Treatment Approaches~
For Psychological Disorders
There is NO ONE approach that will work for all people ALL the time
Multiple approaches yield best resultsResearch is conducted to evaluate
BEST treatmentMeta-analysis~ synthesis of “best
practices”
INSIGHT THERAPIESPsychoanalysisPsychodynamic therapy Interpersonal psychotherapyHumanistic client-centeredGestalt psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis Resolve conflicts “Go back” to find
roots of problems Identify issues Change misunder- standings/emotions Bring conflict into conscious mind
Treatment includes:Several sessions/week for 2-3 yrsUsing “Free Association”Dream analysis: Manifest Content-recalled dream Latent Content-underlying meaning Hypnosis/ Freudian slips: clues to unconscious
Breakthroughs in therapy: Resistance: blocking of
anxiety-producing emotions by trivializing conversation or missing appointment
is a sign of important issue
Transference: treating analyst as
important person allowing analysand to “replay” prior experiences and gain insight into current feelings & behaviors
continued Catharsis: release of
emotional tension after remembering a significant emotional event may relieve anxiety
Off-shoots of Psychoanalysis
Shorter in duration Less frequent Therapist more active “Past” defined differently
PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
Humanistic Therapy In late 1950s, psychologists concerned with
advancing a more holistic vision of psychology convened two meetings in Detroit, Michigan. These psychologists, including Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Clark Moustakas were interested in founding a professional association dedicated to a psychology that focused on uniquely human issues. such as the self, self-actualization, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, being, becoming, individuality, and meaning – in short, the understanding of "the personal nature of the human experience".
such as the self, self-actualization, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, being, becoming, individuality, and meaning.In short, the understanding of "the personal nature of the human experience".
Carl Rogers IdealReal Self Unconditional positive
regard Active listening Nondirective Client-centered Accepting environment
Fritz Perls & Gestalt Tx. Directed therapy Therapist
challenges client Client decides Client CAN grow IF they can: perceive, stay aware and act
on own feelings
BEHAVIORAL THERAPIESClassical Conditioning therapiesOperant Conditioning therapiesSocial Classical Conditioning
therapiesSkills Training
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION Relaxation training Create Anxiety Hierarchy (leastmost) Relax with least stressful progressing to most stressful Usually takes 10 sessions
FLOODING Exposure technique to eliminate
phobiasConditioned stimulus (feared stimulus)
is repeatedly presented with no repercussions (unconditioned stimulus)
Extinction eventually occurs
AVERSION CONDITIONING behaviors are associated with
unpleasant response or pain and thus become less pleasant
periodic pairing of behavior with unpleasant stimuli results in new behavior extinction
OPERANT CONDITIONINGBEHAVIOR MODIFICATION~ Goal established, new behavior begun
and small rewards given as goals met TOKEN ECONOMIES~ Positive behaviors rewarded with
secondary reinforcers which can be turned in for primary reinforcers.
SOCIAL SKILLS TRAININGBased on operant conditioning and
Albert Bandura’s social learning theory.Goal: improve interpersonal skills viaModeling, Behavior Rehearsal, ShapingTherapist provides positive reinforce-
ment and corrective feedback
BEHAVIOR TX PSYCHOANALYTIC
Good for general anxiety disorders, PTSD, OCD, ETOH and Drug addiction, autism, sexual dysfunctions, bed wetting
Discount behaviorists—
“Quick Fix” Anxiety comes back
in different form because only symptom is being cured
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORALBelief is that abnormal behavior is due
to faulty thought patterns which can be changed through insight therapy and cognitive restructuring, turning disordered and faulty thinking into more realistic thinking SO client will improve.
RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY~REBT
Central to REBT's teachings is the ancient psychological insight of Epictetus, who said, “What disturbs men's minds is not events but their judgments on events.”
Client is asked to ASSESSHis/Her ACTIONS
His/Her BEHAVIORS
His/Her CONSEQUENCES CONFRONT THE TYRANNY OF THE
“SHOULDS”
CONFRONT THE TYRANNY OF THE “SHOULDS”
BIOMEDICAL TREATMENTSTranquilizers/Anxiolytics Benzodiazepine (Valium) Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Alprazolam (Xanax) Buspirone (BuSpar)
Antidepressants Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI’s) Tricyclics SSRI’s Anti-seizure Lithium
Stimulants Psychoactive drugs (Ritalin, Dexadrine)
Antipsychotics/Neuroleptics Thorazine, Haldol, Clozaril Side effects are serious; problems with
walking, drooling, involuntary muscle spasms due to dopamine receptors being blocked at all sites.
PDR Images~
UL-Adderal, UR-Ritalin, LL-Paxil, LR-Prozac
UL-Haldol, UR-Thorazine, LL- Valium
The End…..Any Questions?