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Theme 3 : Geographical Issues on a Continental Scale
North and South America
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The Americas: fractures,
competition & integration – The American
Continent between
tensions and regional
integration
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The Americas: Power of the North
and Assertion
of the South
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I. A Cultural Mosaic
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Environmental Threats
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Key questions:
• To what extent does the American continent portray a model of unequal development?
• How extensive is North and South American integration?
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A. North America: Major Pole of the Triad
1. US and Canada are the two major powers of North America– Trade between the 2 nations has
doubled since the creation of NAFTA– Competition remains strong • Heavy industry, automobile, lumber
– Canadian economy very dependent on US market
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2. US economy the most powerful and most diversified in the world– On continental scale, the U.S. embodies
an attractive model of a superpower giant
– Top investors in the continent, esp Canada & MexicoChart Title
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Real Estate14%
State/Local Govt10%
Finance, In-surance
9%
Health/Social Care9%
Durable Manufacturing6%
Retail6%Wholesale
6%
Non-durable manufacturing
6%
Fed Govt5%
Information4%
Arts/entertainment4%
Construction4%
Waste services3%
Other services3%
Utilities2%
Mining2%
Corporate Management2%
Education services1%
Agriculture1%
US Economy by Sector 2011
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3. Canada: rich in natural resources and major exporter of raw materials– SE Canada contains major
metropolises (Toronto & Montreal)– Its extensive integration in the US
contributed to the emergence of a vast cross-border region referred to as Main Street
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Canada’s Industrial Heartland
• Most of Canada’s Industries are Located near the St. Lawrence Lowlands and these 4 cities:– Quebec City– Montreal– Ottawa– Toronto
• Huge labor population• Near a great source of water
for manufacturing and power• 60% of Canada's wealth is located in these areas• Services: 83% of people live in cities
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Canada’s Huge Heartland
•agricultural•mining (iron, copper, nickel, uranium)•Energy (hydroelectricity, petroleum)
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B. Integration of emerging countries in globalization
1. Brazil stands out as the regional power of South America– 1st country in FDI on the subcontinent,
acts as a counterweight to US domination
– Marked by major social inequalities
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2. Mexico, Argentina and Chili sometimes referred to as “Jaguars”
• Mexico– 1st foreign investor 2nd recipient of FDI in Latin
America– Proximity of US
• asset (exports) & drawback (dependence)
– Role model of insertion in the world economy
• Chile (Copper, fruit) & Argentina (Wheat, soy bean)– Major exporters of raw materials and
agricultural foodstuffs
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3. Venezuela, Columbia & Perudependent on exporting raw materials
• Venezuela– 7th world petroleum exporter– Holds largest oil reserves on the planet
• Peru– GDP tripled from 2000 to 2010
• Columbia– Exports coffee and coal
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GDP of Countries in North and South America
Country GDP/capita (dollars)
The USA 47,283
Canada 46,214
Uruguay 11,997
Chili 11,827
Brazil 10,817
Mexico 9,565
Argentina 9,138
Columbia 6,273
Bolivia 1,858
Nicaragua 1,126
Haiti 672
Source: IMF 2010
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Summing it all up
• Video: 3’24How are the Americas interconnected?