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Treatments of Disorders– Psychotherapies
• Psychoanalysis• Humanistic• Behavioral
– Sci Amer Frontiers Video -- Systematic desensitization for arachnophobia
– Operant conditioning – e.g., treatment of autism, behavior modification
• Cognitive– Beck’s approaches to altering “dark glasses”
• Group and family• What do psychotherapies offer to demoralized people?
– Hope, a fresh perspective, empathy…. – What else?
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Drug therapy Pharmacotherapy &
Natural therapy (e.g., herbs)
Benefits? Drawbacks?
Drug therapy Pharmacotherapy &
Natural therapy (e.g., herbs)
Benefits? Drawbacks?
Biological Treatments
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Dishes piling up in the sink?
ZoloftZoloft
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Exercise (my master’s thesis) Exercise (my master’s thesis)
Biological Treatments
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ECT
• History
• Current uses
• Efficacy & side effects
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Other brain interventions
• Psychosurgery• Deep brain stimulation
– areas (e.g., Area 25) associated with depression may be overactive in certain people. Sending electrical impulses to these areas may "reset" them to normal functioning
• Neurofeedback• Transcranial magnetic stimulation
– magnet placed above right or left eyebrow to stimulate right or left prefrontal cortex
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Treatment Effectiveness
• Treatment illusions– natural improvement– nonspecific treatment effects
placebo effects
– reconstructive memorymisremembering symptom severity
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Treatment Studies
• Outcome studies– evaluate whether a particular treatment works– treatment and control conditions– Empirically validated therapies (Segment 41 of Psychology: The
Human Experience)
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Therapy’s effectiveness
• Either psychotherapy or medication appear to be more effective than placebo
• Some research (on social phobia) shows that effective psychotherapy or medication affect the same brain areas
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14.4 Which Treatments Work
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14.4 Which Treatments Work
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Dangers of Treatment
• Some treatments cause unintended harm
• Side effects, potential drug interactions, dependence, complications
• Iatrogenic illness
• Client in therapy is vulnerable
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Ethics in treatment
• Set of ethical standards– strive to benefit client and do no harm– establish relationship of trust– promote accuracy, honesty, & truthfulness– seek fairness in treatment and take precaution to avoid
bias– respect dignity and worth of all people