Download - Topic: Language Introduction Aim: In what ways in Language an essential element of culture? Do Now:…
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Topic: Language Introduction• Aim: In what ways in Language an essential element of culture?
• Do Now: List 5 words that you know in a different language in your notebook, along with how you know each of these words (who taught you?)
Video “The Offensive Translator”
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XY66ZJ0TFUI
The Seris have more than 50 terms for kinship relationships, such as between these two cousins, many specific to the gender and birth order of the relative. A woman uses a different word for father than a man does.
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Discussion: How Many of You…
Speak another language fluently?
Understand but don’t speak another language?
Both speak and understand another language?Can write fluently in another language?Actually think in a different language at times?
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Geographer’s Perspective on Language:• Language is an essential element of culture, possibly the most important medium by which culture is transmitted.
• Languages even structure the perceptions of their speakers. Attitudes, understandings, and responses are partly determined by the words available.
• Languages are a hallmark of cultural diversity with distinctive regional distributions.
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•Going by native speakers (people who speak it as a first language), what are the top 10 spoken languages (by number of speakers) in the world today? (if you know why, even better!)
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World’s Top 10 Languages:
1. Mandarin Chinese 726 Million2. English 427 Million3. Spanish 266 Million4. Hindi 182 Million5. Arabic 181 Million6. Portuguese 165 Million7. Bengali 162 Million8. Russian 158 Million9. Japanese 124 Million10.German 121 Million
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World Languages:
• 7,000 + languages spoken today, not including dialects
• 1500 plus spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa alone
• 400 + in New Guinea alone
• 100 + in Europe
•However, this diversity is diminishing:
• 2000 plus Threatened or Endangered Languages
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Language Distribution indicates:
• History and conquest• Isolation or integration of cultures• Migration of peoples• Economic domination of certain cultures
• Influence of wealth and technology • Political Divisions (country boundaries)
• Physical geography barriers (mountains, deserts, etc.)
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Cultural Aspects Language May Influence:
• Character and sounds of a culture• Visual landscapes of signs (script, letters, ideograms)
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Cultural Values A Language May Indicate:
• class structure• gender differences in vocabulary• environmentally specific vocabulary• formal and informal relationships • technology of a culture
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Language Defined:Organized system of spoken words by which people communicate with one another with mutual comprehension (Getis, 1985).This can be spoken (verbal) or unspoken (gestures and body language)
• Dialects and other regional differences may eventually lead to incomprehensibility - a new language.
• Migration and Isolation explain how a single language can change, or later become two or more.
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Language Terms• Standard language: an official language sustained by the state in the form of state examination for teachers, civil servants and others.
• Dialect: regional variation of a standard language. Can indicate social class (e.g. - cockney English)
• Language family: a group of languages descended from a single, earlier tongue. Have a shared, but distant common origin
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•HOW do you think languages have diffused in different way over space(besides migration, which we already discussed)?
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How do Languages Diffuse?• Human interaction: 2,000 years ago-Han China, Roman Empire-spread languages over vast empires
• Print distribution: Gutenberg’s movable type printing press (1452-first Gutenberg Bible) helped to diffuse, standardize & stabilize European languages
• Migration: ancient & more recent migration from 16th century to now diffused languages e.g. Spanish, Portuguese, English & French
• Trade: encouraged the spread of goods & languages
• Rise of nation-states: stabilized & standardized languages
• Colonialism: mercantilism & colonies spread European languages in the Americas, Africa & Asia
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Origin & Diffusion of Languages • Mother Tongue: the first language spoken by Homo sapiens about 200,000 years ago.
• Deep reconstruction: by studying sound shifts, linguists try to re-create an extinct language.
• Language divergence: the differentiation that takes place over time and distance.
• Language convergence: when long isolated languages make contact through diffusion.
• Language replacement: traditional languages of small groups of less advanced people were replaced or greatly modified by an invading tongue.
• Linguists can find linkages among languages by examining sound shifts – a slight change in a word across languages over time.
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• An example of sound shift:– Latin for milk is lacte– Italian is latta– Spanish is leche– French is lait
• Another example of sound shift is:– German vater– Dutch vader– English father
• Still another example is– Latin for eight is octo– Spanish is ocho– French is huit
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Ideograms- Chinese; Japanese
- Sumerian and Egyptian have both ideographic and phonetic
components.
How to Write Down a Language?
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How to Write Down a Language?
Phonetic
Most languages, including Romance languages
Symbols (letters) generally represent sounds, not ideas. A phonetic alphabet is the key innovation.
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Non-Verbal Communication:
•What does the ‘V’ sign made with one hand mean?
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• The Letter V in American Sign Language
• A sign of peace (palm out)• A sign for victory (palm out) as used by Churchill at the end of WWII (left)
• Rabbit ears when taking a picture
• The number 2
However, in the United Kingdom, if your palm is facing inwards, it is the equivalent of our middle finger!
IT DEPENDS ON WHERE YOU ARE….
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Summary: Cultural Gaffes
• http://www.peacecorp.gov/wws/multimedia/videos/culturalgaffes/