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Today is a great day to learn about your
BRAIN!!!
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Human BrainHuman Brain
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How do we know about How do we know about the brain?the brain?
• EEG- electrical activity of brain
• CAT- 3D images • MRI- image of radio waves/
Hydrogen atom energy• PET- visual image of trace
chemical activity after injection of radioactive substance
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•Electroencephalogram (EEG)•Electrodes are placed on the scalp that amplify recordings of the waves of electrical activity across the brain’s surface
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•Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)
•A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of the brain
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•Position Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
•A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
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•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
•A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that allow us to see structures within the brain
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• Accidents• Case study analysis of victims
of suffer from a brain injury, resulting in variations in normal behavior
• IE. Phineas Gage
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• Lesions• Lesioning is the removal or
destruction of part of the brain.• IE. Lobotomy
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Let’s ReviewLet’s Review
•Get the most important idea worksheet
•At your tables come up with what you think is the most important idea and then 5 supporting ideas
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THE BRAIN AND ITS
FUNCTIONS
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I. The HindbrainI. The Hindbrain
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•The hindbrain is the oldest and innermost region of the brain
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HindbrainHindbrain
•The functions of the hindbrain are mostly done outside of our awareness, and occur without any conscious effort.
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FunctionsFunctions
•The functions of the hindbrain control basic biological functions that keep the human body alive.
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Hindbrain partsHindbrain parts•There are three brain areas
associated with the Hindbrain (some parts are associated with Brain Stem):–Medulla–Cerebellum–Pons
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MedullaMedulla
•The point at which the spinal cord enters the skull is called the MEDULLA
•The MEDULLA controls heartbeat and breathing, blood pressure, and attention
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CerebellumCerebellum•Extending from the rear of the
brainstem is the CEREBELLUM
•The CEREBELLUM coordinates voluntary movements and balance (along with the BASIL GANGLIA)
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PONSPONS•The PONS is responsible for helping to regulate breathing, to help with sleep and wake cycles, and controls facial expressions
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Okay let’s teachOkay let’s teach
•Time to move•Shake hands with 4 different
people. •Next touch 6 different walls•Stop await instructions
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Partner UpPartner Up
•Get a simile summary for the group of two
•You may pcik any part of the hindbrain and make up a simile
•Have fun with this!
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THE MIDBRAINTHE MIDBRAIN
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II. The MidbrainII. The Midbrain•The Midbrain is located
between the hindbrain and the forebrain
•This area is responsible for coordinating simple muscle movements with changes in sensory information
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Reticluar formationReticluar formation
•The major area of the Midbrain is the RETICULAR FORMATION
•The RETICULAR FORMATION extends from the spine to the thalamus, and is responsible for arousal/wakefulness and attentiveness
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•The MIDBRAIN is also responsible for behaviors associated with hearing and sight
•Pupil dilation and eyeball movement
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• Need new information
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Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
• The body’s ultimate control and information processing center
• Covers the brain’s lower level structures
• Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve cells
• Divided into four lobes
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Frontal LobesFrontal Lobes
• The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead
• Is involved in making plans and judgments
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Occipital LobeOccipital Lobe
• The primary visual processing area
• Located in the back of the head
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Parietal LobesParietal Lobes
• Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning
• Designated as the association lobes
• Behind the frontal lobes
• Processes taste, smell, and feeling
• Motion – motor cortex
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Frontal LobesFrontal Lobes
• The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead
• Is involved in making plans and judgments
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Motor CortexMotor Cortex
• Area at the rear of the frontal lobes
• Controls voluntary movement
• Different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body.
• The motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa versa.
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Somatosensory CortexSomatosensory Cortex
• Located in the front of the parietal lobes
• Registers and processes body senses
• Soma is Greek for “body.”
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Parietal LobesParietal Lobes
• Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning
• Designated as the association lobes
• Behind the frontal lobes
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Temporal LobesTemporal Lobes
• Includes the auditory cortex where sound information is processed
• Located roughly above the ears
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CerebellumCerebellum
• Latin for the “little brain”
• Located in the rear of the brain
• Helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance
• If damaged, the person could perform basic movements but would lose fine coordination skills.
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CerebrumCerebrum
• Longest part of brain
• Two hemispheres
• Responsible for voluntary movement, speech, emotion, memory intelligence and memory processing
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BrainstemBrainstem
• The oldest part of the brain
• Is responsible for automatic survival functions
• Located where the spinal cord swells and the brain just begins
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MidbrainMidbrain
•The MIDBRAIN is also responsible for behaviors associated with hearing and sight
•Pupil dilation and eyeball movement
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PONSPONS
•The PONS is responsible for helping to regulate breathing, to help with sleep and wake cycles, and controls facial expressions
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MedullaMedulla
• The base of the brainstem
• Controls life-supporting functions like heartbeat and breathing
• Damage to this area can lead to death.
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Limbic SystemLimbic System
• A ring of structures around the thalamus; at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex
• Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst
• Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
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ThalamusThalamus
• Sits atop the brainstem
• The brain’s sensory switchboard -- directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
• Thalamus is Greek for “inner chamber.”
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HypothalamusHypothalamus
• Located directly under the front of the thalamus
• Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, and the fight or flight reactions to stress
• Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function
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Limbic SystemLimbic System
• A ring of structures around the thalamus; at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex
• Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst
• Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
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HypothalamusHypothalamus
• Located directly under the front of the thalamus
• Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, and the fight or flight reactions to stress
• Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function
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HippocampusHippocampus
• Wraps around the back of the thalamus
• Plays a role in processing new memories for permanent storage
• Looks something like a seahorse
– Hippo is Greek for “horse.”
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AmygdalaAmygdala
• Two almond shaped structures
• Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger
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Hemispheric Hemispheric DifferencesDifferences
Module 8: The BrainModule 8: The Brain
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Hemispheric DifferencesHemispheric Differences
• “Left-brained” and “right-brained” debunked
• Brain is divided into two hemispheres but works as a single entity.
• Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains.
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Hemispheric Hemispheric Differences: Differences:
Language and Language and Spatial AbilitiesSpatial Abilities
Module 8: The BrainModule 8: The Brain
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The Brain’s Left HemisphereThe Brain’s Left Hemisphere
• For most people, language functions are in the left hemisphere.
• For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right hemisphere.
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Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area
• Located in the frontal lobe and usually in the left hemisphere
• Responsible for the muscle movements of speech
• If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech
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PET Scan of Broca’s Area PET Scan of Broca’s Area
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Wernicke’s AreaWernicke’s Area
• Located in the temporal lobe
• Involved in language comprehension and expression; our ability to understand what is said to us
• Usually in the left temporal lobe
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PET Scan of Wernicke’s AreaPET Scan of Wernicke’s Area
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The Brain’s Right HemisphereThe Brain’s Right Hemisphere
• Houses the brain’s spatial abilities
• Our spatial ability allows us to perceive or organize things in a given space, judge distance, etc.
• Helps in making connections between words
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Brain PlasticityBrain Plasticity
Module 8: The BrainModule 8: The Brain
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PlasticityPlasticity
• The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions
• Greatest in childhood
• Important if parts of the brain are damaged or destroyed
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Let’s look at Let’s look at the brain the brain
another way another way
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3 main parts of the Brain3 main parts of the Brain
1.Hindbrain2.Midbrain3.Forebrain
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•There are three main parts in a human brain:
•1st: The Hindbrain•It controls basic life functions
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The HindbrainThe Hindbrain
•1) Medulla: blood pressure, heart rate, breathing
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•2) Pons: Connects hindbrain w/ midbrain & forebrain
•= facial expressions
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3) Brainstem3) Brainstem
•beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
•responsible for automatic survival functions
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4) Reticular Formation4) Reticular Formation
•in the brainstem•important role in controlling arousal
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5) Cerebellum5) Cerebellum
•Reflexes• balance• sequential movement
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22ndnd Midbrain: Midbrain:•It controls sensory info
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33rdrd Forebrain Forebrain
•Thought and Reason
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1) Thalamus1) Thalamus
•central relay station for incoming and outgoing messages (sensations)
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2) Hypothalamus2) Hypothalamus•regulates basic needs & emotions
•Food, water, sex for survival of species
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3) Amygdala3) Amygdala•Aggression & Anger•Emotional Memories
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4) Hippocampus4) Hippocampus •Formation of New Memories
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5) Cerebral Cortex5) Cerebral Cortex
•Thought.• Outer surface of 2 Cerebral Hemispheres-
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6) Cerebral Hemispheres-6) Cerebral Hemispheres-
•Left- names, complicated math, speaking
•Right- faces, basic functions, drawing
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7) Divided into Four Lobes7) Divided into Four Lobes
–A) Occipital Lobe:–Receives visual info
»Primary Visual Cortex: process visual info
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•B) Temporal Lobe: receives Hearing info & Balance
»Primary Auditory Cortex: process auditory info
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•C) Parietal Lobe: Receives Sensory info
»Primary Somatosensory Cortex: process sensory info
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•D) Frontal Lobe: receives Voluntary movement, attention information
»Primary Motor Cortex: process voluntary movement info
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8) Corpus Callosum8) Corpus Callosum
•Nerves that hold hemispheres together, and transfer info from left/right
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Corpus callosum
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Language in the BrainLanguage in the Brain(Left Hem)(Left Hem)
•Broca’s area •Speaking •Wernicke’s area•understanding
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The EndThe End