18. BSP4-3 N 20°56'39.4''
E 85°09'52.4'' Cynadon sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
19. BSP 5-1 N 20°56'38.2''
E 85°09'32.5'' Unidentified 4 Leaves Near the mine pit
20. BSP5-2 N 20°56'38.1''
E 85°08'32.3'' Cyperus sp. Leaves Near the mine pit
21. BSP5-3 N 20°56'37.5'' E 85°08'32.6'' Cynodon sp. Leaves Near the mine
147
ANNEXURE III
pit 22. BSP6-2 N 20°56'22.7''
E 85°08'44.3'' Unidentified 5 Leaves Near the mine
pit 23. BSP6-3 N 20°56'22.1''
E 85°08'44.7'' Unidentified 6 Leaves Near the mine
pit 24. BSP 7-1 N 20°56'54.8''
E 85°09'9.8'' Unidentified 7 Leaves Near the mine
pit 25. BSP 7-2 N 20°56’55.2’‘
E 85°09’10.5’‘ Cyperus sp. Leaves Near the mine
pit 26. BSP 7-3 N 20°56'55.2''
E 85°09'10.5'' Unidentified 8 Leaves Near the mine
pit 27. BSP 8 -2 N 20°56'32.6''
E 85°09'37.1'' Solanum
lycopersicum Crop Panhating
Village
28. BSP 8-2 N 20°56'32.3''
E 85°09'36.9'' Amarnathus sp. Fruit Panhating Village
29. BSP 8-3 N 20°56'32.0''
E 85°09'37.1'' Capsicum annuum Crop Panhating Village
30. BSP 8-4 N 20°56'32.0''
E 85°09'37.1'' Solanum melongena
Crop Panhating Village
31. BSP 8-1 N 20°54''40.5''
E 85°08'35.5'' Amarnathus sp. Fruit Gobra Village
32. BSP 9-2 N 20°54'40.5''
E 85°08'35.5'' Solanum melongena
Crop Gobra Village
33. BSP 9-3 N 20°54'40.1''
E 85°08'39.5'' Oryza sativa Crop Gobra Village
34. BSP 9-4 N 20°54'40.3''
E 85°08'38.8'' Solanum lycopersicum
Fruit Gobra Village
35. BSP 10-1 N 20°55'37.2''
E 85°10'20.2'' Capsicum annuum Crop Bagmora Village
36. BSP 10 -2 N 20°55'37.1''
E 85°10'20.2'' Solanum melongena
Crop Bagmora Village
37. BSP 10 -3 N 20°55'37.2''
E 85°10'19.9'' Amarnathus sp. Fruit Bagmora Village
38. BSP 11-1 N 20°56'55.5''
E 85°10'16.1'' Amarnathus sp. Fruit Dera Village
39. BSP 11 -2 N 20°56'58.1''
E 85°10’05.0'' Solanum melongena
Crop Dera Village
148
Sampling locations and scientific names of plant specimens (July 2018)
Sr.No Sample code Latitude Longitude Plant Name Category Location
1. BSP 1-1 20o 56'48.5''N 85o09'04.2''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the
mine pit
2. BSP 1-2 20o 56'48.5''N 85o09'04.1''E Typha Angustofolia Leaves Near the
mine pit
3. BSP 1-3 20o 56’48.5''N 85o09’04.5''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
4. BSP 1-4 20o 56'48.5''N 85o09'03.8''E Nymphea sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
5. BSP 1-5 20o 56'48.5'N 85o09'04.3''E Hydrilla sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
6. BSP 1-6 20o 56'48.5''N 85o09'04.5''E Typha latifolia Leaves Near the
mine pit
7. BSP 2-1 20°56'47.3''N 85°09'27.2''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the
mine pit
8. BSP 2-2 20°56'47.3''N 85°09'27.5''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
9. BSP 2-3 20°56'47.3'' N 85°09'26.9''E Evolvulus sp Leaves Near the
mine pit
10. BSP 2-4 20°56'47.3''N 85°09'27.1''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the
mine pit
11. BSP 2-5 20°56'47.3''N 85°09'26.9''E Sacchrum munja Leaves Near the
mine pit
12. BSP 3-1 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.7''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the
mine pit
13. BSP 3-2 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.6''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the
mine pit
14. BSP 3-3 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.7''E Nelumbo sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
15. BSP 3-4 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.5''E Cyanodon sp Leaves Near the
mine pit
149
16. BSP 3-5 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.8''E Cyperus sp Leaves Near the
mine pit
17. BSP 3-6 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.7''E Evolvulus sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
18. BSP 4-1 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.8''E Celtis occidentalis Leaves Near the
mine pit
19. BSP 4-2 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.9''E Ficus sp Leaves Near the
mine pit
20. BSP 4-3 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.7''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the
mine pit
21. BSP 4-4 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.6''E Evolvulus sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
22. BSP 4-5 20o56'51.09’’N 85o09’06.8''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the
mine pit
23. BSP 4-6 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.7''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
24. BSP 5-1 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.6''E Calotropis gigantea Leaves Near the
mine pit
25. BSP 5-2 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.5''E Quisqualis indica Leaves Near the
mine pit
26. BSP 5-3 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.7''E Ficus benjamina Leaves Near the
mine pit
27. BSP 5-4 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.8''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the
mine pit
28. BSP 5-5 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.6''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
29. BSP 6-1 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09'4.4''E Lespedeza floribunda Leaves Near the
mine pit
30. BSP 6-2 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09'4.6''E Robinia pseudoacacia Leaves Near the
mine pit
31. BSP 6-3 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09'4.3''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the
mine pit
32. BSP 6-4 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09’ 4.6''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the
150
mine pit
33. BSP 6-5 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09'4.7''E Saeghustrum nutans Leaves Near the
mine pit
34. BSP 7-1 20o 56'49.67''N 85o 09'30.5''E Nymphaea sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
35. BSP 7-2 20o 56'49.67''N 85o
09'30.6''E
Typha sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
36. BSP 7-3 20o 56'49.67''N 85o
09'30.7''E
Nelumbo sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
37. BSP 7-4 20o 56'49.67''N 85o 09'30.4''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the
mine pit
38. BSP 8-1 20o 54'26.5''N 85o 08'28.8''E Curcuma longa Crop Gobra
Village
39. BSP 8-2 20o 54'26.5''N 85o 08'28.7''E Musa balbisiana Fruit Gobra
Village
40. BSP 8-3 20o 54'26.5''N 85o 08'28.6''E Carica papaya Fruit Gobra
Village
41. BSP 8-4 20o 54'26.5''N 85o
08'28.75''E
Magnifera indica Fruit Gobra
Village
42. BSP 8-5 20o 54'26.5''N 85o 08'28.8'E Abelmoschus esculentus Crop Gobra
Village
43. BSP 9-1 20°56'32.6''N 85°09'37.
0''E
Moringa olifera Crop Pan
hating
Village
44. BSP 9-2 20°56'32.6''N 85°09'37.
2''E
Magnifera indica Fruit Panhating
Village
45. BSP 9-3 20°56'32.6''N 85°09'37.
1''E
Momordica charantia Crop Panhating
Village
46. BSP 9-4 20°56'32.6''N 85°09'37.
3''E
Carica papaya Fruit Panhating
Village
47. BSP 10-1 20o 55'36.2''N 85o 10'20.5''E Psidium guajava Fruit Bagmora
Vllage
48. BSP 10-2 20o 55'36.2'' N 85o 10'20.5''E Musa balbisiana Fruit Bagmora
151
ANNEXURE IV
Vllage
49. BSP 10-3 20o 55'36.2'' N 85o 10'20.5''E Momordica charantia Crop Bagmora
Vllage
50. BSP 10-4 20o 55'36.2''N 85o 10'20.5''E Abelmoschus esculentus Crop Bagmora
Vllage
51. BSP 11-1 20°56'58.4ʺN 85°10'05.1''E Abelmoschus esculentus Crop Dera
Village
52. BSP 11-2 20°56'58.4ʺN 85°10´05.1''E Punica granatum Crop Dera
Village
53. BSP 11-3 20°56'58.4''N 85°10´05.1''
E
Solanum melongena Crop Dera
Village
54. BSP 11-4 20°56'58.4''N 85°10'05.1''E Ipomoea batatas Crop Dera
Village
55. BSP 11-5 20°56'58.4''N 85°10´05.1''E Psidium guajava Fruit Dera
Village
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160