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Tim Brown, MDThe Hand Center
Department of OrthopaedicsGreenville Health System
Hand Injuries in the Athlete
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
Due to use patterns and relative lack of protection, the hand is the most frequently injured body part in sports
Majority of injuries are minor sprains and strains and do not seek medical attention
Most resolve in a short period of time and do not lead to long term pain or functional loss
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
Will focus on those injuries requiring treatment
Flexor or extensor tendon injuriesJoint dislocationsFractures of the hand or the carpusLigament InjuriesTriangular Fibrocartilaginous Complex
(TFCC) injuries
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
Initial Presentation on the field or courtInitial evaluation and managementDiagnostic Work UpDefinitive TreatmentRecoveryReturn to Sport
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
Differences in Management based on Athlete’s age and career prospects
ChildrenHigh SchoolCollegeProfessional
Individualize treatment based on need for immediate return to sport versus long term risks
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Tendon Injuries in the Athlete
Tendon Anatomy
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Mallet Finger
Rupture of extensor attachment to distal phalanx
Fingertip forced to flex while trying to extendPresents with a droop and cannot extendEasy to passively extendTypically pain-free and does not present until
later
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Mallet Finger Treatment
Xray to rule out fractureSmall bone fragment usually treated same as
no bone involvementSplint distal joint in hyperextension for 6-10
weeks until can extend against resistanceAllow PIP motionCan play sports in splint while healingTreatment delays lead to prolonged healing
times
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Mallet Finger Splint
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Central Slip Rupture
Boutoniere deformityVolar dislocation of PIP joint or forced flexion
of PIP joint while trying to extendImmediate painLoss of ability to extend PIP joint
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Central Slip Rupture
Xray to evaluate for fracture or dislocationSplint 8-10 weeks in full PIP extensionAllow other joints to moveCan typically play sport in splint
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Central Slip Rupture
Delay in diagnosis or inadequate treatment can lead to permanent problems
Boutoniere DeformityPainContracturesStiffness
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Flexor Tendon Ruptures
“Jersey Finger”Finger in heavy grip flexion and DIP forced to
extendFeel “POP”Trouble bending entire fingerCannot bend DIP joint
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Flexor Tendon Rupture
Xray to rule out fracture or dislocationTreatment – Surgical reattachment of tendon
to boneSix weeks in a splint encompassing entire
hand and forearmFull activity at 3 - 6 monthsGrip restored with some residual stiffness
What happens if choose not to treat it?
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Joint Dislocations
Distal Interphalangeal Joint – RARE
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP)VOLAR is BADDorsal not as bad unless fracture dislocation
Metacarpal Phalangeal Joint (MCP)Volar is rareDorsal is more common and often needs
surgery to reduce
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Joint Dislocations
CarpoMetacarpal Joints (CMC)
Thumb CMC dislocationUnstable and often needs surgical treatment
Ring and Small CMC dislocationsUnstable and often needs surgical treatment
Wrist Dislocation, uncommon, unstable, and very obvious
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Ligament Injury at PIP
Jammed Finger“Stoved Finger” if you
are from PittsburghTear volar ligaments
without dislocationPain, Limited MotionSplint or Buddy Tape
for comfortTakes months for the
swelling and pain to resolve
Volar Plate Tear
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Thumb Ligament Injury
Ulnar collateral ligament at thumb MCP joint“Gamekeeper’s” or “Skier’s Thumb”Forced Palmer abduction of the thumbFall on ski pole or lacrosse stick, caught in helmetImmediate painCannot pinch or hold cupUnstable on exam
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Thumb Ligament Injury Treatment
Xray to rule out fractureStress Xray to compare to other sideMRI if unable to evaluate
“STABLE” – Thumb spica cast for 6 weeks
“UNSTABLE” – Surgical repair then thumb spica cast or slint for 6 weeks
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Hand Fractures
Immediate pain, swelling, and deformity
Painful to touch on exam
Unable to use broken part
If suspected, get Xrays
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Finger Fractures
Treatment concepts are simple
A crooked finger is a bad finger
A stiff finger is a bad finger
Don’t want to end up with a crooked or a stiff finger
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Finger fractures
Treatment Options:
ImmobilizeBuddy tapeCastSplintSurgery
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Finger Fractures
Goals of Treatment:
Early Stability and Early Mobility
A Pretty Xray and a stiff hand is still a bad hand
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Scaphoid Fractures
Fall on outstretched handAthlete often feels like it is a sprainNot much painOften delay in seeking treatment
“It should have felt better by now”
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Scaphoid Fractures
Snuff Box tenderRadial Wrist extension tenderSplint ImmediatelyHigh index of suspicionXray with special viewsFirst set of Xrays often does not show
fractureFurther evaluation with repeat xrays, MRI,
CAT scan
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Scaphoid Fracture Treatment
Early diagnosis
Nondisplaced /Acute – Cast 6-12 weeks until healedDisplaced/ Acute - Surgery
Subacute or chronic – Surgery with likely bone graft
The longer the delay in treatment, the more involved the treatment and the less likely to heal
Evidence suggests that untreated scaphoid fracture will lead to wrist arthritis in 10 – 15 years
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Hook of Hamate Fracture
Baseball batters and golfersOften Stress fracture that progresses to
complete fractureAcute event leading to sudden pain, but often
history of hand soreness with batting
Tender at base of hypothenar eminencePain with impact, painfree at restUsually is the “top” hand
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Hook of hamate fracture
Xrays – difficult to see on plain xrays
Special Views – may be of some help
MRI – diagnostic in acute setting
CT – helpful in chronic setting
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Hook of Hamate Fracture
Limited role for casting in the athlete
Surgical fixation often leads to disappointing results
Excision of the broken part (hook of hamate) leads to significant pain reduction, high satisfaction scores, and return to prior level of function
Can return to sport as soon as scar tenderness allows
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TFCC Injuries
Triangular Fibrocartilage ComplexHolds the ulnar side of the wrist togetherPain over ulnar styloid and just radial to ulnar
styloidCan be overuse or single traumatic episodeGolfers, baseball players, tennis players,
Rowers“Grounded a club” or “Hit a root”Tennis players – usually nondominant hand
with two-handed backhandHurts to supinate, extend, circumduct wrist
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TFCC Injuries
Initial treatment – rest, splint 4-6 weeks, therapy
MRI – often false negatives, need dedicated views, high quality magnet
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TFCC Injuries
Surgical TreatmentArthroscopic debridement for Central and flap
tearsArthroscopic repair for peripheral tears
RecoveryDebridement – immediate motion, return to
sport in 6-12 weeksRepair – 6-8 weeks immobilization, Return to
sport in 4-6 monthsReturn to equal or higher level of sport common
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
Case Presentations
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
21 yo defensive end lands on left thumb while making a tackle
Presents in locker room after practice, cannot pinch, hurt to lift shoulder pads off
Exam- pain over ulnar collateral ligament of thumb, cannot pinch, unstable to stress testing
History of left thumb injury treated during 9th grade season, casted but did not miss a game
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
Xrays – bone fragment at base of proximal phalanx, something old at CMC joint
Treatment?
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Ulnar collateral ligament at thumb
Placed spica cast, played in cast for final 3 weeks of the season
Surgical repair of UCL after season, Immobilized 6 weeks
Stability returned
Ready for Spring practice
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Thumb UCL Injury
Discussion
Skill players are frequently unable to perform and more likely to have early surgery
Injury may end season
Non –skill players can frequently perform with hand in a cast and delay surgery until after the season and get equivalent long term results
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
26 yo collegiate football wide receiver presenting for summer school, reports he injured his right long finger in spring practice 6-8 weeks ago
“Jammed it”“it should have been better by now”
Exam – swelling at right long PIP joint, ROM 0-90 degrees flexion at PIP joint
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PIP Injury
Xray healed fracture at base of middle phalanx with persistent subluxation
Treatment?
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PIP injury
Treatment
Subacute injury, healed with persistent subluxation
Surgical treatment to restore anatomy discussed, but rejected by the athlete because of good ROM, and desire to participate in summer practice and senior season
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
19 yo quarterback got index finger of throwing hand caught in a defenders shoulder pads while “stiff-arming”
Felt some pain in the handTried to pass on the next play and could not
throw and took himself out of the game
Exam – Pain with any palpation of index metacarpal, could take through full ROM, could not pinch
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Metacarpal Fracture
Xray – minimally displaced long oblique index metacarpal fracture
Treatment?
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Metacarpal Fracture
SplintCastBuddy tapeSurgery
Position considerationsNeeds normal length, ROM, and Strength to
be able to “post” the ball and ability to pronate finger during throwing to get spin on the ball.
Athlete and team wanted ASAP return to play
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Metacarpal Fracture Treatment
Splinted immediatelySurgery 2 days later
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Treatment Metacarpal Fracture
Removable Splint PostopStarted ROM and rubber band strengthening
at POD1Full ROM at POD6Bone StimulatorMissed 3 games, xray showed some healing,
regained Full ROM and pinch and grip strength
Returned for 4th game post injury
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Treatment Metacarpal Fracture
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
20 yo Middle linebacker fell making tackle in spring practice 16 days ago
C/O pain with ROM of left wrist and when lifting weights
Immobilized when presented
Exam – minimal tenderness at wrist, no pain at snuffbox, no pain with stress testing
Xrays – multiple views normal
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
MRI – signal uptake in scaphoid waist
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
Casted 6 weeks
Repeat Xrays Normal, no sign of fracture
No Pain after cast removal
Released to play in summer practice, reported no pain
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
More to the Story
Represents 9 months later after playing the entire season complaining that left wrist “sore” while playing and not progressing in bench press because of sore wrist
Unaware of any new injury
(But he is a linebacker)
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Scaphoid Fracture
Xrays show scaphoid nonunion
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Scaphoid Nonunion
TreatmentSurgery to place bonegraft and screwImmobilized 8 weeks“soreness” resolvedXrays prior to summer practice showed
healed scaphoidLast seen 2 years later just before leaving
school to prepare for the draftReported no problems with left wrist
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Schphoid Nonunion
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
20 yo LHD college baseball outfielder with sudden pain in ulnar side of right palm while hitting a ball
Normally hits 1000 balls a dayCannot swing a bat without painNo pain at rest or with any other activity
Exam – Pain over base of hypothenar eminence to palpation
Xrays – including supinated and carpal tunnel view normal
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
MRI –multiple ligaments show signal change throughout wrist
Dark line at base of hook of hamate
Treatment?
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Hook of Hamate Fracture
Had been splinted 1 month after xrays before MRI with no relief
Surgical Excision of Hook Of Hamate, Hook was unstable and not attached to the rest of the bone
Rested 3-4 weeks, no splintBatting practice @ 5-6 weeks with padded glovePlayed in games at 8 weeks
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
18 yo RHD college freshman tennis player presents after season with 6 months of worsening left ulnar wrist pain
Hurts to “load” wrist just before impact and to “release” wrist after impact in backhand
Had one injection of corticosteroid and been taped and splinted with no relief
Exam – tender dorsal and ulnar wrist, pain with supinated extension. “click” on circumduction
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
MRI – read as “normal possible ulnar impaction syndrome”
Treatment
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TFCC Tear
TreatmentChose Arthroscopy
because even though MRI normal, “I know something in there is wrong”
Peripheral TFCC tear seen and repaired
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TFCC Tear
Long arm cast 1 monthShort arm cast for 1 monthPlaced in dynamic extension limiting splint 1
monthNo pain at 3 month visitWore dynamic brace for fall seasonSpring season, playing with no brace and
reported pain free
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Hand Injuries in the Athlete
22 yo defensive lineman felt “POP” in left ring finger in last practice before first game of senior season
No active flexion of DIP joint of left ring finger
Xrays – normal
“Jersey Finger”
Treatment?
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Jersey Finger
Recommended Treatment is surgical reattachment of the tendon to the bone.
Post OpSix weeks with entire hand in splintUnrestricted activities at 3 months
What did he say?
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Jersey finger
“Doc, if I miss this season I will not get drafted”
“What happens if I don’t do it?”
“You mean all that will happen is I won’t bend the tip of that finger?”
“I’m just going to tape it and play, see you later”
Who was right?
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Jersey finger
He played his senior season
He was drafted in the first round
He signed a $ 40 Million contract
He still can’t bend the tip of his ring finger
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What do I need to remember?
Treatment is situation specific for the athlete, the stage of their career, and their need to return to sport.
The “jammed” finger needs medical attention quickly. Send for xrays if any question.
Always be worried about the possibility of scaphoid fracture with any wrist sprain. This is one condition that NEEDS to be OVERTREATED.
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