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The Reformation Continues
Chapter 17 Section 4
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The Reformation Continues
• Ulrich Zwingli of Switz.• Catholic priest in Zurich• Influenced by northern
humanism & Luther• Literal reading of
scripture• Divine nature of Christ• Disagreements
between Luther & Zwingli Zwingli
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John Calvin• Influenced by northern Humanism• 1536 – published Institutes of the Christian
Religion• Levels of church organization • Literal reading of Bible• Men & women sinful by nature• Predestination – God chooses
select few who will be saved• Beliefs known as Calvinism
"God preordained...a part of the human race, without any merit of their own, to eternal salvation, and another part, in just punishment of their sin, to eternal damnation. " John Calvin
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Calvin Leads Reformation• Calvin saw ideal gov’t as
theocracy (controlled by religious leaders)
• Geneva, Switzerland – asked Calvin to lead their city- Strict rules - Imprisonment, excommunication, burning at stake
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Calvinism Spreads• John Knox – Scottish preacher
- Followers known as Presbyterians- governed by group of laymen called presbyters
• Huguenots = Calvin’s followers in France- Conflict between Huguenots &
Catholic was violent & bloody
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Other Protestant Reformers• Anabaptists – believed that people
should be baptized when of age- persecuted by both Protestants & Catholics- forerunners of Mennonites, Amish,
Quakers, Baptists
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Women of the Reformation• Women had
prominent roles in early years- Protected reformers such as Calvin
• Once Protestant religions established, men limited women’s activities
Marguerite of Navarre
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The Catholic Reformation• Movement to help Catholics remain
loyal• Once referred to as the Counter
Reformation
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Ignatius of Loyola
• Wrote book Spiritual Exercises on plan of meditation, prayer, & study
• Religious order known as the Society of Jesus- Members were known as Jesuits
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Jesuits• Focused on 3 activities:
1) founded schools2) convert non-Christians to Catholicism3) stop spread of Protestantism
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Reforming Popes• Paul III (pope 1534-1549)
- directed council of cardinals to investigate Church abuses (i.e. indulgences)- approved the Jesuit order- used the Inquisition to seek out heresy- called meeting known as the Council of Trent
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Council of Trent
• Catholic bishops & cardinals agreed on several doctrines1) Church’s interpretation of Bible was final2) Needed both faith & good works for salvation (not
faith alone)3) Bible & Church tradition were equally powerful authorities4) Indulgences were valid expressions of faith
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Pope Paul IV• Carried out decrees of Council of Trent• “Index of Forbidden Books” – list of
books dangerous to Catholicism• Books burned in bonfires
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Effects of the ReformationReligious & Social Effects• Protestantism flourished• Roman Catholic Church unified • Emphasis on education to promote
beliefs• Status of women improved to an extent
(while still very limited)
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Effects of the Reformation
Political Effects• Monarchs & states gained power
- development of modern nation-states- led to later exploration & expansion
• Questioning of beliefs led to Enlightenment