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Today’s Topic Evolution: Succession
Learning Goal:
SWBAT differentiate between primary and
secondary succession, and predict how a
community will return to a state of equilibrium.
Have a seat and take out your
notebooks.
I will pass out a study guide momentarily.
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Homework
Complete the Simulating Adaptations Lab
(Three Days Late)
Complete cattle, cows, and dogs articles.
(Five Days Late)
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Upcoming Test
Our next test will take place on
Friday, 4/17.
It will cover all of Evolution:
Biological Evolution
Natural Selection
Artificial Selection
Adaptations
Extinction
Succession
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After the Disasters What percentage of life constitutes a
“mass-extinction event”?
What happened during the
Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event?
How does the world
even begin to recover
after such a horrible
catastrophe?
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After the Disasters The answer lies within Ecological
Succession.
Ecological succession refers to the
somewhat predictable series of changes over
time that a community will experience after a
disturbance.
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CrashCourse Video To help introduce this idea, we are going
to watch a ten-minute episode of
CrashCourse.
Please pay attention to the following:
1. What historical error does the presenter
make?
2. The following terms: Disturbance, Ecological Succession,
Primary Succession, Pioneer Species,
Secondary Succession, Climax Community
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What is a Disturbance? To set off the entire process of
succession, a destructive event needs to
a occur – or a disturbance.
A disturbance is
any change in a
community’s
environment,
large or small.
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Examples of Disturbances A community may experience natural or
human-caused disturbances such as:
Climate Change
Storms
Floods
Fire
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Succession Prior to a disturbance, a community may
be in a state of equilibrium (stable and
balanced.)
Characteristics such as limiting factors
hold the community at its carrying
capacity.
However, a disturbance will throw the
community into disequilibrium, forcing the
community to adjust.
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Types of Succession There are two types of succession, one
more severe than the other:
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
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Primary Succession When a disturbance is so severe that no
vegetation or soil life remains, primary
succession occurs.
In primary succession, a community
restarts itself from scratch.
It occurs after a large expanse of rock,
sand, or sediment is exposed for the first
time.
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Primary Succession Some causes for primary succession to
occur are:
Glacial Retreat
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Primary Succession Some causes for primary succession to
occur are:
Lakes Drying Up
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Primary Succession Some causes for primary succession to
occur are:
Volcanic Lava or Ash Spreading
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How to Primary Succession: Step 1: Pioneer Species
To start the rebuilding process, you will
need a pioneer species.
A pioneer species is a species that is
the first to colonize newly exposed land.
They are normally very well adapted for
colonization.
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How to Primary Succession: Step 1: Pioneer Species
Pioneer species tend to have spores or
seeds that can travel long distances.
Examples:
Lyme Grass
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How to Primary Succession: Step 1: Pioneer Species
Examples:
Green Algae
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How to Primary Succession: Step 1: Pioneer Species
Examples:
Lichen
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Primary Succession: Step 2 Get Tiny Plants
Lichens, for example, excel at breaking
down the surface of rocks – which
creates soil.
From this soil,
small plants
will begin to
form.
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Primary Succession: Step 3 Get Tiny Insects
As the small plants
begin to grow,
small insects and
worms will begin
to move in.
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Primary Succession: Step 4 Thrive!
As new organisms arrive, they will continue to
change the environment by providing more
nutrients and habitat for future arrivals.
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Primary Succession: Step 4 Thrive!
As time passes, larger plants establish
themselves, the amount of vegetation
increases, and species diversity increases.
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Secondary Succession In secondary succession, a disturbance
dramatically alters an existing
community, but it does not destroy all
living things or organic matter in the soil.
Some of the soil from the previous
ecosystem remains.
As a result, secondary succession occurs
faster than primary succession.
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Secondary Succession Some causes for secondary succession
to occur are:
Fires
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Secondary Succession Some causes for secondary succession
to occur are:
Logging
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Secondary Succession Some causes for secondary succession
to occur are:
Farming
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Secondary Succession Because preexisting soil exists in the
community, secondary succession is
much faster.
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In The End… Once a community transitions back to a
state of equilibrium, the succession will
lead to a climax community.
A climax community is a stable
community that “completes” the
succession process.
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Climax Community The organisms that will thrive in a climax
community are determined by the
climate, soil, and other factors.
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Climax Community However, just because a community
arrives to its climax state does not
guarantee that it will always get there
again if a disturbance occurs.