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The Renaissance
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What is the Renaissance?• 1300 – 1600• “rebirth”• Great intellectual and artistic creativity
during the Renaissance• Began in northern Italy while France and
England were fighting the Hundred Years War
• Marked by a revival or rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and learning
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Conditions that gave rise to the Renaissance
1. Northern Italy was a highly urban region – Venice, Genoa and Florence were major centers for trade. Venice and Genoa were seaports
2. Northern Italy was a merchant’s region – they dominated politics, society and business. Success depended on wit not inherited social rank – idea of individual achievement.
3. Popes no longer had control of Italian city-states due to the Great Schism
4. Merchants competed with each other for business, and as patrons or sponsors for the arts – glory in helping artists create works of genius.
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New Values• Celebration of the individual was a theme
of the Renaissance• In the middle ages artists worked for the
glory of God, in the Renaissance artists wanted to be known as individuals
• Renaissance scholars loved the writings of Greece and Rome – they were called humanists
• There was an enjoyment of worldly pleasures – a person might love and enjoy life without offending God.
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Renaissance Continued• “The Renaissance Man” – Those who excelled in
many fields (art, architecture, science – like Leonardo Da Vinci
• The Courtier – Book written that described the Renaissance ideal for men
• Upper class women were as well educated as men during the Renaissance, HOWEVER most women had less political, economic and social influence than women of the Middle Ages
• Florence was the leading city during the Renaissance – textiles and banking
• The Medici family ruled Florence during the Renaissance
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The Artists• Giotto
• Early 1300’s, mastered the technique known as fresco painting (painting with pigments on wet plaster)
• Style was different than the Middle Ages – figures looked real and lifelike, created illusion of depth in his paintings
• This is Giotto’s Ognissanti Madonna
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Donatello• Rejected the style of
Medieval stonecutters.
• Wanted his figures to appear real and alive
• 1st European since ancient times to create a large free standing human figure in the nude.
Mazzoco – Emblem of Florence
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Michelangelo - David
• “David” white marble statue of the biblical figure.
• 16ft. Tall• Expresses Renaissance
belief in human dignity and greatness, one of the most famous works of art of the Renaissance.
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Michelangelo – The Sistine Chapel
• Asked to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican in 1508
• The popes were rebuilding Rome which had declined while the Popes lived in Avignon
• He painted over 5,800 ft. of ceiling over 3 years – on his back
• It contains 9 paintings illustrating the Creation, the birth of Adam, and the story of Noah
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Raphael
La Belle Jardinière
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Boticelli – Birth of Venus
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Leonardo Da Vinci
• Had a fascination with the human personality
• He was a painter, inventor, and scientist among other things.
• Essence of the ideal of the “Renaissance Man”
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Mona Lisa
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The Last Supper
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The Northern European Artists of the Renaissance
• Many northern European artists who had visited Italy brought back the ideas of classical culture, curiosity in the world and human potential to their countries.
• Helped spread the Renaissance and Renaissance ideals throughout Europe.
• Includes painters, sculptors,writers, etc.
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Durer
• Produced woodcuts and engravings that became very popular in in Germany
• Emphasis on realism• Style spread to other
German artists
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Hans Holbein the YoungerSpecialized in painting portraits that looked like
photographs
Henry VIII
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Bruegel the Elder• Flemish painter
captured scenes from everyday life such as weddings, dances, harvest, and the changing seasons. Rich colors and vivid details
The Peasant Dance
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Writers and Philosophers• Dante 1265 – 1321• Poet, Born in Florence• Used real people in his
poem – used dead friends and enemies in his poems and told of their lives.
• Poems comment on the political events of the time
• Interest in human personality is key.
• His Divine Comedy is sometimes called the “bridge” between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
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Petrarch• Born 1304• Wrote poems and
letters in Italian and Latin
• Imitated the classical style of Cicero
• Strove for simplicity and purity in his writings.
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Machiavelli• Wrote during a time period of war in
Italy, Italian city-states were forced to ally themselves with foreign powers (like Spain)
• The Prince – Wrote this book while angry about the invasion of foreigners – book is about gaining and keeping power
• Thought most people were selfish, fickle and corrupt
• Concerned with what was politically effective – NOT morally correct. Maintain political power any way possible. The end justifies the mean.
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• By the 1600’s new ideas and artistic styles appeared which brought an end to the Renaissance.
• The ideals of the Renaissance continued to influence Europe and the ideal of individualism from the Renaissance will play a major role in the rise of democratic ideas.