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The Physical Basis of Climate (ATSC5400/4400) Spring 2011
Stellarsphere Slides
• Sun and Plancks Function
• Orbital influences on climate (Croll – Milankovitch)
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Solar Radiation Sun - typical main sequence dwarf starRo = 6.95 x 105 km, Mo = 2 x 1030 kg71% H, 26.5% He, 2.5% heavier metalsMean earth sun distance 1.496 x 108 km
Core out to 0.25 Ro Temperature ~ 107 K Hot enough to cause fusion of H in to He provides energy for the sun.
Energy transfer by radiation, temperature ~ 106 K, ~0.7 Ro
Final ~0.3 Ro energy transfer by convection violent small scale (103 km) mixing process granulation
Photosphere ~ 1000 km thick, dominant source of solar radiation - relatively continuous emission - determines sun's blackbody temperature, 5800 K. Sunspots here.
Chromosphere - 5000 - 10,000 km thick, temperature ~ 105 - 106 K. Radiation from emission lines from H, He, Ca.
Corona - region above chromosphere, extending out for several solar diameters, temperature ~ 106 K. Prominences, Solar flares appear here. Origin of solar wind.
Most solar energy in the continuum is from non-quantized electronic transitions (free - free, bound - free transitions)
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B(υ,T)=2hυ3/c2 [1/(ehυ/(kT)-1)]
B(λ,T) = -8πhc/λ5 1/[ehc/(λkT) -1]
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B(λ,T) = -8πhc/λ5 1/[ehc/(λkT) -1]
B(υ,T)=2hυ3/c2 [1/(ehυ/(kT)-1)]
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B(λ,T) = -8πhc/λ5 1/[ehc/(λkT) -1]
B(υ,T)=2hυ3/c2 [1/(ehυ/(kT)-1)]
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http://www.pmodwrc.ch/tsi/composite/pics/org_comp2_d41_62_1009.png
http://blog.ltc.arizona.edu/azmasternaturalist/Sunspot%20cycle.JPG
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http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/images/ssn_predict_l.gif
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http://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/moon_formation.jpg
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Precession of 90° implies planet closest to sun in fall
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Figure 7.2 Map of July-January surface air temperature differencesFig. 7.2 Map of July-January surface air temperature difference (C).
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Milankovich cycles: Eccentricity-100,000 Obliquity-41,000 Precession-23,000 years
41,000 y
100,000 y
23,000 y
CO2today
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png
Obliquity
Eccentricity Precession
Ecc * Prec
Solar insolation
------- Pleistocene ---------------------Holocene
Croll -
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Harvey, 2000
Houghton, 2004