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The Potential of Dwell-Free Eye-Typing for Fast Assistive Gaze CommunicationPO Kristensson and K Vertanen
ACM 2012
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Outline
• Hands-free typing• Traditional dwell-based gaze typing• Dasher (adaptive dwell-time)• A dwell-free method• Brief project update
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Hands-free typing
voice
EEG
eye
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Gaze/eye typing
• Typically keyboard-based• Require event demarcation, which is slow:– dwell-time (most common)– special region– special gesture
• Appear to have approached limit: ~20 wpm
• Fastest traditional eye-typing method (Majaranta, 2009):– allows user to adjust dwell-time– 19.8 wpm, 282 ms dwell-time
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Dasher
• Adaptive dwell-time• No explicit demarcation• 16-26 wpm
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Dasher
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Dasher
• Muscle memory impossible
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potential of dwell-free methods?
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"Ideal" performance
• 8 participants (4m, 4f)• Tobii P10, 40Hz, 0.5°• QWERTY keyboard, 15 x 6 cm• 500 phrases, word = 5 chars
• 5 x 10 min sessions• Read phrase, press SPACE, start• Must be within 1 key of correct letter
before moving on
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Results
• 37-54 wpm by last session (mean 46 wpm)
• counted spaces in wpm (~29-37 wpm w/o)
• ~50% of the time, participants never went inside actual key
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To dwell or not to dwell
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Future work
• Memorize beforehand• Allow missed letters• Incorporate error correction
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Summary
• Current dwell-based methods seem to have peaked
• Dwell-free methods could speed up by 2x
• These speeds not theoretically achievable with dwell-based methods