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The Renaissance (1400-1700)
SWBAT: Explain how the Renaissance period differed
from the Middle Ages
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Do Now: • Where did the Bubonic Plague originate
& how did it enter Western Europe?
• How did the loss of life impact workers’ wages?
• What role did the plague play in major population and social shifts in Eurasia and Africa?
• How did the 100 Years’ War affect Europe?
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What was the Renaissance? • Renaissance means “rebirth” • Revival of interest in ancient Greek &
Roman cultures and liberal studies • A time of creativity & political, social &
economic change that produced new attitudes toward culture & learning -ex: explored the “here and now”, placing emphasis on individual human achievement
• The ideal person had talent in MANY areas
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What was the Renaissance? • Era supported adventure &
curiosity • Representatives of that spirit:
- Christopher Columbus-sailed to Americas in 1492 - Nicolaus Copernicus-changed way people looked at the universe
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Italian Beginnings (Why Italy?) • Supported by wealthy, powerful
merchant families in Italian city-states who faired well through the Middle Ages because of their locations: excellent for trade & manufacturing
• These families spent lavishly to support arts, education & individual achievement
• Renaissance began in Italy spread north
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Florence & the Medicis • Florence = Capital of the Italian Renaissance • Similar to Athens: produced gifted poets,
artists, architects, scholars & scientists (in a short time)
• Medici family- credited with developing the Renaissance in Italy - “most wealthy family in Europe”
- generous financial supporters of the arts & government - loaned $ to monarchs & the Church at 40% interest rates
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Florence
Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler
of Florence & patron of
arts
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Humanism • Focus on secular subjects &
importance of individual worth, rather than religious issues (opposite of medieval thought)
• Believed education should stimulate individual’s creative powers
• Francesco Petrarch- an early example of Florentine humanist, poet, & scholar
“Father of
Humanism”
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A Golden Age in the Arts • The Renaissance reached its most
glorious expression in its paintings, sculpture, & architecture
• Renaissance art depicted humans & landscape in a very realistic way
• Perspective: making distant objects smaller to portray three-dimensional
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Examples: Renaissance Artists • Leonardo da Vinci: - artist, inventor,
architect, musician, engineer
- Dissected corpses to see how the human body was structured
- Mona Lisa, The Last Supper,
Vitruvian Man
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Examples: Renaissance Artists • Michelangelo: - sculptor, artist, architect, engineer, poet - Pietà, David, ceiling of Sistine chapel, dome of
St. Peter’s Church in Rome
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Examples: Renaissance Artists • Raphael
-School of Athens: an imaginary gathering of thinkers & scientists (Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Raphael, Michelangelo, & Leonardo)
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Literature of the Renaissance • “How-to” books sprung up for
ambitious men & women who wanted to rise in the Renaissance world
• Baldassare Castiglione- The Book of the Courtier- ideal man & woman (manners, skills, virtues, well-educated, mastered in many subjects)
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Niccolò Machiavelli • Italian patriot
–Wanted a united northern Italy
–Had political ambition (dedicated to Medici family)
• Wrote The Prince - a guide for rulers on how to
gain & maintain power use whatever methods necessary to ensure success
Read excerpt from
“The Prince” and
respond to the first
question individually.
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Conclusion • The Renaissance
represented a shift from an emphasis on spiritual concerns in the medieval period to more secular concerns.
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Wrap Up
•What conditions in Italy contributed to the Renaissance?
•How did Renaissance art reflect humanist concerns?
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The Northern Renaissance
SWBAT: describe aspects of the Northern Renaissance
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Do Now • What was the
Renaissance?
• Where did it begin?
• Why did the Renaissance peak artistically in Florence?
Anonymous, Marco Polo leaves Venice
on his travels to China, painted c. 1400
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Northern Renaissance • Northern Renaissance – Refers to the
Renaissance that took place north of Italy; in particular Germany & the Netherlands.
• Characteristics of Art
–God as judge (RELIGION!)
–Objects in nature
–Traditional everyday life of commoners
–Attention to detail
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The German Leonardo • Albrecht Dürer - Studied art in Italy - Focused on perspective,
proportion, human form - sketched nature - Painted, engraved prints - Spread Renaissance in the north “Leonardo of the North”
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The van Eycks • Jan & Hubert
- Portrayed townspeople & religious scenes- added fine details!
- 1st to use oil paint
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Pieter Bruegel • Vibrant colors
• Portrayed peasant life, daily life
• Influenced many later artists
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Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death, 1562
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Rembrandt (Dutch) • Portraits & Bible
scene paintings
• Considered the greatest Dutch painter
Storm on the Sea of Galilee, 1633
*stolen in 1990
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Northern Humanist Literature
• Stressed education & revival of classical learning -religious themes too!
• Believed revival of learning should bring about religious & moral reform
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Erasmus (Dutch) • Pushed for translation of
the Bible into vernacular • “Erasmus laid the egg
that Luther hatched” • Meaning he paved the
way for religious reform during the Reformation
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Erasmus (Dutch) • Handbook of the Christian Knight - concern with religion, how to live good lives on a daily basis • Praise of Folly
-exposed ignorance & behavior of people including clergy
• Education of a Christian Prince - Written before Machiavelli’s “The Prince” as advice to Charles V - believed it was better to be loved than to be feared
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Sir Thomas More (England) • Utopia- ideal society
• Live in perfect harmony, no private property, all educated, justice used to end crime, live in peace
• Put to death by Henry VIII
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William Shakespeare (England)
• Wrote 37 plays in 23 years
• Created 1,700 words: bedroom, hurry, sneak, lonely, etc.
• Macbeth, Julius Caesar, Hamlet
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Cervantes
• Don Quixote
- Tale mocking medieval chivalry
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Printing Revolution • 1456, Johann Gutenberg-
first complete edition of Bible using movable metal type the printing press!
• Results: more books available, more could read & write, religious ideas spread rapidly added to religious turmoil
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Wrap Up • What were two major developments in
art during the Renaissance? • How does the humanist goal &
philosophy of education during the Renaissance compare to your high school education?
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Protestant Reformation &
Catholic Counter-Reformation
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Do Now • How was the Renaissance different
than the Middle Ages?
• If you thought you could buy your way into heaven, would you? Explain your answer.
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Protestant Reformation • What does “Protestant Reformation”
mean? HINT: Break down the words with a partner!
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Causes 1. Economic- rulers upset with wealth &
power of the Church coming from taxes & land owned
2. Political- Pope had too much power over political & secular matters, and rulers resisted Church’s claim to power; Pope maintained lavish lifestyle, acting King-like, instead of a representative of God
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Causes 3. Renaissance- Humanism led people
to question traditional Church authority people placed more faith on human reasoning and thought
4. Past Church Problems- Other reformers attacked the Church for similar issues in the past, (ex. Erasmus)
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NOT Martin Luther King Jr. ……. The Civil Right Leader
MARTIN LUTHER……. THE GERMAN
MONK!
Who led the Reformation?
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Martin Luther • Entered monastery German monk • Became upset with corrupt church
practices: 1. Sale of indulgences 2. Sale of church positions 3. Nepotism- giving church positions to relatives
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**Church sold indulgences = certificates of pardon for sins committed during one’s life
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The Incident that Provoked Luther!
• 1517: Priest John Tetzel sold indulgences claiming the purchase would assure their entrance into heaven & even their DEAD relatives!
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Martin Luther v. Church
• Luther wrote 95 Theses –arguments against
indulgences • Nailed it on the door of
Wittenberg’s All Saints Church
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Martin Luther’s Beliefs • Salvation could be achieved by faith alone,
& faith was free gift from God • Bible (not the Pope) was the sole source of
religious truth & final authority on religious matters
• Bible should be translated into German so individuals could read & interpret themselves
• Rejected church hierarchy – all Christians had equal access to God
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Martin Luther questioned the Catholic Church’s power to save a man from Hell.
Martin Luther believed that faith alone could save a person.
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Excommunication • In 1521, When Luther
refused to recant his statements about the church, he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X (Medici family member)
• Declared an outlaw by Charles V
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• Fortunately for Luther, German princes protected him he was able to translate the Bible into
German & start the Lutheran Church
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Other reformers were not as fortunate
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Impact of Luther • The printing press spread
ideas quickly across northern Europe
• New sect of Christianity called Lutheranism is established, the first Protestant religion
• Bible is translated into the vernacular
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John Calvin • Followed Martin Luther • Beliefs Calvinism: - all humans are sinful by
nature - “predestination” – God
predetermined who would gain salvation
• Humans divided into two kinds of people – saints & sinners
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Henry VIII • Known as the “Defender of
the Faith” (criticized Martin Luther)
• Wanted annulment from his wife (she did not “provide” him a son)
• Pope denied request • Henry had parliament pass
laws making him head of the Church of England (Anglican Church)
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The Unlucky Six
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• By 1560, the Reformation was established in Germany, as well as other parts of northern Europe
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Catholic Counter Reformation • The Catholic reacted to
the Protestant Reformation by making some changes to stop the spread of Protestantism
• Between 1545-1563, officials of the Roman Catholic Church met at the Council of Trent:
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–Upheld Pope’s supreme power over the church
–Churches interpretation of Bible is final
–Need both faith in God & good works to gain salvation
–Ends misuse of indulgences
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The Jesuits • Ignatius Loyola started a new Catholic order
called the Jesuits in 1534 • Dedicated to defending & preserving the Catholic faith • Goals:
–Spread Catholicism- Missionaries spread Catholicism to non-Christians in Asia, Africa, and the Americas
–Open schools to prevent conversion to Protestantism
• Boston College, Fordham, Georgetown, Loyola, Fairfield
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Effects of the Reformation • End of religious unity in Western Europe
• New sects of Christianity
• 1600s- Religious conflict and wars
• Monarchs gained power & wealth
• Church/Pope loses influence/power
• Education & literacy increased
• Religious intolerance rise of anti-Semitism
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Wrap Up • Why was Martin Luther opposed to
the sale of indulgences?
• What new invention from the Renaissance helped spread the ideas of Luther?
• Explain the role of Ignatius Loyola?