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Benjamin N. Cardozo School of LawJacob Burns Institute for Advanced Legal Studies
2007Working Paper No. 198
To Condone or Condemn? RegionalEnforcement Actions in the Absence
of Security Council Authorization
Monica Hakimi Visiting Assistant Professor of LawBenjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
55 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10003
United States(212) 790-0449 (Phone)(212) 790-0205 (Fax)
This paper can be downloaded free of charge from the Social Science Research Network athttp://ssrn.comb /abstract=1010359
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644 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
#A-2'3%#$'6 4843-* :%66L'$? 4,#;6?L$3%$;- 3# -C%43 :%3,3,- 1,'23-2 4843-*/ +,- 'AA6%&'3%#$ #9 6': %$ 3,%4 '2-'E3,-2-9#2-E &'$$#3 5- 9;668 ;$?-243##? :%3,#;3 '$ 'AA2-&%'3%#$
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V; V:CWFHG
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 645
*A3 20.93510N 210 @1BB3@*(E3 )3@D0(*L 3)*.PB()A3= PL *A3 G;:; .*(1+)6 .+= *A3 93=(.; _10. =()@D))(1+ 1+ *A3 P03.=*A 12 *A3 (+*30+.*(1+.B @199D+(*L6 )33 R; Q(@A.3B W3()9.+6.$%6'3-2'6 D&3%#$ '$? 3,- +2'$49#2*'3%#$4 #9 3,- Y#26? 1#$43%3;3%B- ^2#&-44\ +,-=A-&%'6 2#56-* #9 (;*'$%3'2%'$ I$3-2B-$3%#$ 6 ^^ YGW; O; V:C K4 4; #6 ^# bSTTTc;
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646 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
PL 03(*30.*(+, *A3 .*(1+) *A.* *A3
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 647
@199D+(*L 3+=10)3) *A3
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648 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
0DB3 3E3+ .) *A3L .@jD(3)@3 10 I.0*(@(I.*3 (+ . =3E(.*(1+;AG CA()@1+*(+D3= 03B(.+@3 1+ *A3
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 649
?3@D0(*L
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650 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
*A3 ?3@D0(*L .*(1+ 12 -930(@.+
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 651
h3+210@393+* .@*(1+i *1 (+@BD=3 1+BL 9(B(*.0L 93.)D03) .+= +1*=(IB19.*(@ 10 3@1+19(@ 1+3);CB CA() -0*(@B3 *AD) D)3) *A3 IA0.)33+210@393+* .@*(1+ *1 93.+ @130@(E3 93.)D03) *A.* (+E1BE3 *A3 D)3 12.093= 210@3 .+= *A.* .03 +1* *.N3+ (+ )3B2g=323+)3;CA3 G;:; .*(1+ b:-CFc 10*A3 +15 =32D+@* R.0).5 /.@*;CC RA303.) 03,(1+.B .00.+,393+*) .+=.,3+@(3) 5303 D+=30)*11= *1 .==03)) 9.**30) .91+, *A3(0 939P30)*.*3) .+= *1 P3 ,1E30+3= PL 3064;A2' +1*3 S#6 .* U^[ b=()@D))(+, *A3 I1)(*(1+*A.* :-CF () +1* . 03,(1+.B .,3+@Lcd -'24 6 ^! :;Z;4; ?
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652 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
.=1I*3= PL *A3+ ?3@03*.0LgM3+30.B 71D*01) 71D*01)gMA.B( (+ A() ^[[S D7-$?' 9#2 ^-'&- \
CA3 .*(1+)6 5A3*A30 @03.*3= P32103 10 .2*30 *A321D+=(+, 12 *A3 G+(*3= :.*(1+)6 03,(1+.B .00.+,393+*) 210 9D*D.B)3@D0(*L .+= =323+@36 10,.+(>.*(1+) 210 ,3+30.B 03,(1+.B =3E3B1I93+* 10210 @11I30.*(1+ 1+ . I.0*(@DB.0 3@1+19(@ *1I(@ 10 2D+@*(1+6 .+= ,01DI)@03.*3= *1 =3.B 5(*A . )I3@(2(@ I1B(*(@.B6 3@1+19(@ 10 )1@(.B ())D3 12@D003+* @1+@30+;CG
CA() -0*(@B3 *.N3) *A3 ).93 2B3J(PB3 .II01.@A; Q1031E306 210 3.)3 12032303+@36 (* D)3) *A3 *309 h03,(1+.B .00.+,393+*)i *1 (+@BD=3 *A3,.9D* 12 )D@A 3+*(*(3)6 1+ *A3 D+=30)*.+=(+, *A.* . 03,(1+.B .,3+@L10 10,.+(>.*(1+ () )(9IBL . 9103 A(,ABL =3E3B1I3= 2109 12 03,(1+.B.00.+,393+*; CH
VVV; WYMVF:-4 - WW-:MYQY:C? V: -
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 653
.+= *A3 F0,.+(>.*(1+ 12 Y.)*30+
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654 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
^; _.@*) .+=
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 655
*A.*
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656 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
S; 43,.B H()@D))(1+
CA303 () +1 jD3)*(1+ *A.* *A3 jD.0.+*(+3 @1+)*(*D*3= *A3 *A03.*
10 D)3 12 210@3 D+=30 (+*30+.*(1+.B B.5;FA
-* *A3 *(936 *A3 G+(*3=?*.*3) .0,D3= *A.* +1 ?3@D0(*L .*(1+ 5.) +3@3)).0L1+ *A3 ,01D+= *A.* *A3 jD.0.+*(+3 5.) +1* .+ 3+210@393+* .@*(1+5(*A(+ *A3 )@1I3 12 -0*(@B3 ]#;FB V+ 1*A30 510=)6 *A3 G+(*3= ?*.*3).**39I*3= *1 8D)*(2L *A3 jD.0.+*(+3 (+ *309) 12 *A3
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 657
IA0.)3 h3+210@393+* .@*(1+i PD* +1* (+ . 5.L *A.* )DII10*) *A3 G;?;M1E30+93+*K) I1)(*(1+; CA3 @1D0* 9.=3 @B3.0 *A.* *A3 =()*(+,D()A(+,23.*D03 12 .+ 3+210@393+* .@*(1+ () +1* *A.* (* () (9IB393+*3= PL9.+=.*3 b0.*A30 *A.+ PL 03@1993+=.*(1+c PD* *A.* (* () D+=30*.N3+5(*A1D* *A3 @1+)3+* 12 *A3 )*.*3 (+ 5A(@A *A3 .@*(1+ 1@@D0);FG
1-23'%$ _CA-$4-4 *AD) =13) +1* )*.+= 210 *A3 I01I1)(*(1+ *A.*1+BL .@*(1+) (9IB393+*3= PL 9.+=.*3 @1+)*(*D*3 3+210@393+* .@*(1+)210 ID0I1)3) 12 -0*(@B3 ]#; CA.* I01I1)(*(1+ ()6 (+ .+L 3E3+*6 .P)D0=;V2 (* 5303 .=1I*3=6 )*.*3 I.0*(@(I.+*) (+ 03,(1+.B .00.+,393+*) 51DB=A.E3 *1 1P*.(+ ?3@D0(*L .*(1+ P32103 D)(+, 210@3ID0)D.+* *1 )193 3J*0.gG;:; 1PB(,.*(1+ b3;,;6 . 9.+=.*3c PD* +1*P32103 D)(+, 210@3 E1BD+*.0(BL b3;,;6 ID0)D.+* *1 . 03@1993+=.*(1+c;FH
V+ *A3 9193+*6 A153E306 *A3 =()*(+@*(1+ P3*533+ 9.+=.*10L .+=03@1993+=.*10L .@*(1+) )30E3= . D)32DB ID0I1)3\ V* .BB153= *A3G+(*3= ?*.*3) *1 .=E.+@3 . *3@A+(@.B6 B3,.B 8D)*(2(@.*(1+ 210 *A3jD.0.+*(+3 5(*A1D* 1E30*BL D+=309(+(+, *A3
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658 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
Q1)* 1*A30 )*.*3) 03)I1+=3= PL @1+=1+(+, 10 .* B3.)* *1B30.*(+,*A3 =3E(.*(1+ 2019 -0*(@B3 ]#; - +D9P30 12 )*.*3) 1I3+BL )DII10*3=*A3 F-? .@*(1+;GA V+=33=6 3E3+
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 659
03B(3= 1+ @03.*(E3 .0,D93+*) P.)3= 1+ ,3+30.B D)3g12g210@3 I0(+@(IB3);?193 )@A1B.0) .0,D3= *A.* *A3 jD.0.+*(+3 5.) +1* I01A(P(*3= D+=30
-0*(@B3 Sb"c;GH F*A30) .0,D3= *A.* *A3 jD.0.+*(+3 5.) . B.52DB .@* 12)3B2g=323+)36 1+ *A3 D+=30)*.+=(+, *A.* *A3 =3IB1L93+* 12 [email protected]+) (+
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660 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
-B*A1D,A (+*30+.*(1+.B I0.@*(@3 )DP)3jD3+* *1 *A3 .=1I*(1+ 12 *A3G;:;
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 661
?*.*3)6 93.+5A(B36 A.= (*) 15+ @1+@30+) .P1D* *A3 WQ< .+= *A3).23*L 12 *A3 .II01J(9.*3BL ^6TTT G;?; +.*(1+.B) 1+ *A3 ()B.+=;HI 7LF@*1P30 S#6 /03)(=3+* W3.,.+ 9.=3 *A3 I01E()(1+.B =3@()(1+ *1 D)39(B(*.0L 210@3 (+ M03+.=.;IJHD0(+, *A3 3.0BL 910+(+, A1D0) 12 F@*1P30 S"6 *A3 M03+.=(.+M1E30+10gM3+30.B6 5A1 .* *A3 *(93 5.) D+=30 WQ
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662 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
@1D+*0(3) .+= E(353= *A3 9(B(*.0L .@*(1+ (+ *309) 12 *A3 D+8D)*(2(3=(+*302303+@3 PL . )DI30I1530 (+ *A3 (+*30+.B .22.(0) 12 . 9D@A )9.BB30.+= 53.N30 )*.*3; II Z3* 3E3+ @1D+*0(3) *A.* *LI(@.BBL .BB(3= 5(*A *A3
G+(*3= ?*.*3)6 )D@A .) _0.+@3 .+= *A3 :3*A30B.+=)6 jD3)*(1+3= *A3B3,.B(*L 12 *A3 .@*(1+ D+=30 (+*30+.*(1+.B B.5;AJJ V+=33=6 =D0(+, *A3*A033 =.L) 12 =()@D))(1+ P32103 *A3 ?3@D0(*L
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 663
.@*(1+K) @1+)()*3+@L 5(*A -0*(@B3 ]#; 7D* *A3 )3B2g=323+)3 .0,D93+* ()D+21D+=3=d *A3 WQ< A.= +1* D)3= 210@3 .,.(+)* .+L 12 (*)
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664 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
.@N+15B3=,3 (*) =3E(.*(1+ 2019 -0*(@B3 ]# 10 *1 .=1I* .+ 3JI.+)(E3(+*30I03*.*(1+ 12 *0.=(*(1+.B D)3g12g210@3 I0(+@(IB3); AAB V2 *A3M1E30+10gM3+30.B @1+)3+*3= *1 *A3 9(B(*.0L .@*(1+6 *A3+ (* 5.) +1* .+
3+210@393+* .@*(1+ 5(*A(+ *A3 *309) 12 -0*(@B3 ]#6 PD* 0.*A30 .+.@*(E(*L .II01I0(.*3 210 03,(1+.B .00.+,393+*) D+=30 -0*(@B3 ]S;AAC -+= .B*A1D,A *A303 5303 )30(1D) jD3)*(1+) .) *1 5A3*A30 *A3M1E30+10gM3+30.B A.= *A3 .D*A10(*L *1 @1+)3+* *1 *A3 .@*(1+ 1+M03+.=.K) P3A.B26 *A303 5303 =3@3+* .0,D93+*) *A.*6 21BB15(+,7()A1IK) =3.*A .+= (+ B(,A* 12 *A3 (+2.+@L 12 *A3 (+)D0,3+@L6 A3 =(=;AAD
CA3 I01PB39 5.) *A.*6 (+ *A3 3E3+*6 *A3 M1E30+10gM3+30.BK)03jD3)* .II3.03= *1 A.E3 +1 (9I.@* 1+ *A3 =3@()(1+ *1 D)3 210@3 (+M03+.=.;AAE CA3 FY
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 665
9103 *A.+ *51 =.L) P32103 03@3(E(+, *A3 M1E30+10gM3+30.BK) 03jD3)*210 .))()*.+@3;AAF Q1031E306 =D0(+, *A3 3.0BL =.L) 12 *A3 (+*30E3+*(1+6*A3 )*.*3) *A.* I.0*(@(I.*3= (+ (* =(= +1* 21@D) 1+ *A.* 03jD3)* *1
8D)*(2L *A3(0 .@*(1+ P32103 *A3 ?3@D0(*L
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666 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
(+*3+)3d .B91)* .BB 12 *A39 .0,D3= *A.* *A3 D)3 12 210@3 (+ M03+.=.5.) D+B.52DB;ABC
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 667
@1+)(=30.PB3 AD9.+ @.)D.B*(3)\ 7L -D,D)* ^[[T6 1E30 1+3 9(BB(1+4(P30(.+) A.= P33+ =()IB.@3= .+= .II01J(9.*3BL ]6TTT N(BB3=;ACJ
CA3 @1+2B(@* (+ 4(P30(. @.D)3= @1+@30+ .91+, *A3 1*A30 Y
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668 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
4(P30(.;iACF CA3
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 669
1223+)(E3 .**.@N) .,.(+)* *A3 :/_4 .+= )DII10*(+, .+*(gC.LB102.@*(1+)ADA m3E3+ .) Y
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670 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
S; 43,.B H()@D))(1+
CA3 B3,.B P.)() 210 Y3 *A3 D)312 9(B(*.0L 210@3;AEE Q1031E306 *A303 () )193 3E(=3+@3 *A.* *A3 2.(BD03
?aWY?a^T`^ b-D,; #T6 ^[[!c b@1993+=(+, Y
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 671
*1 .D*A10(>3 *A3 D)3 12 210@3 5.) =3B(P30.*3; R3)*30+ =(IB19.*) .* *A3G;:; 03I10*3=BL 5303 I03I.03= *1 .D*A10(>3 1+BL I1B(*(@.B6 .+= +1*9(B(*.0L6 .@*(1+ (+ 4(P30(.;AEF CAD)6 *A3 2.@* *A.* *A3 ?3@D0(*L .*(1+ 12 -20(@.+ G+(*Lcd [2%3'%$ =;AA#234 _1FYD= _99#234 3#X-43#2- ^-'&- %$ T%5-2%' 6 }V:XG- MY:YW-4 : YR? ? YW'V
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672 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
*A3032103 @1DB= 3+=10)3 *A3 -@@10=6 .) 53BB .) Y3=c3+210@393+* .@*(1+ *A.* P01D,A* (* .P1D*; AFJ -* *A3 *(936 *A3
Z.91D))1DN01 V' -@@10= )3393= *1 P3 *A3 1+BL A1I3 210 03)1BE(+, *A3P0D*.B @1+2B(@* (+ 4(P30(.6 .+= *A3 (+*30+.*(1+.B @199D+(*L 5.))(9IBL 03B(3E3= *A.* Y3= *A3 D)3 12 210@3;AFD - +D9P30 12@1D+*0(3)6 (+@BD=(+, WD))(. .+=
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 673
(+ ?3I*39P30 ^[[U6 *A3 ?3@D0(*L
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674 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
h(+*30+.*(1+.B )3@D0(*L I03)3+@3 5(*A )DP)*.+*(.B r:-CFsI.0*(@(I.*(1+;iAHJ
S; 43,.B -+.BL)()CA3 :-CF 939P30 )*.*3) =(= +1* )3* 210*A . @1A3)(E3 B3,.B
I1)(*(1+ *1 )DII10* *A3 3+210@393+* .@*(1+ (+ k1)1E1; CA3 .@*(+,43,.B -=E()30 .* *A3 G;?; ?*.*3 H3I.0*93+* B.*30 3JIB.(+3= *A.* h+1)(+,B3 2.@*10 10 =1@*0(+3 )3393= *1 P3 3+*(03BL ).*()2.@*10L *1 .BB:-CF 939P30) .) . 8D)*(2(@.*(1+ D+=30 *0.=(*(1+.B B3,.B)*.+=.0=);i AHA CAD)6 *A3 :-CF 939P30) *3+=3= *1 .E1(= B3,.B.0,D93+*) .+= (+)*3.= *1 39IA.)(>3 . @19P(+.*(1+ 12 2.@*10) *A.*6 (+*A3(0 9(+=)6 *1,3*A30 8D)*(2(3= *A3 D)3 12 210@3;AHB CA() 9DB*(g2.@*103=.II01.@A 5.) I0.,9.*(@d PL +1* .==03))(+, *A3 P.)() 210 *A3(0 .@*(1+(+ (+*30+.*(1+.B B.56 *A3 :-CF )*.*3) .E1(=3= .0*(@DB.*(+, . I1)(*(1+*A.* 51DB= 53.N3+ *A3 *0.=(*(1+.B @1+)*0.(+*) 1+ *A3 D)3 12 210@3 .+=*A303PL 9(+(9(>3= *A3 I03@3=3+*g)3**(+, 3223@*) 12 *A3(0 .@*(1+;AHC
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
^UT; ?;
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 675
Z3* 1+3 51DB= P3 A.0=gI03))3= *1 =391+)*0.*3 *A.* :-CFK)3+210@393+* .@*(1+ 5.) @1+)()*3+* 5(*A *A3 =3)(,+ 12 *A3 G;:;
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676 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
(+)*3.= 12 @1+=39+(+, :-CF 210 *A.* .@*(1+6 *A3L *3+=3= *1.II10*(1+ PB.93 *1 73B,0.=3; AHI CA3)3 )*.*3) .E1(=3= *A3 jD3)*(1+) 125A3*A30 .+= A15 :-CFK) .@*(1+ @1DB= P3 03@1+@(B3= 5(*A *A3
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 677
P3 (+E1BE3= (+ .+L =3@()(1+ *1 03)10* *1 *A3 D)3 12 210@3;iAID -* *A3).93 *(936 A153E306 *A3 ?3@03*.0LgM3+30.B I(++3= 03)I1+)(P(B(*L 210*A3 2.(BD03 12 =(IB19.@L 1+ 73B,0.=3 .+= @1+@3=3= *A.* h*A303 .03*(93) 5A3+ *A3 D)3 12 210@3 9.L P3 B3,(*(9.*3 (+ *A3 ID0)D(* 12I3.@3;iAIE
V'; CXY F /YW-CVF:-4 ? Z?CYQ
/.0* VVV 12 *A() -0*(@B3 03E(353= 21D0 @.)3) (+ 5A(@A . 03,(1+.B.00.+,393+* D)3= 210@3 +1* (+ )3B2g=323+)3 5(*A1D* 1P*.(+(+, ?3@D0(*L.*(1+; CA3)3 @.)3) =391+)*0.*3 *51 @0(*(@.B I1(+*);_(0)*6 *A3L =391+)*0.*3 *A.* *A3 (+*30+.*(1+.B 03)I1+)3 *1 . 03,(1+.B.@*(1+ () +1* P.)3= 3J@BD)(E3BL 1+ 5A3*A30 *A3 .@*(1+ () @1+)()*3+*5(*A *A3
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678 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
)A1DB= P3 =()@.0=3=6 3E3+ *A1D,A .* *A() I1(+* *A303 () @1+)(=30.PB3I03@3=3+* *1 *A.* 3223@*;
CA3 @.)3) 03E(353= (+ /.0* VVV *AD) =391+)*0.*3 *A3 @13J()*3+@3
12 *51 =(22303+* B3,.B )L)*39); CA3 .*(1+ 2019 *A3 ?3@D0(*L
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 679
@1+*3J*; CA3 (+*30+.*(1+.B @199D+(*L () +1*10(1D)BL 2(@NB3 (+I01*3@*(+, (+*30+.*(1+.B +109)d 9.810 .@*10) )193*(93) PD* +1*.B5.L) P3B(3E3 .@*(1+ () .II01I0(.*3 *1 @3.)3 . AD9.+(*.0(.+ @0()()6 *1I03E3+* .+ (+@(=3+* 12 [email protected] I01B(230.*(1+6 10 *1 3B(9(+.*3 *30010()*A.E3+); CA3 (+*30+.*(1+.B 03)I1+)3 (+ .+L I.0*(@DB.0 @.)3 *AD) *D0+)1+ *A3 @1+*3J* (+ 5A(@A *A3)3 +109) .03 (9IB(@.*3= .+= *A3 3J*3+* *15A(@A *A3L @1+2B(@* 5(*A 1*A30 (+*303)*);
-) . ,3+30.B 9.**306 A153E306 *A3 (+*30+.*(1+.B @199D+(*L ()9103 B(N3BL *1 .@jD(3)@3 (+ .+ D+.D*A10(>3= 3+210@393+* .@*(1+ 5A303*A3 (+*303)*) P3(+, ).*()2(3= 03B.*3 b(+ )193 5.Lc *1 *A3 9.(+*3+.+@312 (+*30+.*(1+.B I3.@3 .+= )3@D0(*L; CA3 D)3 12 210@3 *1 9.(+*.(+(+*30+.*(1+.B I3.@3 .+= )3@D0(*L () .+ 3)*.PB()A3= @19I1+3+* 12 *A3(+*30+.*(1+.B B3,.B I01@3)) .+= () I01E(=3= 210 (+ *A3 G;:;
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680 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 681
I1))(PB3 5(*A(+ *A3 3= *A.* ?3@D0(*L .*(1+ 51DB= +1* P3210*A@19(+,6 .+= *A3+ 1+BL (+)12.0 .) 5.) +3@3)).0L *1 933* (*)(993=(.*3 3+=); BAJ 71*A .2*30 :-CF *A03.*3+3= *1 D)3 210@3 (+F@*1P30 ^[[U .+= .2*30 (* .@*D.BBL D)3= 210@3 (+ Q.0@A ^[[[6 (*jD(@NBL P01D,A* *A3 9.**30 P.@N (+*1 *A3
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682 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
CA() () I.0*(@DB.0BL *A3 @.)3 5A303 *A3 03,(1+.B .00.+,393+* .@*).,.(+)* 1+3 12 (*) 15+ 939P30 )*.*3); V+ *A.* 3E3+*6 *A3 *.0,3*3=939P30 )*.*3 9.L P3 =3393= *1 A.E3 hP1D,A* (+*1i *A3 03,(1+.B
03,(93 5(*A(+ 5A(@A *A3 03,(1+.B .00.+,393+* .@*);V+=33=6 (* () 210 03.)1+) 12 B3,(*(9.@L *A.* )*.*3) )33N(+, *1D+=30*.N3 .+ 3+210@393+* .@*(1+ 12*3+ =1 )1 *A01D,A 03,(1+.B.00.+,393+*)6 0.*A30 *A.+ .@*(+, 1+ *A3(0 15+; V+ *A3 @.)3 12 3= *A.* *A3 (+*30+.*(1+.B@199D+(*L 51DB= 9103 B(N3BL *1B30.*3 .+ .@*(1+ *.N3+ PL . ,01DI 12)*.*3)6 .@*(+, 5(*A(+ . I03g3)*.PB()A3= 20.93510N6 *A.+ 1+3 *.N3+ PL.+ (+=(E(=D.B6 I30A.I) ALI30)3+)(*(E3 )*.*3 (+ *A3 .P)3+@3 12 .+L@1+*01B); V+=33=6 =D0(+, ?3@D0(*L 3 *A3 .@*(1+;BAG CA3 (+*30+.*(1+.B 03.@*(1+21@D)3= A3.E(BL 1+ *A3 01B3 12 *A3 G+(*3= ?*.*3)6 .+= 9.+L .@*10)
=3393= B3,(*(9.*3 PL .B91)* .BB (+*30+.*(1+.B .@*10) 3E3+ *A1D,A (* 5.) (+@1+)()*3+*5(*A (*) 15+ ,1E30+(+, 20.93510N; ?DP)*.+*(E3BL6 Y(+, *A3 D)3 12 9(B(*.0L 210@3 (+ @.)3) B(N3 4(P30(.; CA3Y3 Y.a.2a03,10,aD+(*L&*1&D+(1+aI=2)a3@15.)a^#/01*QD*D.BH3 2-));I=2dY@1+19(@ .a.2aW3,F0,aD+(*L&*1&D+(1+aI=2)a3@15.)a^"/01*:1+-,,03;I=2d 4-- '64# 43E(**64;A2' +1*3 ^S[6 .* #"!g"`d F21=(B364;A2' +1*3 ^#`6 .* "^^; Q1031E306 3E3+ (2 *A3 Y
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684 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 40:643
*A303 .03 @1+)(=30.PB3 0()N) *A.* =(22303+* .@*10) 5(BB (+*30I03*=(22303+*BL *A3 I.0.93*30) 12 *A3 1I30.*(1+.B )L)*39 10 *A.* )193.@*10) 5(BB 2.(B *1 03@1,+(>3 *A.* )L)*39 .B*1,3*A306 .+= (+)*3.= 5(BB
(+*30I03* 03I3.*3= =3E(.*(1+) 2019 -0*(@B3 ]# *1 93.+ *A.* (*)I03)@0(I* () )(9IBL +1 B1+,30 B.5 .+= *A.* 03,(1+.B .00.+,393+*)9.L @B.(9 *A3 D+03)*0(@*3= 0(,A* *1 *.N3 3+210@393+* .@*(1+) 5(*A1D*?3@D0(*L .*(1+;
CA3 1I*(1+) 210 9.+.,(+, *A3)3 @1)*) .03 03B.*(E3BL B(9(*3=; CA3P3)* 1I*(1+ () 210 *A3
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2007] Regional Enforcement Actions 685
.B*30+.*(E3 1I*(1+6 *A3 )*.*D) jD1 @1+*(+D3) *1 P3 *A3 P3)*
.00.+,393+* 210 9.+.,(+, 03,(1+.B 3+210@393+* .@*(1+);
';