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The Story of DNA
--- History of Molecular Biology
“History Teaches Everything, Including the Future.”--- Alphonse de Lamartine
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Genetics
Biochemistry
Cell biology
Microbiology
Virology
…
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1929 – the chemical components of DNA 1940 – the relationship between genes and proteins 1944 – Genes are made up of DNA
1953 – the double helical structure of the DNA molecule (Watson and Crick) 1957 – the “Central Dogma” and the “sequence hypothesis” (Crick)
1958 – the mechanism of DNA replication 1961 – the hypothesis of the messenger RNA (mRNA) 1961 to 1965 – the genetic code was deciphered ……
1970s to 80s – DNA cloning, sequencing and genetic engineering 1990s to 2000s – genome sequencing and functional study of genes
Overview of the History of Molecular Biology
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1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Genes and DNA
DNA - RNA - protein
DNA cloning and genetic
engineering Genome eraDiscovery of
DNA
Overview of the History of Molecular Biology
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• The discovery of DNA- Hofmeister (1848): discovery of chromosome
s- Miescher (1868): “nuclein” = DNA + protein
• Chromosome theory of inheritance- Mendel (1865): Laws of inheritance- Morgan (1910): Genes are on chromosomes
• Who carries genetic material, DNA or proteins?
The search of genetic material
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Genes and DNA
DNA - RNA - proteinDNA cloning and
genetic engineering Genome eraDiscovery of
DNA
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How did people know that DNA carries genetic information?
Avery, Macleod and McCarty’s experiment (1943)
http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/17/animation/animation.html
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Genes and DNA
DNA - RNA - proteinDNA cloning and
genetic engineering Genome eraDiscovery of
DNA
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• A) What was the original observation that Avery made in test tubes?
• B) List two hypotheses based on the observation (doesn’t matter if they are right or wrong).
• C) What predictions would you make based on each of the hypotheses?
Avery’s Experiment on Pneumococcus:
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How did people know that DNA carries genetic information?
Avery, Macleod and McCarty’s experiment (1943)
http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/17/animation/animation.html
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Genes and DNA
DNA - RNA - proteinDNA cloning and
genetic engineering Genome eraDiscovery of
DNA
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The Double Helix
Watson Crick Wilkin Franklin
Crick and Watson: theoretical model
Wilkins and Franklin: X-ray diffraction
First accurate model of DNA's molecular structure (1953)
Nobel Prize, 1962
"Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of Life." --The News Chronicle of London
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Genes and DNA
DNA - RNA - proteinDNA cloning and
genetic engineering Genome eraDiscovery of
DNA
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Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA
Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)
A British Biophysicist
Specialized in X-ray crystallography
King’s College, London (1951-1953):
- Worked with Maurice Wilkin and Raymond Gosling
Form A and B of DNA
Photograph 51
”The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology“ by Horace Freeland Judson
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1957 – the “Central Dogma” (Crick)
1958 – the mechanism of DNA replication
1961 – the hypothesis of the messenger RNA
1961 to 1965 – the genetic code was deciphered
From DNA to Proteins
Howard Temin (Nobel Prize 1975)
Reverse transcriptase
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Genes and DNA
DNA - RNA - proteinDNA cloning and
genetic engineering Genome eraDiscovery of
DNA
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The Golden Age of Molecular Biology
1969: First gene in bacterial DNA isolated 1970: First synthetic (artificial) gene
1973: First successful DNA cloning experiment
1977: DNA is sequenced
1978: The first human gene is cloned – insulin 1982: Genetically-engineered insulin is approved for use
1985: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is invented
Har Gobind Khorana(Nobel Prize 1968)
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Genes and DNA
DNA - RNA - proteinDNA cloning and
genetic engineering Genome eraDiscovery of
DNA
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The Golden Age of Molecular Biology
1996: First genome sequenced – S. cerevisae (yeast) 1997: Bacteria E. coli genome sequenced 1998: C. elegans (worm) sequenced 2000: Drosophila (fruit fly) sequenced 2002: Mouse sequenced
2001: First draft sequences of the human genome are released (Human Genome Project)
2003: Completion of the mapping of the genes in the human genome
Fred Blattner
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Genes and DNA
DNA - RNA - proteinDNA cloning and
genetic engineering Genome eraDiscovery of
DNA
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What can we do with DNA?
Genetic engineering - Use model organisms to study
genes and functions - Make transgenic organisms
Applications for human - Forensics, paternity testing - Genetic diagnosis and prevention of diseases (Ge
netic counseling) - Gene therapy …
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DNA and The Revolution in Personalized Medicine
Your life depends on the secret of your DNA…
Personalized Medicine - Genetic screening for prevention (newborn
screening, carrier screening, maternal screening, Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD))
- Risk prediction - The right drug at the right dose for the rig
ht person
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Fields Related to Modern Molecular biology
Bioinformatics
Biophysics and Structural Biology
Population and evolutionary biology
Molecular genetics
Genomics
Cell Biology
Developmental Biology
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Next class:
Case Study: The Human Genome Project and Designer Baby
Discussion of Molecular biology research groups on campus – What
do they do and why?