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Topology In NetworkingTopology In Networking
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Contents
Introduction to Network Topology.
Different types of Network Topology.
Advantages and Disadvantages ofdifferent Network Topologies.
Different device used in establishing the
network. Different standards used for network
topologies.
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What is a Network?
A group of two or more computer systems linkedtogether is a network.
There are many types of computer networks, including:
Local area networks (LANs):-The computers aregeographically close together and connected with cables.
Wide area networks (WANs):-The computers are fartherapart and are connected by telephone lines, radio waves,or some other media.
Metropolitan Area Network (MANs):-Is a large computernetwork that usually spans a city or a large campus. AMAN usually interconnects a number of LAN using ahigh-capacity backbone technology, such as fibre-opticallinks, and provides up-link services to WAN and theInternet.
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In addition to these types, the followingcharacteristics are also used to categorize differenttypes of networks :-
Topology : The geometric arrangement of acomputer system.
Protocol : The protocol defines a common set ofrules and signals that computers on the network useto communicate. One of the most popular protocolsfor LANs is called Ethernet. Another popular LANprotocol for PCs is the IBM token ring network .
Architecture : Networks can be broadly classified aseither a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.
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LANs
A single geographicallocation, such as
office building, school,etc
Typically High speedand cheaper.
It is establishes byusing different devicesand cables.
LOCALAREA NETWORK (LAN)
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WIDEAREA NETWORK (WAN)
A Wide Area Network (WAN)
is a network system that
covers a large geographical
area such as different cities of
country or different countries of
the world.
The Internet is the worlds
largest network.
WAN, In WAN telephone
lines, satellites, microwave,fiber optic etc. are used as
transmission media.
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Network Topology
Network Topology :- study of Physical (real) and
Logical (virtual) interconnections between
nodes.
Physical :- Actual layout of the computer cables
and other network devices
Logical :- the way in which the network appears
to the devices that use it.
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By graphical mapping of the
connections which includes:-
Physical Connections.
Distance between nodes.
Transmission rates.
Limited number of stations.
Identifying any Network Topology
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Categories of Network Topology
Physical Topology.
Logical Topology.
Hybrid Topology.
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Physical Topology
The mapping of the nodes of a network and thephysical connections between them i.e., the
layout of wiring, cables, locations of nodes,interconnections between the nodes or cablingor wiring system.
Multiple systems connected to shared medium.
Low delay.
Low error rate.
Broadcast/Multicast capability.
Limited geography 1-2 km.
Peer relationship between stations.
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Classification of Physical Topology
It is classified into basically in the five
different types:-
Bus Topology.
Tree Topology.
Mesh Topology. Ring Topology.
Star Topology.
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Bus Topology
In LAN where bus topology is used, each machine
is connected to a single cable.
Uses a trunk or backbone to which all of thecomputers on the network connect.
Systems connect to this backbone using Tconnectors ortaps.
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Tree Topology
The type of network topology in which a central 'root' node isconnected to one or more other nodes that are lower level in
the hierarchy with a point-to-point link between each of thesecond level nodes and top level central 'root' node, while eachsecond level nodes that are connected to the top level central'root' node will also have one or more other nodes.
The signals that are being transmitted by the root node arereceived by all the nodes at the same time. This increases the
efficiency of the over all functioning of the network.
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Mesh Topology
A topology in which thereare at least two nodes withtwo or more paths betweenthem.
Each computer connects toevery other.
A variation hybrid mesh create point to pointconnection between specificnetwork devices.
If n is total no of nodes in
network then No. of links toconnect these nodes in
mesh = N (N-1)/2
Each node should have (N-1)I/O ports as it requireconnection to every anothernode.
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Ring Topology
A topology in which that data travels in circular fashion from
one computer to another on the network. Each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a
single continuous pathway for signals through each node.
Each machine or computer has a unique address that is usedfor
identification purposes
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Star Topology
All computers/devicesconnect to a central devicecalled hub or switch.
Each device requires a
single cable. Point-to-Point connection
between the device and hub.
Most widely implemented.
Hub is the single point offailure.
The hub acts as a signalbooster or repeater.
The star topology isconsidered the easiesttopology to design andimplement
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Bus TopologyAdvantages DisadvantagesCheap and easy to implement. Network disruption when
computers are added or
removed.
Require less cable. A break in the cable will
prevent
all systems from accessing
the network.
Does not use any specializednetwork equipment.
Difficult to troubleshoot.
It is easy to handle and
implement.This limits the number of
stations that can be connected.
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Tree TopologyPoint-to-point wiring for
individual segments.In depends length of the network
depends on the type of cable that is
being used.
All the computers have
access to the larger and
their immediate networks .
This network is entirely dependent
on the trunk which is the main
backbone of the network. If that has
to fail then the entire network would
fail.
Best topology for branched
out networks.
Since the Tree Topology network is
big it is difficult to configure and
can get complicated after a certain
point.
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Mesh Topology Security as data travels
along a
dedicated line.
There is mesh of wiring
which
can be difficult to manage. Points to point links make
fault
identification easy.
Installation is complex as
each
node is connected to every
node.
Provides redundant pathsbetween devices.
Requires more cable than theother LAN topologies.
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Ring TopologyCable faults are easily located,
making troubleshooting easier.
Expansion to the network can
cause network disruption.
Ring networks are moderatelyeasy to install.
A single break in the cable candisrupt the entire network.
A central server is not required
for the management of this
topology.
The movement or changes
made to network nodes
affects the performance of theentire network.
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Star TopologyEasily expanded without
disruption to the network.
Requires more cable.
Cable failure affects only a single
user.
A central connecting device
allows for a single point of failure.
Easy to troubleshoot and isolate
problems.
More difficult to troubleshoot
and isolate to implement.
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Logical Topology
The logical topology, in contrast to the "physical", is
the way that the signals act on the network media, or
the way that the data passes through the network
from one device to the next without regard to thephysical interconnection of the devices.
Logical topologies are often closely associated with
Media Access Control (MAC) methods and protocols.
Logical topologies are able to be dynamically
reconfigured by special types of equipment such as
routers and switches.
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Hybrid Topology Hybrid network is the
combination of differenttopologies such asStar, Ring, Mesh, Busetc. For Eg :- if adepartment uses a Busnetwork, seconddepartment uses thering network, thirddepartment uses theMesh network and
fourth department usesthe star network.
All of the abovenetworks of fourdifferent types can beconnected together
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Introduction To Devices
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IEEEand Networking Standards
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE) developed a series of networking
standards Networking technologies developedby manufacturers are Compatible Cabling,
networking devices and protocols are all
interchangeable under the banner of a specific
IEEE.
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802.3 IEEEStandard
Defines characteristics for Ethernet networks:
802.3u for Fast Ethernet.
802.3z for Gigabit Ethernet, referred to as 802.3x.
802.3ac 10gbits/s.
Speed: Original 10Mbps, Fast Ethernet 100Mbps,
Gigabit Ethernet 1000Mbps .
Topology: bus or star.
Media: Coaxial and twisted pair cabling, also fibre optic cable.
Access method: CSMA/CD. ( Carrier Sense Multiple Accesswith Collision Detection) for Ethernet Networks.
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THE END