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The Politics of Boom and Bust
Chapter 32
AP
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What is meant by the “Republican Decade”?
• The Executive Branch was dominated by three Republican presidents
• Congress was Republican
• TR died in 1919 --- Progressive wing of the Republican party died with him
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The Election of 1920• Rep: Warren Harding - Ohio
• Dem: James Cox - Ohio
Harding Cox
–Electoral Vote: 404 127
–Popular Vote: 16 m 9 m–Percentage: 60 % 34%
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The Election of 1920• The reason Harding wins…
“I am not fit for this office and should never have been here.” … WGH
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The Election of 1920
• 1920 is the first presidential election in which women participate
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Who was Warren G. Harding?
• Senator from Ohio• Less than
“Presidential” leadership skills
• Unclear and vague• Promised a “return
to normalcy”
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“I cannot hope to be one of the great presidents, but perhaps I may be remembered as one of the best loved.”
- Harding
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Harding – Personal Conduct?
• Never committed a crime
• Gambled …
• Hypocrite…
• 1905 – 1920 Carrie Philips…
• 1919 Nan Britton…
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Harding’s Cabinet?
• Charles Evans Hughes – Sec. of State• Herbert Hoover – Sec. of Commerce• Andrew Mellon – Sec. of Treasury• Ohio Gang…
– Albert Fall – Sec. of Interior– Charles Forbes – Veterans Bureau– Harry M. Daugherty – Attorney General
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“John, I can’t make a …thing out of this tax problem. I listen to one side and they seem right, and then… I talk to the other side and they seem just as right… I know somewhere there is an economist who knows the truth, but I don’t know where to find him and haven’t the sense to know him and trust him when I find him…What a job!” - WGH
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Harding Scandals
“I have no problem with my enemies…But…my Gdmn friends…, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floors at night.” WGH
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Harding Scandals
• Charles Forbes …
• Thomas Miller…
• Harry Daugherty…
• Albert Fall – Teapot Dome Scandal …
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President and Mrs. Harding
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Harding’s Domestic Policy
• Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)…
• Reduction of taxes…–Less spending, less government,
less presidential power• Immigration Act of 1921…
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Harding’s Foreign Policy?“We seek no part in directing the destiny of the world” - Harding
• Isolationism
• Signed a Congressional joint resolution ending WWI
• Opposed U.S. membership in League
• Washington Naval Conference (1921)…
• Foreign Debt…
• Dawes Plan…
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•
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Harding’s Death
• Disillusioned and despondent over scandals• Took trip to Alaska and California• Died at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco in
1923• No autopsy• Doc Sawyer – Mrs. Harding’s doctor and
Surgeon General – diagnosed ptomaine poisoning – probably a stroke
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Calvin Coolidge
• Republican President
• Pro-business• Keep taxes down
and profits up• Give businesses
more credit to expand
• High tariffs on imports
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“…the chief business of the American people is business…The man who builds a factory builds a temple – the man who works there worships there.” --Calvin Coolidge
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“Silent Cal”
• “Four – fifths of all our troubles in this life would disappear if we would only sit down and keep still”
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The Coolidge Presidency
• Honest and respectable…
• Immigration Act of 1924…
• Federal Income Tax and “Trickle-down Economics”
• McNary-Haugen farm bill…
• Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928…
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Herbert Hoover – The Great Engineer
• Sec. of Commerce• Assist business
community• Associative state…• Bureau of
Standards..• Trade associations..• Regulatory
commissions…
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What was the nature of the “Bull Market”?
• Stock prices increased…
• Speculation…
• Market value…
• Dow Jones Industrial Average …
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What weakness was developing in the market?
• 4 million Americans invested (3%)
• Margin accounts…
• Investment trusts…
• Corporations and banks ...
• Dow increased from 191 to 381 in 5 months in 1929
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What was the nature of the Crash of 1929?
• Oct. 23 – Dow lost 21 points in 1 hour
• Oct. 28 – 38 points lost (13%)
• Oct. 29 – Black Tuesday
– 16.4 million shares sold
– Over 1 million shares – no buyers
– Brokers called in margin accounts
• Nov. - $30 billion gone
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The floor of the New York Stock Exchange – Oct. 1929
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Panic on Wall Street –October, 1929
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“The fundamental business of the country…is on a sound and prosperous basis.” - Hoover
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What were the underlying causes of the Depression?
• Overproduction – underconsumption…
• Farming…
• Unequal distribution of income…
• Stock market crash…
• Bank failures…
• Tariff and foreign debt policies…
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Family incomes 1929?
• 2.3% over $10,000
• 8% over $5,000
• 71% less than $2,500
• 60% less than $2,000
• Over 42% less than $1,500
• 21% less than $1,000
• Ave. farm income $962
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What was the effect of the market crash?
• Undermined confidence• Production decreased• Workers laid off• Lay offs led to further decline in
spending• More cut-backs• More lay-offs
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Unemployed in Chicago
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Why did banks close?
• Banks had loaned money to speculators
• People defaulted on their loans
• Depositors began to withdraw funds
• 1930-1933 – 9,000 banks closed
• Millions in deposits lost
• Nation’s money supply fell by 1/3
• Decline in purchasing power
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“Run” on the bank
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How does the Depression become world wide?
• Europe – war debts…
• Germany – reparations…
• 1930 Hawley Smoot Tariff – highest protective tariff
– Europe could not sell to the U.S.
– Set up tariffs against U.S. products
– We could not sell to Europe
– International trade dropped by 40%
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What is the human toll of the Depression?
• Farm families lost farms
• Bank closing denied people savings to fall back on when they were unemployed
• Unemployment in 1932:
– Cleveland 50%
– Akron 60%
– Toledo 80%
• Psychological…
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What was the impact of the Depression on people’s lives?
• Poor diet
• Poor medical and health care
• Delayed lives
• Families split up
• Schools closed (no taxes)
• Suicide rate up 30%
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Who helped the unemployed?
• Existing relief systems inadequate
• Private charities….
• State governments…
• Government officials…
• Soup kitchens …
• Hoovervilles…
• Riding the rails…
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Hoovervilles
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Bread Lines
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What was the condition of rural American?
• Farm incomes down 60%• 1/3 of all farmers lost their land• Dust Bowl ….
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What was Hoover’s response to the depression?
• Sec. of Treasury Mellon – “wait it out”
• Hoover
– commitment to localism and private initiative
–Solutions outside of government
–Summoned business leaders to Washington…
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–Called for state and local governments to create public works
–1930 President’s Committee for Unemployment and President’s Organization for Unemployment Relief…
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Hoover’s response?
• National Credit Corporation…
• Crisis worsened
• Election of 1930…
• Unemployment…
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Hoover Dam – Public Works
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What was the Reconstruction Finance corporation?
• $2 billion in loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads
• Public upset…
• Later: $2 billion to state and local governments for job creating public works – only $30 million allocated
• Hoover: against this – said it would open the door to socialism and collectivism
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Nature of Protests?
• 1932 – mood desperate
• Hunger March
– communist organizers led march against Ford
– 4 killed and 50 wounded
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How did farmers respond to falling prices?
• Farms were foreclosed
• Burned crops – corn and wheat
• Spilled milk
• “Farmers Holiday”
• Blocked roads – prevent food from getting to market
• Used force to try to prevent foreclosures
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What was the Bonus Army?
• 10,000-20,000 unemployed WWI veterans
• Patman Bill – government should pay a bonus to WWI veterans that was due in 1945
• House of Rep. approved/Senate voted down
• Hoover ordered Gen. Douglas McArthur to disperse the Bonus Army
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Bonus Army Camp
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Bonus Army at “Anacostia Flats”
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