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TOURISM'S THREE MAIN IMPACTAREAS
Negative impacts from tourism occur
when the level of visitor use isgreater than the environment'sability to cope with this use within
the acceptable limits of change.Uncontrolled conventional tourism
poses potential threats to manynatural areas around the world. It
can put enormous pressure on anarea and lead to impacts such as soilerosion, increased pollution,
discharges into the sea, naturalhabitat loss, increased pressure on
endangered species and heightenedvulnerability to forest fires. It often
puts a strain on water resources, andit can force local populations tocompete for the use of critical
resources.
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DEPLETION OF NATURALRESOURCES
Tourism development can put
pressure on natural resourceswhen it increases consumption inareas where resources arealready scarce.
Water resources
Water, and especially freshwater, is one of the most critical
natural resources. The tourismindustry generally overuseswater resources for hotels,swimming pools, golf courses andpersonal use of water bytourists. This can result in watershortages and degradation of
water supplies, as well asgenerating a greater volume ofwaste water..
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Local resources
Tourism can create greatpressure on local resources
like energy, food, andother raw materials thatmay already be in shortsupply. Greater extractionand transport of theseresources exacerbates thephysical impacts
associated with theirexploitation. Because ofthe seasonal character ofthe industry, manydestinations have tentimes more inhabitants inthe high season as in thelow season. A high demand
is placed upon theseresources to meet the highexpectations tourists oftenhave (proper heating, hotwater, etc.).
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Land degradation
Important land resources includeminerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests,wetland and wildlife. Increasedconstruction of tourism and recreationalfacilities has increased the pressure onthese resources and on sceniclandscapes. Direct impact on natural
resources, both renewable andnonrenewable, in the provision of touristfacilities can be caused by the use ofland for accommodation and otherinfrastructure provision, and the use ofbuilding materials.
Forests often suffer negative impacts oftourism in the form of deforestationcaused by fuel wood collection and land
clearing. For example, one trekkingtourist in Nepal - and area alreadysuffering the effects of deforestation -can use four to five kilograms of wood aday.
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POLLUTION
Tourism can cause the same forms of pollution as
any other industry: air emissions, noise, solidwaste and littering, releases of sewage, oil and
chemicals, even architectural/visual pollution.
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Air pollution and noise
Transport by air, road, and rail is continuously increasing inresponse to the rising numbe reported that the number of
international air passengers worldwide rose from 88 million in 1972to 344 million in 1994. One consequence of this increase in airtransport is that tourism now accounts for more than 60% of airtravel and is therefore responsible for an important share of airemissions. One study estimated that a single transatlantic returnflight emits almost half the CO2 emissions produced by all othersources (lighting, heating, car use, etc.) consumed by an average
person yearly.
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Solid waste and littering
In areas with highconcentrations of touristactivities and appealing
natural attractions, wastedisposal is a serious problemand improper disposal canbe a major despoiler of thenatural environment -rivers, scenic areas, androadsides. For example,
cruise ships in the Caribbeanare estimated to producemore than 70,000 tons ofwaste each year. Todaysome cruise lines areactively working to reducewaste-related impacts. Solidwaste and littering candegrade the physicalappearance of the waterand shoreline and cause thedeath of marine animals.
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In mountain areas, trekkingtourists generate a great dealof waste. Tourists onexpedition leave behind theirgarbage, oxygen cylinders andeven camping equipment.Such practices degrade theenvironment with all thedetritus typical of thedeveloped world, in remoteareas that have few garbagecollection or disposalfacilities. Some trails in thePeruvian Andes and in Nepal
frequently visited by touristshave been nicknamed "Coca-Cola trail" and "Toilet papertrail".
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Sewage
Construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities often leads toincreased sewage pollution. Wastewater has polluted seas and lakes
surrounding tourist attractions, damaging the flora and fauna.Sewage runoff causes serious damage to coral reefs because itstimulates the growth of algae, which cover the filter-feeding corals,hindering their ability to survive. Changes in salinity and siltation canhave wide-ranging impacts on coastal environments. And sewagepollution can threaten the health of humans and animals.